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510 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
510 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
OpenGL 与 Go 教程(二)绘制游戏面板
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============================================================
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- [第一节: Hello, OpenGL][6]
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- [第二节: 绘制游戏面板][7]
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- [第三节:实现游戏功能][8]
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这篇教程的所有源代码都可以在 [GitHub][9] 上找到。
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欢迎回到《OpenGL 与 Go 教程》。如果你还没有看过[第一节][15],那就要回过头去看看那一节。
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你现在应该能够创造一个漂亮的白色三角形,但我们不会把三角形当成我们游戏的基本单元,是时候把三角形变成正方形了,然后我们会做出一个完整的方格。
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让我们现在开始做吧!
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### 利用三角形绘制方形
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在我们绘制方形之前,先把三角形变成直角三角形。打开 `main.go` 文件,把 `triangle` 的定义改成像这个样子:
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```
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triangle = []float32{
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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-0.5, -0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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}
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```
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我们做的事情是,把最上面的顶点 X 坐标移动到左边(也就是变为 `-0.5`),这就变成了像这样的三角形:
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![Conway's Game of Life - 右弦三角形](https://kylewbanks.com/images/post/golang-opengl-conway-4.png)
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很简单,对吧?现在让我们用两个这样的三角形顶点做成正方形。把 `triangle` 重命名为 `square`,然后添加第二个倒置的三角形的顶点数据,把直角三角形变成这样的:
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```
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square = []float32{
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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-0.5, -0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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}
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```
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注意:你也要把在 `main` 和 `draw` 里面命名的 `triangle` 改为 `square`。
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我们通过添加三个顶点,把顶点数增加了一倍,这三个顶点就是右上角的三角形,用来拼成方形。运行它看看效果:
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![Conway's Game of Life - 两个三角形构成方形](https://kylewbanks.com/images/post/golang-opengl-conway-5.png)
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很好,现在我们能够绘制正方形了!OpenGL 一点都不难,对吧?
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### 在窗口中绘制方形格子
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现在我们能画一个方形,怎么画 100 个吗?我们来创建一个 `cell` 结构体,用来表示格子的每一个单元,因此我们能够很灵活的选择绘制的数量:
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```
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type cell struct {
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drawable uint32
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x int
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y int
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}
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```
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`cell` 结构体包含一个 `drawable` 属性,这是一个顶点数组对象,就像我们在之前创建的一样,这个结构体还包含 X 和 Y 坐标,用来表示这个格子的位置。
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我们还需要两个常量,用来设定格子的大小和形状:
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```
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const (
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...
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rows = 10
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columns = 10
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)
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```
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现在我们添加一个创建格子的函数:
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```
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func makeCells() [][]*cell {
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cells := make([][]*cell, rows, rows)
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for x := 0; x < rows; x++ {
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for y := 0; y < columns; y++ {
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c := newCell(x, y)
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cells[x] = append(cells[x], c)
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}
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}
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return cells
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}
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```
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这里我们创建多维的<ruby>切片<rt>slice</rt></ruby>,代表我们的游戏面板,用名为 `newCell` 的新函数创建的 `cell` 来填充矩阵的每个元素,我们待会就来实现 `newCell` 这个函数。
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在接着往下阅读前,我们先花一点时间来看看 `makeCells` 函数做了些什么。我们创造了一个切片,这个切片的长度和格子的行数相等,每一个切片里面都有一个<ruby>细胞<rt>cell</rt></ruby>的切片,这些细胞的数量与列数相等。如果我们把 `rows` 和 `columns` 都设定成 2,那么就会创建如下的矩阵:
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```
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[
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[cell, cell],
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[cell, cell]
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]
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```
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还可以创建一个更大的矩阵,包含 `10x10` 个细胞:
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```
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[
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell],
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[cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell, cell]
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]
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```
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现在应该理解了我们创造的矩阵的形状和表示方法。让我们看看 `newCell` 函数到底是怎么填充矩阵的:
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```
