TranslateProject/published/201401/10 Useful Chaining Operators in Linux with Practical Examples.md
wxy 1ee2fc7cbe renamed: 10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V.md -> 201401/10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V.md
renamed:    10 Useful Chaining Operators in Linux with Practical Examples.md -> 201401/10 Useful Chaining Operators in Linux with Practical Examples.md
	renamed:    10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md -> 201401/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md
	renamed:    12 Advanced Commands For Linux Server Admins!.md -> 201401/12 Advanced Commands For Linux Server Admins!.md
	renamed:    14 New Linux Distros That Were Introduced In 2013.md -> 201401/14 New Linux Distros That Were Introduced In 2013.md
	renamed:    15 Basic MySQL Interview Questions for Database Administrators.md -> 201401/15 Basic MySQL Interview Questions for Database Administrators.md
	renamed:    "2013\357\274\232The Golden Year for Linux \342\200\223 10 Biggest Linux Achievements.md" -> "201401/2013\357\274\232The Golden Year for Linux \342\200\223 10 Biggest Linux Achievements.md"
	renamed:    2014--The year of the Linux car.md -> 201401/2014--The year of the Linux car.md
	renamed:    5 Things To Love And Hate About Ubuntu 13.10.md -> 201401/5 Things To Love And Hate About Ubuntu 13.10.md
	renamed:    8 Interesting Linux Tips And Tricks!.md -> 201401/8 Interesting Linux Tips And Tricks!.md
	renamed:    CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md -> 201401/CentOS 6.5 desktop installation guide with screenshots.md
	renamed:    "Command Line Basics \342\200\223 watch.md" -> "201401/Command Line Basics \342\200\223 watch.md"
	renamed:    Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md -> 201401/Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md
	renamed:    Daily Ubuntu Tips - Mount Partitions In Ubuntu From Your Desktop GUI.md -> 201401/Daily Ubuntu Tips - Mount Partitions In Ubuntu From Your Desktop GUI.md
	renamed:    "Daily Ubuntu Tips \342\200\223 Do Nothing When Laptop Lid Is Closed.md" -> "201401/Daily Ubuntu Tips \342\200\223 Do Nothing When Laptop Lid Is Closed.md"
	renamed:    "Daily Ubuntu Tips \342\200\224 Install VMware Workstation In Ubuntu.md" -> "201401/Daily Ubuntu Tips \342\200\224 Install VMware Workstation In Ubuntu.md"
	renamed:    "Daily Ubuntu Tips \342\200\224 Windows Disk Management Equivalent In Ubuntu.md" -> "201401/Daily Ubuntu Tips \342\200\224 Windows Disk Management Equivalent In Ubuntu.md"
	renamed:    "Gnu--toward the post-scarcity world \342\200\223 the Free Software Column.md" -> "201401/Gnu--toward the post-scarcity world \342\200\223 the Free Software Column.md"
	renamed:    How to Dual Boot Ubuntu and Windows Properly.md -> 201401/How to Dual Boot Ubuntu and Windows Properly.md
	renamed:    "How to Install and Configure UFW \342\200\223 An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian or Ubuntu.md" -> "201401/How to Install and Configure UFW \342\200\223 An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian or Ubuntu.md"
	renamed:    How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10.md -> 201401/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10.md
	renamed:    How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md -> 201401/How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md
	renamed:    How to set password policy on Linux.md -> 201401/How to set password policy on Linux.md
	renamed:    How to stitch photos together on Linux.md -> 201401/How to stitch photos together on Linux.md
	renamed:    How to upgrade MySQL server on Debian or Ubuntu.md -> 201401/How to upgrade MySQL server on Debian or Ubuntu.md
	renamed:    Juju ice-cream icon design.md -> 201401/Juju ice-cream icon design.md
	renamed:    Linus Torvalds Releases Last Linux Kernel 3.13 RC for 2013.md -> 201401/Linus Torvalds Releases Last Linux Kernel 3.13 RC for 2013.md
	renamed:    Linus Torvalds Says All Contributor License Agreements Are Broken.md -> 201401/Linus Torvalds Says All Contributor License Agreements Are Broken.md
	renamed:    Linux free Command - Display Free and used Memory in the System.md -> 201401/Linux free Command - Display Free and used Memory in the System.md
	renamed:    Linux id Command - Print user ID and group ID information.md -> 201401/Linux id Command - Print user ID and group ID information.md
	renamed:    Linux is Everywhere. We show you exactly where.md -> 201401/Linux is Everywhere. We show you exactly where.md
	renamed:    Linux lsusb Command to Print information about USB on System.md -> 201401/Linux lsusb Command to Print information about USB on System.md
	renamed:    Linux vmstat Command - Tool to Report Virtual Memory Statistics.md -> 201401/Linux vmstat Command - Tool to Report Virtual Memory Statistics.md
	renamed:    "Linux who command \342\200\223 Displays who is on the system.md" -> "201401/Linux who command \342\200\223 Displays who is on the system.md"
	renamed:    "Move Dropbox\342\200\231s Folder To An External Drive In Ubuntu.md" -> "201401/Move Dropbox\342\200\231s Folder To An External Drive In Ubuntu.md"
	renamed:    New Ubuntu 14.04 Icons Are Drop-Dead Gorgeous, Might Not Arrive in Desktop Version.md -> 201401/New Ubuntu 14.04 Icons Are Drop-Dead Gorgeous, Might Not Arrive in Desktop Version.md
	renamed:    Our Top 10 Linux Applications of 2013.md -> 201401/Our Top 10 Linux Applications of 2013.md
	renamed:    Setup your personal Cloud server in minutes using ownCloud On RHEL, CentOS, Scientific Linux 6.5.md -> 201401/Setup your personal Cloud server in minutes using ownCloud On RHEL, CentOS, Scientific Linux 6.5.md
	renamed:    Software May Be Eating The World, But Open Source Software Is Eating Itself.md -> 201401/Software May Be Eating The World, But Open Source Software Is Eating Itself.md
	renamed:    The Debian Administrator's Handbook updated for Debian 7 Wheezy published and freely available for download.md -> 201401/The Debian Administrator's Handbook updated for Debian 7 Wheezy published and freely available for download.md
	renamed:    The Fedora Project Will No Longer Name Its Linux Distributions.md -> 201401/The Fedora Project Will No Longer Name Its Linux Distributions.md
	renamed:    The Genius Of Linux Is Community, Not Technology.md -> 201401/The Genius Of Linux Is Community, Not Technology.md
	renamed:    Top 10 Linux Distros For Hackers!.md -> 201401/Top 10 Linux Distros For Hackers!.md
	renamed:    Tunnel SSH Connections Over SSL Using 'Stunnel' On Debian 7  Ubuntu 13.10.md -> 201401/Tunnel SSH Connections Over SSL Using 'Stunnel' On Debian 7  Ubuntu 13.10.md
	renamed:    Ubuntu Stores Your Wi-Fi Passwords By Default!.md -> 201401/Ubuntu Stores Your Wi-Fi Passwords By Default!.md
	renamed:    Ubuntu Will Reach True Convergence Before Microsoft, Says Shuttleworth.md -> 201401/Ubuntu Will Reach True Convergence Before Microsoft, Says Shuttleworth.md
	renamed:    Understanding Linux cd Command with Examples.md -> 201401/Understanding Linux cd Command with Examples.md
	renamed:    look--Linux Command To Verify Spellings And Display Lines Beginning With A String.md -> 201401/look--Linux Command To Verify Spellings And Display Lines Beginning With A String.md
2014-02-03 20:55:51 +08:00

