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243 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
[#]: subject: "Learn Rust by debugging Rust"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/7/learn-rust-rustlings"
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[#]: author: "Gaurav Kamathe https://opensource.com/users/gkamathe"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: " "
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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Learn Rust by debugging Rust
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======
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Rustlings is an open source project by the Rust team that helps you learn Rust through the process of debugging.
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![Ferris the crab under the sea, unofficial logo for Rust programming language][1]
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Image by: Opensource.com
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In my previous [article about rustup][2], I showed you how to install the Rust toolchain. Well, what good is the toolchain if you won’t be using it to get more hands-on with Rust? Learning any language involves reading existing code and writing a lot of sample programs. That's a good way to become proficient in a language. However, there's a third way: debugging code.
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Learning through debugging involves trying to compile a pre-written (buggy) sample program, understanding the errors generated by the compiler, fixing the sample code, and then re-compiling it. Repeat that process until the code successfully compiles and runs.
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[Rustlings][3] is an open source project by the Rust team that helps you learn Rust through the process of debugging. It also provides you with a lot of hints along the way. If you're a beginner to Rust and have either started or completed reading the Rust book, then rustlings is the ideal next step. Rustlings helps you apply what you've learned from the book, and move to working on bigger projects.
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### Installing rustlings
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I'm using (and recommend) a Fedora machine to try rustlings, but any Linux distribution works. To install rustlings, you must download and run its install script. It's recommended that you do this as a normal user (not root) without any special privileges.
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Remember, for you to be able to use rustlings, you need the Rust toolchain available on your system. If you don't have that already, please refer to my [article on rustup][4].
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Once you're ready, download the installation script:
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```
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$ curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rust-lang/rustlings/main/install.sh > rustlings_install.sh
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$ file rustlings_install.sh
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rustlings_install.sh: Bourne-Again shell script, ASCII text executable
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```
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Inspect the script to learn what it does:
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```
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$ less rustlings_install.sh
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```
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And then run it to install:
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```
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$ bash rustlings_install.sh
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[...]
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Installing /home/tux/.cargo/bin/rustlings
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Installed package `rustlings v4.8.0 (/home/tux/rustlings)` (executable `rustlings`)
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All done!
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```
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Run 'rustlings' to get started.
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### Rustlings exercises
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The installation provides you with the `rustlings` command. Run it along with the `--help` flag to see what options are available.
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```
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$ rustlings --help
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```
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The installation script also clones the rustlings Git repository, and installs all the dependencies required to run the sample programs. You can view the sample programs within the exercises directory under `rustlings` :
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```
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$ cd rustlings
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$ pwd
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/home/tux/rustlings
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$ ls
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AUTHORS.md Cargo.toml CONTRIBUTING.md info.toml install.sh README.md target Cargo.lock CHANGELOG.md exercises install.ps1 LICENSE src tests
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$ ls -m exercises/
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advanced_errors, clippy, collections, conversions, enums, error_handling, functions, generics, if, intro, macros, mod.rs,
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modules, move_semantics, option, primitive_types, quiz1.rs, quiz2.rs, quiz3.rs, quiz4.rs, README.md,
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standard_library_types, strings, structs, tests, threads, traits, variables
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```
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### List all exercises from the command line
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The `rustlings` command provides you with a `list` command which displays each sample program, its complete path, and the status (which defaults to **pending**.)
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```
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$ rustlings list
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Name Path Status
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intro1 exercises/intro/intro1.rs Pending
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intro2 exercises/intro/intro2.rs Pending
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variables1 exercises/variables/variables1.rs Pending
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variables2 exercises/variables/variables2.rs Pending
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variables3 exercises/variables/variables3.rs Pending
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[...]
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```
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Near the end of the output, you're given a progress report so you can track your work.
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```
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Progress: You completed 0 / 84 exercises (0.00 %).
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```
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### View sample programs
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The `rustings list` command shows you what programs are available, so at any time you can view the code of those programs by copying the complete paths into your terminal as an argument for the [cat][5] or [less][6] commands:
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```
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$ cat exercises/intro/intro1.rs
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```
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### Verify your programs
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Now you can start debugging programs. You can do that using the `verify` command. Notice that rustlings chooses the first program in the list (`intro1.rs` ), tries to compile it, and succeeds:
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```
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$ rustlings verify
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Progress: [-----------------------------------] 0/84
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✅ Successfully ran exercises/intro/intro1.rs!