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func newCell(x, y int) *cell {
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points := make([]float32, len(square), len(square))
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copy(points, square)
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for i := 0; i < len(points); i++ {
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var position float32
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var size float32
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switch i % 3 {
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case 0:
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size = 1.0 / float32(columns)
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position = float32(x) * size
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case 1:
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size = 1.0 / float32(rows)
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position = float32(y) * size
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default:
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continue
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}
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if points[i] < 0 {
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points[i] = (position * 2) - 1
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} else {
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points[i] = ((position + size) * 2) - 1
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}
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}
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return &cell{
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drawable: makeVao(points),
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x: x,
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y: y,
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}
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}
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```
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这个函数里有很多内容,我们把它分成几个部分。我们做的第一件事是复制了 `square` 的定义。这让我们能够修改该定义,定制当前的细胞位置,而不会影响其它使用 `square` 切片定义的细胞。然后我们基于当前索引迭代 `points` 副本。我们用求余数的方法来判断我们是在操作 X 坐标(`i % 3 == 0`),还是在操作 Y 坐标(`i % 3 == 1`)(跳过 Z 坐标是因为我们仅在二维层面上进行操作),跟着确定细胞的大小(也就是占据整个游戏面板的比例),当然它的位置是基于细胞在 `相对游戏面板的` X 和 Y 坐标。
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接着,我们改变那些包含在 `square` 切片中定义的 `0.5`,`0`, `-0.5` 这样的点。如果点小于 0,我们就把它设置成原来的 2 倍(因为 OpenGL 坐标的范围在 `-1` 到 `1` 之间,范围大小是 2),减 1 是为了归一化 OpenGL 坐标。如果点大于等于 0,我们的做法还是一样的,不过要加上我们计算出的尺寸。
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这样做是为了设置每个细胞的大小,这样它就能只填充它在面板中的部分。因为我们有 10 行 10 列,每一个格子能分到游戏面板的 10% 宽度和高度。
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最后,确定了所有点的位置和大小,我们用提供的 X 和 Y 坐标创建一个 `cell`,并设置 `drawable` 字段与我们刚刚操作 `points` 得到的顶点数组对象(vao)一致。
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好了,现在我们在 `main` 函数里可以移去对 `makeVao` 的调用了,用 `makeCells` 代替。我们还修改了 `draw`,让它绘制一系列的细胞而不是一个 `vao`。
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```
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func main() {
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...
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// vao := makeVao(square)
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cells := makeCells()
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for !window.ShouldClose() {
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draw(cells, window, program)
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}
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}
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func draw(cells [][]*cell, window *glfw.Window, program uint32) {
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gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
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gl.UseProgram(program)
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// TODO
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glfw.PollEvents()
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window.SwapBuffers()
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}
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```
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现在我们要让每个细胞知道怎么绘制出自己。在 `cell` 里面添加一个 `draw` 函数:
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```
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func (c *cell) draw() {
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gl.BindVertexArray(c.drawable)
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gl.DrawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, int32(len(square) / 3))
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}
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```
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这看上去很熟悉,它很像我们之前在 `vao` 里写的 `draw`,唯一的区别是我们的 `BindVertexArray` 函数用的是 `c.drawable`,这是我们在 `newCell` 中创造的细胞的 `vao`。
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回到 main 中的 `draw` 函数上,我们可以循环每个细胞,让它们自己绘制自己:
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```
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func draw(cells [][]*cell, window *glfw.Window, program uint32) {
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gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
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gl.UseProgram(program)
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for x := range cells {
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for _, c := range cells[x] {
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c.draw()
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}
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}
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glfw.PollEvents()
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window.SwapBuffers()
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}
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```
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如你所见,我们循环每一个细胞,调用它的 `draw` 函数。如果运行这段代码,你能看到像下面这样的东西:
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![Conway's Game of Life - 全部格子](https://kylewbanks.com/images/post/golang-opengl-conway-6.png)
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这是你想看到的吗?我们做的是在格子里为每一行每一列创建了一个方块,然后给它上色,这就填满了整个面板!