7.9 KiB
Raw Blame History

Linux中命令链接操作符的十个最佳实例

Linux命令中的链接的意思是通过操作符的行为将几个命令组合执行。Linux中的链接命令有些像你在shell中写短小的shell脚本,并直接在终端中执行。链接使得自动处理变得更方便。不仅如此,一个无人看管的机器在链接操作符的帮助下能够十分有条理地运行。

Linux中的10个链接操作符

Linux中的10个链接操作符

本文旨在介绍一些常用的链接操作符,通过简短的描述和相关的例子帮助读者提高生产力、降低系统负载、写出更加简短有意义的代码。

1. 和号操作符 (&)

&’的作用是使命令在后台运行。只要在命令后面跟上一个空格和 &’。你可以一口气在后台运行多个命令。

在后台运行一个命令:

tecmint@localhost:~$ ping ­c5 www.tecmint.com &

同时在后台运行两个命令:

root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update & mkdit test &

2. 分号操作符 (;)

分号操作符使你可以一口气运行几个命令,命令顺序执行。

root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update ; apt-get upgrade ; mkdir test

上述命令先后执行了update和upgrade最后在当前工作目录下创建了一个test’文件夹

3. 与操作符 (&&)

如果第一个命令执行成功,与操作符 (&&)才会执行第二个命令,也就是说,第一个命令退出状态是0译注原文的这里明显写错了我们进行了改译有兴趣的读者可以参看原文以及原文下面的评论。在UNIX里面0表示无错误而所有非0返回值都是各种错误。这个命令在检查最后一个命令的执行状态时很有用。

比如,我想使用**links 命令在终端中访问网站tecmint.com**,但在这之前我需要检查主机是否在线不在线

root@localhost:/home/tecmint# ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && links www.tecmint.com

