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Linux development by the numbers: Big and getting bigger 越来越....！数字大话Linux的发展：
The open-source operating system project is steadily growing through any number of measurements: programmers, updates, and changes per hour. 这个开源的操作系统项目在各种评价指标中都在稳定地成长：程序开发人员数量、更新次数以及每小时变化次数。
The number of developers creating Linux has steadily increased from version 3.0, released July 21, 2011, to version 3.10, released June 30, 2013. 从2011-7-21发布的3.0版本到2013-6-30发布的3.10版本的过程中，创造Linux的开发人员数量一直保持着稳定地增长。 (Credit: data from Linux Foundation; chart by Stephen Shankland/CNET)
Linux is growing -- that we knew. Now we know how fast. 过去我们知道Linux一直在成长，现在我们认识到Linux如何快速地成长。 In the last two years, the number of developers who collectively create Linux has increased from 1,131 with version 3.0 in July 2011 to 1,392 with version 3.10, released in June 2013, according to the Linux Foundation's 'latest annual Linux development report. Also on the rise: the lines of code in the project, the number of changes accepted into each new 根据Linu基金会最新的Linux开发年会的报告，在过去的两年中，通过合作方式打造Linux的开发人员数量从2011年3.0版本的1131个人涨 了2013年3.10版本的1392个人。同时增长的还有：项目代码的行数，每个新版本吸纳的改变数和这写改变到达的频次。
version, and the frequency at which those changes arrive.
"This rate of change continues to increase, as does the number of developers and companies involved in the process; thus
far, the development process has proved that it is able to scale up to higher speeds without trouble," the study concluded.
研究总结出，“在开发人员和一些公司的参与到该进程中，使得改变的速度仍在不停地增长，就目前来看，发展的进程揭示出了其有能力在告诉发展规模时避免麻烦”
Linux is a mammoth project, and it's getting bigger as it spreads to new hardware. It's grown to nearly 17 million lines of code with version 3.10. Linux是一个庞大的项目，然而在其不断分布在新的硬件时使得其变得越来越大，该项目在3.10版本中已经包含将近17000000行代码的。 (Credit: data from Linux Foundation; chart by Stephen Shankland/CNET)
Linux -- technically just the kernel at the heart of the open-source operating system that often goes by the same name -- has never attained the kind of widespread consumer recognition of OSes like Windows and iOS. Nevertheless, its clout continues to increase: it powers everything from Facebook's mammoth data centers to Google's Android. That utility is reflected in statistics published roughly annually by the Linux Foundation, the organization that employs Linux creator and overseer Linus Torvalds among others; the foundation published its September 2013 report Friday. The foundation tracks statistics using the Git source-code management tool that Torvalds wrote when unsatisfied with the earlier options. It's no Linux, but Git now has spread far and wide, too, as more and more discovered its utility at managing programming projects distributed among many developers.' 技术上来说，Linux位于只是该开源操作系统中中心部分的内核的统称，Linux从来没有取得像windows或IOs这类操作系统广泛的用户认知度。然而，它的影响力仍在持续增长：它提供了对几乎任何事物的支持，从facebook的庞大数据中心到google的Android。 Linux基金会年会发布的粗略统计反应了其（多用途，实用性，通用性），该组织雇佣了Linux创始人和监管人Linux Torvalds以及其他人，该基金会在星期五发布了其2013年9月份的报告。该基金会利用Torvalds（因不满足之前源代码管理工具）编写的Git 源代码管理工具来进行跟踪统计。
Linux itself is probably the best example of such a widespread project. The recent version 3.10 of the kernel, released June 30, 2013, drew updates from 1,392 developers at 243 companies. That's up from 1,131 developers at 191 companies for version 3.0, released July 21, 2011.' Linux 自己本身可能是这样一个广泛分布项目最好的样例。2013年6月30日发行的最新3.10版本内核，接收了来自243家公司的1392个开发人员的更新，这一数据超过了2011年7月21日发布3.0版本时的191家公司的1131个开发人员数。
The Linux Foundation listed the top companies that contribute to the Linux kernel. (Credit: Linux Foundation) Linux基金会列出了为Linux内核做出贡献最多的前几个公司。