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注释掉 for 循环,我们就可以看到一个明显独立的细胞,像这样:
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```
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// for x := range cells {
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// for _, c := range cells[x] {
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// c.draw()
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// }
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// }
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cells[2][3].draw()
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```
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![Conway's Game of Life - 一个单独的细胞](https://kylewbanks.com/images/post/golang-opengl-conway-7.png)
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这只绘制坐标在 `(X=2, Y=3)` 的格子。你可以看到,每一个独立的细胞占据着面板的一小块部分,并且负责绘制自己那部分空间。我们也能看到游戏面板有自己的原点,也就是坐标为 `(X=0, Y=0)` 的点,在窗口的左下方。这仅仅是我们的 `newCell` 函数计算位置的方式,也可以用右上角,右下角,左上角,中央,或者其它任何位置当作原点。
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接着往下做,移除 `cells[2][3].draw()` 这一行,取消 for 循环的那部分注释,变成之前那样全部绘制的样子。
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### 总结
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好了,我们现在能用两个三角形画出一个正方形了,我们还有一个游戏的面板了!我们该为此自豪,目前为止我们已经接触到了很多零碎的内容,老实说,最难的部分还在前面等着我们!
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在接下来的第三节,我们会实现游戏核心逻辑,看到很酷的东西!
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### 回顾
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这是这一部分教程中 `main.go` 文件的内容:
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```
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package main
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import (
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"fmt"
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"log"
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"runtime"
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"strings"
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"github.com/go-gl/gl/v4.1-core/gl" // OR: github.com/go-gl/gl/v2.1/gl
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"github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.2/glfw"
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)
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const (
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width = 500
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height = 500
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vertexShaderSource = `
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#version 410
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in vec3 vp;
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void main() {
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gl_Position = vec4(vp, 1.0);
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}
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` + "\x00"
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fragmentShaderSource = `
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#version 410
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out vec4 frag_colour;
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void main() {
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frag_colour = vec4(1, 1, 1, 1.0);
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}
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` + "\x00"
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rows = 10
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columns = 10
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)
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var (
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square = []float32{
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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-0.5, -0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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-0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, 0.5, 0,
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0.5, -0.5, 0,
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}
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)
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type cell struct {
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drawable uint32
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x int
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y int
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}
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func main() {
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runtime.LockOSThread()
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window := initGlfw()
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defer glfw.Terminate()
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program := initOpenGL()
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cells := makeCells()
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for !window.ShouldClose() {
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draw(cells, window, program)
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}
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}
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func draw(cells [][]*cell, window *glfw.Window, program uint32) {
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gl.Clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
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gl.UseProgram(program)
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for x := range cells {
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for _, c := range cells[x] {
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c.draw()
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}
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}
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glfw.PollEvents()
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window.SwapBuffers()
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}
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func makeCells() [][]*cell {
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cells := make([][]*cell, rows, rows)
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for x := 0; x < rows; x++ {
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for y := 0; y < columns; y++ {
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c := newCell(x, y)
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cells[x] = append(cells[x], c)
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}
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}
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return cells
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}
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func newCell(x, y int) *cell {
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points := make([]float32, len(square), len(square))
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copy(points, square)
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for i := 0; i < len(points); i++ {
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var position float32
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var size float32
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switch i % 3 {
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case 0:
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size = 1.0 / float32(columns)
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position = float32(x) * size
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case 1:
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size = 1.0 / float32(rows)
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position = float32(y) * size