4. 或操作符 (||)

或操作符 (||)很像编程中的else语句。上面的操作符允许你在第一个命令失败的情况下执行第二个命令,比如,第一个命令的退出状态是1

举例来说我想要在非root帐户中执行apt-get update‘,如果第一个命令失败了,接着会执行第二个命令‘links www.tecmint.com‘。

tecmint@localhost:~$ apt-get update || links tecmint.com

上面的命令中,由于该用户不允许更新系统,这意味着第一个命令的退出状态是’1,因此最后一个命令‘links tecmint.com‘会执行。

如果第一个命令成功执行并且退出状态是‘0‘呢?很明显的,第二个命令不会执行。

tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir test || links tecmint.com

这里,用户在家目录创建了一个‘test‘文件夹,这是被允许的。命令成功的执行,退出状态是‘0,因此,最后的命令不会执行。

5. 非操作符 (!)

非操作符 (!)很像except语句。这个命令会执行除了提供的条件外的所有的语句。要理解这点,在你的主目录创建一个目录‘tecmint’,并‘cd’到它这里。

tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir tecmint 
tecmint@localhost:~$ cd tecmint

接下来,在文件夹‘tecmint’下创建不同类型的文件。

tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ touch a.doc b.doc a.pdf b.pdf a.xml b.xml a.html b.html

看一下我们在文件夹‘tecmint’创建的新文件。

tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls 

a.doc  a.html  a.pdf  a.xml  b.doc  b.html  b.pdf  b.xml

用一种聪明的办法马上删除除了 html’之外的所有文件。

tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ rm -r !(*.html)

验证一下上次的执行结果,使用ls 命令列出可见所有文件。

tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls 

a.html  b.html

6. 与或操作符 (&& ||)

上面的操作符实际上是‘’和‘’操作符的组合。它很像‘if-else‘语句。

比如我们ping tecmint.com,如果成功打印‘已验证’,否则打印‘主机故障’。

tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "Verified" || echo "Host Down"

示例输出

PING www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61) 56(84) bytes of data. 
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=1 ttl=55 time=216 ms 
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=2 ttl=55 time=224 ms 
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=3 ttl=55 time=226 ms 

--- www.tecmint.com ping statistics --- 
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2001ms 
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 216.960/222.789/226.423/4.199 ms 
Verified

现在,断开我们现在的网络连接诶,再试一下相同的命令。

tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "verified" || echo "Host Down"

实例输出

ping: unknown host www.tecmint.com 
Host Down

7. 管道操作符 (|)

PIPE在将第一个命令的输出作为第二个命令的输入时很有用。比如,‘ls -l’的输出通过管道到‘less’,并看一下输出。

tecmint@localhost:~$ ls -l | less

8. 命令合并操作符

合并两个或多个命令,第二个命令依赖于第一个命令的执行。

比如,检查一下文件‘xyz.txt’是否在Downloads目录下,如果不存在则创建之并输出提示信息。

tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt ] || touch /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt; echo "The file does not exist"

但是这样的命令的运行结果并不如我们预期的运行,会始终都输出提示信息。因此需要使用{}操作符来合并命令:

tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz1.txt ] || {touch /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt; echo "The file does not exist"}

“The file does not exist”

(译注:原文这里应该也是复制或书写的时候,出现了一些问题,例子中并没有出现小标题中的"{}"操作符,所以这里我们进行了修改)

9. 优先操作符 ()

这个操作符可以让命令以优先顺序执行。

Command_x1 &&Command_x2 || Command_x3 && Command_x4.

在上面的伪代码中,如果Command_x1执行失败了会怎么样,Command_x2, Command_x3, Command_x4没有一个会执行,对于这种情况,我们使用优先操作符

(Command_x1 &&Command_x2) || (Command_x3 && Command_x4)

在上面的伪代码中,如果Command_x1执行失败,Command_x2不会执行,但是Command_x3会继续执行, Command_x4会依赖于 Command_x3的退出状态。

10. 连接符 ()

连接符 ()如它名字所说被用于连接shell中那些太长而需要分成多行的命令。可以在输入一个“\”之后就回车,然后继续输入命令行,直到输入完成。比如,下面的命令会打开文本文件test(1).txt

tecmint@localhost:~/Downloads$ nano test\
1.txt

今天就到这里,我会近日开始另外一个有趣的文章。不要走开,继续关注Tecmint。不要忘记在评论栏里提出有价值的反馈。


via: http://www.tecmint.com/chaining-operators-in-linux-with-practical-examples/

译者:geekpi 校对:Mr小眼儿

本文由 LCTT 原创翻译,Linux中国 荣誉推出