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312 lines
9.2 KiB
Markdown
312 lines
9.2 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (zgj1024)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10765-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (HTTPie – A Modern Command Line HTTP Client For Curl And Wget Alternative)
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[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/httpie-curl-wget-alternative-http-client-linux/)
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[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
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HTTPie：替代 Curl 和 Wget 的现代 HTTP 命令行客户端
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======
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大多数时间我们会使用 `curl` 命令或是 `wget` 命令下载文件或者做其他事。
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我们以前曾写过 [最佳命令行下载管理器][1] 的文章。你可以点击相应的 URL 连接来浏览这些文章。
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* [aria2 – Linux 下的多协议命令行下载工具][2]
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* [Axel – Linux 下的轻量级命令行下载加速器][3]
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* [Wget – Linux 下的标准命令行下载工具][4]
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* [curl – Linux 下的实用的命令行下载工具][5]
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今天我们将讨论同样的话题。这个实用程序名为 HTTPie。
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它是现代命令行 http 客户端，也是 `curl` 和 `wget` 命令的最佳替代品。
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### 什么是 HTTPie？
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HTTPie (发音是 aitch-tee-tee-pie) 是一个 HTTP 命令行客户端。
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HTTPie 工具是现代的 HTTP 命令行客户端，它能通过命令行界面与 Web 服务进行交互。
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它提供一个简单的 `http` 命令，允许使用简单而自然的语法发送任意的 HTTP 请求，并会显示彩色的输出。
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HTTPie 能用于测试、调试及与 HTTP 服务器交互。
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### 主要特点
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* 具表达力的和直观语法
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* 格式化的及彩色化的终端输出
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* 内置 JSON 支持
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* 表单和文件上传
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* HTTPS、代理和认证
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* 任意请求数据
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* 自定义头部
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* 持久化会话
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* 类似 `wget` 的下载
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* 支持 Python 2.7 和 3.x
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### 在 Linux 下如何安装 HTTPie
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大部分 Linux 发行版都提供了系统包管理器，可以用它来安装。
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Fedora 系统，使用 [DNF 命令][6] 来安装 httpie：
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```
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$ sudo dnf install httpie
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```
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Debian/Ubuntu 系统，使用 [APT-GET 命令][7] 或 [APT 命令][8] 来安装 HTTPie。
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```
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$ sudo apt install httpie
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```
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基于 Arch Linux 的系统，使用 [Pacman 命令][9] 来安装 HTTPie。
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```
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$ sudo pacman -S httpie
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```
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RHEL/CentOS 的系统，使用 [YUM 命令][10] 来安装 HTTPie。
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```
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$ sudo yum install httpie
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```
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openSUSE Leap 系统，使用 [Zypper 命令][11] 来安装 HTTPie。
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```
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$ sudo zypper install httpie
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```
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### 用法
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#### 如何使用 HTTPie 请求 URL？
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HTTPie 的基本用法是将网站的 URL 作为参数。
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```
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# http 2daygeek.com
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HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
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CF-RAY: 4c4a618d0c02ce6d-LHR
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Cache-Control: max-age=3600
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Connection: keep-alive
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Date: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 06:21:28 GMT
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Expires: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 07:21:28 GMT
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Location: https://2daygeek.com/
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Server: cloudflare
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Transfer-Encoding: chunked
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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```
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#### 如何使用 HTTPie 下载文件
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你可以使用带 `--download` 参数的 HTTPie 命令下载文件。类似于 `wget` 命令。
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```
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# http --download https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Anbox-Easy-Way-To-Run-Android-Apps-On-Linux.png
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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CF-Cache-Status: HIT
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CF-RAY: 4c4a65d5ca360a66-LHR
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Cache-Control: public, max-age=7200
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Length: 32066
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Content-Type: image/png
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Date: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 06:24:23 GMT
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Expect-CT: max-age=604800, report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"
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Expires: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 08:24:23 GMT
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Last-Modified: Mon, 08 Apr 2019 04:54:25 GMT
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Server: cloudflare
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Set-Cookie: __cfduid=dd2034b2f95ae42047e082f59f2b964f71554791063; expires=Wed, 08-Apr-20 06:24:23 GMT; path=/; domain=.2daygeek.com; HttpOnly; Secure
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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Downloading 31.31 kB to "Anbox-Easy-Way-To-Run-Android-Apps-On-Linux.png"
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Done. 31.31 kB in 0.01187s (2.58 MB/s)
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```
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你还可以使用 `-o` 参数用不同的名称保存输出文件。
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```
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# http --download https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Anbox-Easy-Way-To-Run-Android-Apps-On-Linux.png -o Anbox-1.png
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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CF-Cache-Status: HIT
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CF-RAY: 4c4a68194daa0a66-LHR
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Cache-Control: public, max-age=7200
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Length: 32066
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Content-Type: image/png
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Date: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 06:25:56 GMT
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Expect-CT: max-age=604800, report-uri="https://report-uri.cloudflare.com/cdn-cgi/beacon/expect-ct"
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Expires: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 08:25:56 GMT
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Last-Modified: Mon, 08 Apr 2019 04:54:25 GMT
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Server: cloudflare
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Set-Cookie: __cfduid=d3eea753081690f9a2d36495a74407dd71554791156; expires=Wed, 08-Apr-20 06:25:56 GMT; path=/; domain=.2daygeek.com; HttpOnly; Secure
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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Downloading 31.31 kB to "Anbox-1.png"
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Done. 31.31 kB in 0.01551s (1.97 MB/s)
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```
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#### 如何使用 HTTPie 恢复部分下载？
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你可以使用带 `-c` 参数的 HTTPie 继续下载。