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default:
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continue
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}
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if points[i] < 0 {
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points[i] = (position * 2) - 1
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} else {
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points[i] = ((position + size) * 2) - 1
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}
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}
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return &cell{
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drawable: makeVao(points),
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x: x,
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y: y,
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}
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}
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func (c *cell) draw() {
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gl.BindVertexArray(c.drawable)
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gl.DrawArrays(gl.TRIANGLES, 0, int32(len(square)/3))
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}
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// 初始化 glfw,返回一个可用的 Window
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func initGlfw() *glfw.Window {
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if err := glfw.Init(); err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.Resizable, glfw.False)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.ContextVersionMajor, 4)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.ContextVersionMinor, 1)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.OpenGLProfile, glfw.OpenGLCoreProfile)
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glfw.WindowHint(glfw.OpenGLForwardCompatible, glfw.True)
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window, err := glfw.CreateWindow(width, height, "Conway's Game of Life", nil, nil)
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if err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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window.MakeContextCurrent()
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return window
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}
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// 初始化 OpenGL 并返回一个可用的着色器程序
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func initOpenGL() uint32 {
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if err := gl.Init(); err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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version := gl.GoStr(gl.GetString(gl.VERSION))
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log.Println("OpenGL version", version)
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vertexShader, err := compileShader(vertexShaderSource, gl.VERTEX_SHADER)
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if err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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fragmentShader, err := compileShader(fragmentShaderSource, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER)
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if err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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prog := gl.CreateProgram()
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gl.AttachShader(prog, vertexShader)
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gl.AttachShader(prog, fragmentShader)
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gl.LinkProgram(prog)
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return prog
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}
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// 初始化并返回由 points 提供的顶点数组
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func makeVao(points []float32) uint32 {
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var vbo uint32
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gl.GenBuffers(1, &vbo)
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gl.BindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)
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gl.BufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, 4*len(points), gl.Ptr(points), gl.STATIC_DRAW)
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var vao uint32
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gl.GenVertexArrays(1, &vao)
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gl.BindVertexArray(vao)
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gl.EnableVertexAttribArray(0)
|
||
gl.BindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)
|
||
gl.VertexAttribPointer(0, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, nil)
|
||
|
||
return vao
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func compileShader(source string, shaderType uint32) (uint32, error) {
|
||
shader := gl.CreateShader(shaderType)
|
||
|
||
csources, free := gl.Strs(source)
|
||
gl.ShaderSource(shader, 1, csources, nil)
|
||
free()
|
||
gl.CompileShader(shader)
|
||
|
||
var status int32
|
||
gl.GetShaderiv(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS, &status)
|
||
if status == gl.FALSE {
|
||
var logLength int32
|
||
gl.GetShaderiv(shader, gl.INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &logLength)
|
||
|
||
log := strings.Repeat("\x00", int(logLength+1))
|
||
gl.GetShaderInfoLog(shader, logLength, nil, gl.Str(log))
|
||
|
||
return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to compile %v: %v", source, log)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return shader, nil
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
让我知道这篇文章对你有没有帮助,在 Twitter [@kylewbanks][20] 或者下方的连接,关注我以便获取最新的文章!
|
||
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||
|
||
作者:[kylewbanks][a]
|
||
译者:[GitFtuture](https://github.com/GitFuture)
|
||
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]:https://twitter.com/kylewbanks
|
||
[1]:https://kylewbanks.com/category/golang
|
||
[2]:https://kylewbanks.com/category/opengl
|
||
[3]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%20https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board%20by%20%40kylewbanks
|
||
[4]:mailto:?subject=Check%20Out%20%22OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%22&body=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||
[5]:https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||
[6]:https://linux.cn/article-8933-1.html
|
||
[7]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||
[8]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-3-implementing-the-game
|
||
[9]:https://github.com/KyleBanks/conways-gol
|
||
[10]:https://linux.cn/article-8933-1.html
|
||
[11]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||
[12]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-3-implementing-the-game
|
||
[13]:https://github.com/KyleBanks/conways-gol
|
||
[14]:https://twitter.com/kylewbanks
|
||
[15]:https://linux.cn/article-8933-1.html
|
||
[16]:https://kylewbanks.com/blog/tutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-3-implementing-the-game
|
||
[17]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%20https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board%20by%20%40kylewbanks
|
||
[18]:mailto:?subject=Check%20Out%20%22OpenGL%20%26%20Go%20Tutorial%20Part%202%3A%20Drawing%20the%20Game%20Board%22&body=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||
[19]:https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fkylewbanks.com%2Fblog%2Ftutorial-opengl-with-golang-part-2-drawing-the-game-board
|
||
[20]:https://twitter.com/kylewbanks
|