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You can keep working on this exercise,
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or jump into the next one by removing the `I AM NOT DONE` comment:
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6 | // Execute the command `rustlings hint intro1` for a hint.
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7 |
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8 | // I AM NOT DONE
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9 |
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```
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As you can see from the output, even though the sample code compiles, there's work yet to be done. Each sample program has the following comment in its source file:
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```
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$ grep "NOT DONE" exercises/intro/intro1.rs
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// I AM NOT DONE
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```
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Although the compilation of the first program worked fine, rustlings won't move to the next program until you remove the `I AM NOT DONE` comment.
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### Moving to the next exercise
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Once you have removed the comment from `intro1.rs`, you can move to the next exercise by running the `rustlings verify` command again. This time, you may notice that rustlings tries to compile the next program (`intro2.rs` ) in the series, but runs into an error. You're expected to debug that issue, fix it, and then move forward. This is a critical step, allowing you to understand why Rust says a program has bugs.
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```
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$ rustlings verify
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Progress: [>------------------------] 1/84
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⚠️ Compiling of exercises/intro/intro2.rs failed! Please try again. Here's the output:
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error: 1 positional argument in format string, but no arguments were given
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--> exercises/intro/intro2.rs:8:21
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8 | println!("Hello {}!");
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| ^^
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error: aborting due to previous error
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```
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### Getting a hint
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Rustlings has a handy `hint` argument, which tells you exactly what's wrong with the sample program, and how to fix it. You can think of it as an add-on help option, in addition to what the compiler error message tells you.
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```
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$ rustlings hint intro2
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Add an argument after the format string.
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```
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Based on the above hint, fixing the program is easy. All you need to do is add an additional argument to the `println` statement. This diff should help you understand the changes:
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```
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< println!("Hello {}!", "world");
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---
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> println!("Hello {}!");
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```
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Once you make that change, and removed the `NOT DONE` comment from the source code, you can run `rustlings verify` again to compile and run the code.
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```
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$ rustlings verify
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Progress: [>-------------------------------------] 1/84
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✅ Successfully ran exercises/intro/intro2.rs!
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```
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### Track progress
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You aren't going to finish all of the exercises in a day, and it's easy to lose track of where you left off. You can run the `list` command to see the status of your work.
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```
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$ rustlings list
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Name Path Status
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intro1 exercises/intro/intro1.rs Done
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intro2 exercises/intro/intro2.rs Done
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variables1 exercises/variables/variables1.rs Pending
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variables2 exercises/variables/variables2.rs Pending
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variables3 exercises/variables/variables3.rs Pending
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[...]
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```
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### Run specific exercises
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If you don't want to start from the beginning and skip a few exercises, rustlings allows you to focus on specific exercises using the `rustlings run` command. This runs a specific program without requiring the previous lesson to be verified. For example:
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```
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$ rustlings run intro2
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Hello world!
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✅ Successfully ran exercises/intro/intro2.rs
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$ rustlings run variables1
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```
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Typing exercise names can become tedious, but rustlings provides you with a handy `next` command so you can move to the next exercise in the series.
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```
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$ rustlings run next
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```
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### Alternative watch command
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If you don't want to keep typing `verify` after each modification you make, you can run the `watch` command in a terminal window, and then keep modifying the source code to fix issues. The `watch` command detects these modifications, and keeps re-compiling the program to see whether the issue has been fixed.
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```
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$ rustlings watch
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```
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### Learn by debugging
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The Rust compiler is known to provide very meaningful error messages, which helps you understand issues in your code. This usually leads to faster debugging. Rustlings is a great way to practice Rust, to get used to reading error messages, and understand the Rust language. Check out the recent features of Rustlings 5.0.0 on [GitHub][7].
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**[[ Practice programming with Rust. Download our Rust cheat sheet. ]][8]**
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/22/7/learn-rust-rustlings
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作者：[Gaurav Kamathe][a]
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选题：[lkxed][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/gkamathe
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[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/rust_programming_crab_sea.png
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[2]: https://opensource.com/article/22/6/rust-toolchain-rustup
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[3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings
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[4]: https://opensource.com/article/22/6/rust-toolchain-rustup
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[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/getting-started-cat-command
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[6]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/using-less-view-text-files-command-line
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[7]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/releases/tag/5.0.0
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[8]: https://opensource.com/downloads/rust-cheat-sheet
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