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```
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# http --download --continue https://speed.hetzner.de/100MB.bin -o 100MB.bin
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HTTP/1.1 206 Partial Content
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Connection: keep-alive
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Content-Length: 100442112
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Content-Range: bytes 4415488-104857599/104857600
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Content-Type: application/octet-stream
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Date: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 06:32:52 GMT
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ETag: "5253f0fd-6400000"
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Last-Modified: Tue, 08 Oct 2013 11:48:13 GMT
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Server: nginx
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Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains
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Downloading 100.00 MB to "100MB.bin"
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| 24.14 % 24.14 MB 1.12 MB/s 0:01:07 ETA^C
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```
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你根据下面的输出验证是否同一个文件：
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```
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[email protected]:/var/log# ls -lhtr 100MB.bin
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 25M Apr 9 01:33 100MB.bin
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```
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#### 如何使用 HTTPie 上传文件？
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你可以通过使用带有小于号 `<` 的 HTTPie 命令上传文件
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```
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$ http https://transfer.sh < Anbox-1.png
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```
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#### 如何使用带有重定向符号 > 下载文件？
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你可以使用带有重定向 `>` 符号的 HTTPie 命令下载文件。
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```
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# http https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/How-To-Install-And-Enable-Flatpak-Support-On-Linux-1.png > Flatpak.png
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# ls -ltrh Flatpak.png
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47K Apr 9 01:44 Flatpak.png
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```
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#### 发送一个 HTTP GET 请求？
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您可以在请求中发送 HTTP GET 方法。GET 方法会使用给定的 URI，从给定服务器检索信息。
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```
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# http GET httpie.org
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HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
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CF-RAY: 4c4a83a3f90dcbe6-SIN
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Cache-Control: max-age=3600
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Connection: keep-alive
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Date: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 06:44:44 GMT
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Expires: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 07:44:44 GMT
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Location: https://httpie.org/
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Server: cloudflare
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Transfer-Encoding: chunked
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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```
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#### 提交表单?
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使用以下格式提交表单。POST 请求用于向服务器发送数据，例如客户信息、文件上传等。要使用 HTML 表单。
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```
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# http -f POST Ubuntu18.2daygeek.com hello='World'
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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Connection: Keep-Alive
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Content-Encoding: gzip
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Content-Length: 3138
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Content-Type: text/html
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Date: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 06:48:12 GMT
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ETag: "2aa6-5844bf1b047fc-gzip"
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Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100
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Last-Modified: Sun, 17 Mar 2019 15:29:55 GMT
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Server: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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```
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运行下面的指令以查看正在发送的请求。
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```
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# http -v Ubuntu18.2daygeek.com
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GET / HTTP/1.1
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Accept: */*
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Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
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Connection: keep-alive
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Host: ubuntu18.2daygeek.com
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User-Agent: HTTPie/0.9.8
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hello=World
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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Connection: Keep-Alive
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Content-Encoding: gzip
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Content-Length: 3138
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Content-Type: text/html
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Date: Tue, 09 Apr 2019 06:48:30 GMT
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ETag: "2aa6-5844bf1b047fc-gzip"
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Keep-Alive: timeout=5, max=100
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Last-Modified: Sun, 17 Mar 2019 15:29:55 GMT
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Server: Apache/2.4.29 (Ubuntu)
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Vary: Accept-Encoding
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```
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#### HTTP 认证？
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当前支持的身份验证认证方案是基本认证（Basic）和摘要验证（Digest）。
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基本认证：
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```
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$ http -a username:password example.org
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```
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摘要验证：
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```
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$ http -A digest -a username:password example.org
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```
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提示输入密码：
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```
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$ http -a username example.org
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.2daygeek.com/httpie-curl-wget-alternative-http-client-linux/
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作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[zgj1024](https://github.com/zgj1024)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/best-4-command-line-download-managers-accelerators-for-linux/
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[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/aria2-linux-command-line-download-utility-tool/
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[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/axel-linux-command-line-download-accelerator/
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[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wget-linux-command-line-download-utility-tool/
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[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/curl-linux-command-line-download-manager/
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[6]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/
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[7]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/
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[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/
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[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/
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[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/
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[11]: https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/
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