"Since the beginning of the git era (the 2.6.11 release in 2005), a total of 9,784 developers have contributed to the Linux kernel," the report said. 报告指出，“自从git时代开始（2005年发行2.6.11版本）,总共有9784个开发人员为Linux内核做出了贡献”
That breadth isn't evenly distributed, of course: a small number of programmers produce much of the code patches that are applied to the kernel and vice-versa.' 当然，上述的增长幅度并没有呈现均匀地分布，一小部分的程序员贡献了内核中的大部分代码补丁，反之亦然。 "In any given development cycle, approximately one third of the developers involved contribute exactly one patch," the report said. "Since the 2.6.11 release, the top ten developers have contributed 30,420 changes -- 8.4 percent of the total. The top 30 developers contributed just over 18 percent of the total." 报告还指出，“在任何制定的开发周期中，大约1/3的开发人员参与到一个补丁的贡献中。自从2.6.11发行版开始，前十个开发人员贡献了30420个更新（占总数的8.4%），前三十个开发人员贡献了超过总数约18%的部分”
Two years ago, 191 companies contributed to the creation of Linux. Now it's up to 243, though the peak was 298 companies with version 3.6 in September 2012.' 两年以前，191个公司为Linux的创造做出了贡献，现在这个数字上升到了243，虽然在最顶峰时期的2012年9月的3.6版本中曾达到过298. (Credit: data from Linux Foundation; chart by Stephen Shankland/CNET)
Some people think of open-source software as a hobbyist phenomenon, and there's plenty of that, to be sure. But the vast majority of Linux work is done by paid professionals these days.
有人会将开源软件认为是一个业余现象，而且可以确认的是该现象大量地存在。但是现在Linux最主要的大部分工作是由支付薪水的专业人员完成的。
In terms of patches accepted into Linux, the top 10 contributors are Red Hat, Intel, Texas Instruments, Linaro, SUSE, IBM, Samsung, Google, Vision Engraving Systems, and Wolfson Microelectronics. Among other developments, mobile technology companies including Texas Instruments, Samsung, Google, and Qualcomm have a serious presence, support for 64-bit ARM processors arrived over the last year, and spat between Google's Android team and other kernel programmers was resolved.
关于被Linux接受的补丁，前十名的贡献者为 Red Hat(红帽子)、Intel（因特尔）、Texas Instruments(德州仪器)、Linaro、SUSE、IBM、Samsung(三星)、Google、Vision Engraving System和Wolfson Microelectronics。其他的开发中， 移动技术公司包括 Texas Instruments,Samsung,Google和Qualcomm，在去年实现的64位ARM处理器的支持中扮演了重要的角色，而且也使得Google的Andoid团队和其他程序开发人员之间的冲突得到了解决。
With each passing hour, an average of 9 updates were applied to version 3.10 of the Linux kernel. 在过去的每个小时中，大约有9个更新被应用到了3.10版本的Linux内核中。 (Credit: data from Linux Foundation; chart by Stephen Shankland/CNET)
One big contributor in 2012 was Microsoft, which submitted 688 patches so that Windows could get along with Linux in virtualization environments -- a technology where a single computer runs multiple operating systems atop a lower-level OS. It's a widely used approach in the server market to achieve greater hardware efficiency. Apparently Microsoft considers the work done, though, because it dropped off the list of contributors for the 2013 report.' 2012年最大的一个贡献者是微软公司（Microsoft）,它为了使Windows能够在虚拟环境下（一种单个计算机在较低级别操作系统上运行多个操作系统的技术）和睦相处提交了688个补丁。该技术是一种在服务器市场为达到更好的硬件性能而使用的方法。显然Microsoft认为这个工作已经完成了，因为消失在了2013年的报告的贡献者名单中。
Although new kernels arrive about every two months, a few of them get long-term two-year support with fixes for bugs and security problems. Those versions -- 3.0, 3.4, and 3.10 in the last two years -- are typically the foundation of commercial products. 尽管新的内核大约每两个月诞生一次，其中有些能够得到达到2年的长期bug修复和安全问题的支持，在前两年中，3.0、3.4和3.10版本被作为主要的商业产品的基础内核版本。
The total number of changes accepted into each version of the Linux kernel continues to grow. (Credit: data from Linux Foundation; chart by Stephen Shankland/CNET) 每个Linux内核版本中接收的改变总数仍然在持续地增长中。
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