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186 lines
5.9 KiB
Markdown
如何列出所有的 Bash Shell 内置命令
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======
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内置命令包含在 bash shell 本身里面。我该如何在 Linux / Apple OS X / *BSD / Unix 类操作系统列出所有的内置 bash 命令，而不用去读大篇的 bash 操作说明页？
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shell 内置命令就是一个命令或一个函数，从 shell 中调用，它直接在 shell 中执行。 bash shell 直接执行该命令而无需调用其他程序。你可以使用 `help` 命令查看 Bash 内置命令的信息。以下是几种不同类型的内置命令。
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### 内置命令的类型
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1. Bourne Shell 内置命令：内置命令继承自 Bourne Shell。
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2. Bash 内置命令：特定于 Bash 的内置命令表。
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3. 修改 Shell 行为：修改 shell 属性和可选行为的内置命令。
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4. 特别的内置命令：由 POSIX 特别分类的内置命令。
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### 如何查看所有 bash 内置命令
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有以下的命令：
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```
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$ help
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$ help | less
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$ help | grep read
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```
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样例输出：
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```
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GNU bash, version 4.1.5(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
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These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
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Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
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Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
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Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
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A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
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job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or hist>
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(( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif C>
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. filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs >
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: kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigs>
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[ arg... ] let arg [arg ...]
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[[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ...
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alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n]
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bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s c>
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bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filen> popd [-n] [+N | -N]
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break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments]
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builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
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caller [expr] pwd [-LP]
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case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...)> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [->
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cd [-L|-P] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s>
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command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-af] [name[=value] ...] or>
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compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] > return [n]
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complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] > select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMM>
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compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ..> set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option>
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continue [n] shift [n]
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coproc [NAME] command [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
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declare [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] [name[=val> source filename [arguments]
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dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] suspend [-f]
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disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...] test [expr]
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echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline
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enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [na> times
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eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
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exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argume> true
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exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...]
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export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or ex> typeset [-aAfFilrtux] [-p] name[=val>
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false ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx] [limit>
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fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] o> umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
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fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...]
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for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMAND> unset [-f] [-v] [name ...]
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for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMAN> until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
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function name { COMMANDS ; } or name > variables - Names and meanings of so>
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getopts optstring name [arg] wait [id]
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hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name > while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
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help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
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```
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另外一种选择是使用下列命令：
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```
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compgen -b
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compgen -b | more
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```
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### 查看 Bash 的内置命令信息
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运行以下得到详细信息：
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```
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help command
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help read
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```
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要仅得到所有带简短描述的内置命令的列表，执行如下:
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```
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$ help -d
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```
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### 查找内置命令的语法和其他选项
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使用下列语法去找出更多的相关内置命令：
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```
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help name
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help cd
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help fg
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help for
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help read
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help :
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```
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样例输出：
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```
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:: :
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Null command.
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No effect; the command does nothing.
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Exit Status:
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Always succeeds
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```
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### 找出一个命令是内部的（内置）还是外部的
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使用 `type` 命令或 `command` 命令：
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```
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type -a command-name-here
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type -a cd
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type -a uname
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type -a :
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type -a ls
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```
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或者：
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```
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type -a cd uname : ls uname
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```
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样例输出：
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```
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cd is a shell builtin
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uname is /bin/uname
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: is a shell builtin
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ls is aliased to `ls --color=auto'
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ls is /bin/ls
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l is a function
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l ()
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{
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ls --color=auto
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}
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```
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或者：
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```
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command -V ls
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command -V cd
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command -V foo
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```
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[![View list bash built-ins command info on Linux or Unix][1]][1]
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### 关于作者
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作者是 nixCraft 网站的发起人和经验丰富的系统管理员，以及 Linux 操作系统/Unix shell 脚本编程培训师。他与全球客户以及包括 IT、教育、国防和空间研究以及非营利部门在内的各个行业合作。可以在 [Twitter][2]、[Facebook][3]、 [Google+][4] 上关注他。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-bash-shell-list-all-builtin-commands/
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作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
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译者：[KarenMrzhang](https://github.com/KarenMrzhang)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
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[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2013/03/View-list-bash-built-ins-command-info-on-Linux-or-Unix.jpg
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[2]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
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[3]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
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[4]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
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