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Examining network connections on Linux systems
Linux systems provide a lot of useful commands for reviewing network configuration and connections. Here's a look at a few, including ifquery, ifup, ifdown and ifconfig.
There are a lot of commands available on Linux for looking at network settings and connections. In today's post, we're going to run through some very handy commands and see how they work.
ifquery command
One very useful command is the ifquery command. This command should give you a quick list of network interfaces. However, you might only see something like this —showing only the loopback interface:
$ ifquery --list
lo
If this is the case, your /etc/network/interfaces file doesn't include information on network interfaces except for the loopback interface. You can add lines like the last two in the example below — assuming DHCP is used to assign addresses — if you'd like it to be more useful.
# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
ifup and ifdown commands
The related ifup and ifdown commands can be used to bring network connections up and shut them down as needed provided this file has the required descriptive data. Just keep in mind that "if" means "interface" in these commands just as it does in the ifconfig command, not "if" as in "if I only had a brain".
ifconfig command
The ifconfig command, on the other hand, doesn't read the /etc/network/interfaces file at all and still provides quite a bit of useful information on network interfaces -- configuration data along with packet counts that tell you how busy each interface has been. The ifconfig command can also be used to shut down and restart network interfaces (e.g., ifconfig eth0 down).
$ ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1e:4f:c8:43:fc
inet addr:192.168.0.6 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::b44b:bdb6:2527:6ae9/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:60474 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:33463 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:43922053 (43.9 MB) TX bytes:4000460 (4.0 MB)
Interrupt:21 Memory:fe9e0000-fea00000
The RX and TX packet counts in this output are extremely low. In addition, no errors or packet collisions have been reported. The uptime command will likely confirm that this system has only recently been rebooted.
The broadcast (Bcast) and network mask (Mask) addresses shown above indicate that the system is operating on a Class C equivalent network (the default) so local addresses will range from 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.254.
netstat command
The netstat command provides information on routing and network connections. The netstat -rn command displays the system's routing table.
$ netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
That 169.254.0.0 entry in the above output is only necessary if you are using or planning to use link-local communications. You can comment out the related lines in the /etc/network/if-up.d/avahi-autoipd file like this if this is not the case:
$ tail -12 /etc/network/if-up.d/avahi-autoipd
#if [ -x /bin/ip ]; then
# # route already present?
# ip route show | grep -q '^169.254.0.0/16[[:space:]]' && exit 0
#
# /bin/ip route add 169.254.0.0/16 dev $IFACE metric 1000 scope link
#elif [ -x /sbin/route ]; then
# # route already present?
# /sbin/route -n | egrep -q "^169.254.0.0[[:space:]]" && exit 0
#
# /sbin/route add -net 169.254.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 dev $IFACE metric 1000
#fi
netstat -a command
The netstat -a command will display all network connections. To limit this to listening and established connections (generally much more useful), use the netstat -at command instead.
$ netstat -at
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN
tcp 0 256 192.168.0.6:ssh 192.168.0.32:53550 ESTABLISHED
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 ip6-localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 ip6-localhost:smtp [::]:* LISTEN
netstat -rn command
The netstat -rn command displays the system's routing table. The 192.168.0.1 address is the local gateway (Flags=UG).
$ netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
192.168.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
host command
The host command works a lot like nslookup by looking up the remote system's IP address, but also provides the system's mail handler.
$ host world.std.com
world.std.com has address 192.74.137.5
world.std.com mail is handled by 10 smtp.theworld.com.
nslookup command
The nslookup also provides information on the system (in this case, the local system) that is providing DNS lookup services.
$ nslookup world.std.com
Server: 127.0.1.1
Address: 127.0.1.1#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: world.std.com
Address: 192.74.137.5
dig command
The dig command provides quitea lot of information on connecting to a remote system -- including the name server we are communicating with and how long the query takes to respond and is often used for troubleshooting.
$ dig world.std.com
; <<>> DiG 9.10.3-P4-Ubuntu <<>> world.std.com
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 28679
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;world.std.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
world.std.com. 78146 IN A 192.74.137.5
;; Query time: 37 msec
;; SERVER: 127.0.1.1#53(127.0.1.1)
;; WHEN: Mon Oct 09 13:26:46 EDT 2017
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 58
nmap command
The nmap command is most frequently used to probe remote systems, but can also be used to report on the services being offered by the local system. In the output below, we can see that ssh is available for logins, that smtp is servicing email, that a web site is active, and that an ipp print service is running.
$ nmap localhost
Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2017-10-09 15:01 EDT
Nmap scan report for localhost (127.0.0.1)
Host is up (0.00016s latency).
Not shown: 996 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
25/tcp open smtp
80/tcp open http
631/tcp open ipp
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.09 seconds
Linux systems provide a lot of useful commands for reviewing their network configuration and connections. If you run out of commands to explore, keep in mind that apropos network might point you toward even more.
作者：Sandra Henry-Stocker 译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID