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133 lines
5.4 KiB
Markdown
133 lines
5.4 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-10875-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Automate backups with restic and systemd)
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/automate-backups-with-restic-and-systemd/)
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[#]: author: (Link Dupont https://fedoramagazine.org/author/linkdupont/)
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使用 restic 和 systemd 自动备份
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======
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![][1]
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及时备份很重要。即使在 [Fedora Magazine][3] 中，[备份软件][2] 也是一个常见的讨论话题。本文演示了如何仅使用 systemd 以及 `restic` 来自动备份。
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有关 `restic` 的介绍，请查看我们的文章[在 Fedora 上使用 restic 进行加密备份][4]。然后继续阅读以了解更多详情。
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为了自动创建快照以及清理数据，需要运行两个 systemd 服务。第一个运行*备份*命令的服务需要以常规频率运行。第二个服务负责数据清理。
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如果你根本不熟悉 systemd，那么这是个很好的学习机会。查看 [Magazine 上关于 systemd 的系列文章] [5]，从单元文件的这个入门开始：
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- [systemd 单元文件基础][6]
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如果你还没有安装 `restic`，请注意它在官方的 Fedora 仓库中。要安装它，请[带上 sudo][7] 运行此命令：
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```
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$ sudo dnf install restic
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```
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### 备份
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首先，创建 `~/.config/systemd/user/restic-backup.service`。将下面的文本复制并粘贴到文件中以获得最佳效果。
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```
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[Unit]
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Description=Restic backup service
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[Service]
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Type=oneshot
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ExecStart=restic backup --verbose --one-file-system --tag systemd.timer $BACKUP_EXCLUDES $BACKUP_PATHS
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ExecStartPost=restic forget --verbose --tag systemd.timer --group-by "paths,tags" --keep-daily $RETENTION_DAYS --keep-weekly $RETENTION_WEEKS --keep-monthly $RETENTION_MONTHS --keep-yearly $RETENTION_YEARS
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EnvironmentFile=%h/.config/restic-backup.conf
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```
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此服务引用环境文件来加载密钥（例如 `RESTIC_PASSWORD`）。创建 `~/.config/restic-backup.conf`。复制并粘贴以下内容以获得最佳效果。此示例使用 BackBlaze B2 存储。请相应地调整 ID、密钥、仓库和密码值。
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```
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BACKUP_PATHS="/home/rupert"
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BACKUP_EXCLUDES="--exclude-file /home/rupert/.restic_excludes --exclude-if-present .exclude_from_backup"
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RETENTION_DAYS=7
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RETENTION_WEEKS=4
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RETENTION_MONTHS=6
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RETENTION_YEARS=3
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B2_ACCOUNT_ID=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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B2_ACCOUNT_KEY=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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RESTIC_REPOSITORY=b2:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:/
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RESTIC_PASSWORD=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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```
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现在已安装该服务，请重新加载 systemd：`systemctl -user daemon-reload`。尝试手动运行该服务以创建备份：`systemctl -user start restic-backup`。
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因为该服务类型是*一次性*，它将运行一次并退出。验证服务运行并根据需要创建快照后，设置计时器以定期运行此服务。例如，要每天运行 `restic-backup.service`，请按如下所示创建 `~/.config/systemd/user/restic-backup.timer`。再次复制并粘贴此文本：
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```
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[Unit]
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Description=Backup with restic daily
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[Timer]
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OnCalendar=daily
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Persistent=true
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[Install]
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WantedBy=timers.target
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```
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运行以下命令启用：
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```
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$ systemctl --user enable --now restic-backup.timer
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```
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### 清理
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虽然主服务运行 `forget` 命令仅保留保留策略中的快照，但实际上并未从 `restic` 仓库中删除数据。 `prune` 命令检查仓库和当前快照，并删除与快照无关的所有数据。由于 `prune` 可能是一个耗时的过程，因此无需在每次运行备份时运行。这是第二个服务和计时器的场景。首先，通过复制和粘贴此文本来创建文件 `~/.config/systemd/user/restic-prune.service`：
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```
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[Unit]
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Description=Restic backup service (data pruning)
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[Service]
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Type=oneshot
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ExecStart=restic prune
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EnvironmentFile=%h/.config/restic-backup.conf
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```
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与主 `restic-backup.service` 服务类似，`restic-prune` 也是一次性服务，并且可以手动运行。设置完服务后，创建 `~/.config/systemd/user/restic-prune.timer` 并启用相应的计时器：
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```
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[Unit]
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Description=Prune data from the restic repository monthly
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[Timer]
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OnCalendar=monthly
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Persistent=true
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[Install]
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WantedBy=timers.target
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```
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就是这些了！`restic` 将会每日运行并按月清理数据。
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* * *
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图片来自 [Unsplash][9] 由 [Samuel Zeller][8] 拍摄。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://fedoramagazine.org/automate-backups-with-restic-and-systemd/
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作者：[Link Dupont][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/linkdupont/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/restic-systemd-816x345.jpg
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[2]: https://restic.net/
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[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/?s=backup
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[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/use-restic-encrypted-backups/
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[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/series/systemd-series/
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[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/systemd-getting-a-grip-on-units/
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[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/howto-use-sudo/
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[8]: https://unsplash.com/photos/JuFcQxgCXwA?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
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[9]: https://unsplash.com/search/photos/archive?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText
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