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183 lines
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183 lines
7.5 KiB
Markdown
translating by lujun9972
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How to find all files with a specific text using Linux shell
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------
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### 目标
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The following article provides some useful tips on how to find all files within any specific directory or entire file-system containing any specific word or string.
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### 难度
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EASY
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### 约定
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* # - requires given command to be executed with root privileges either directly as a root user or by use of sudo command
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* $ - given command to be executed as a regular non-privileged user
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### 案例
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#### Find all files with a specific string non-recursively
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The first command example will search for a string `stretch` in all files within `/etc/` directory while excluding any sub-directories:
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```shell
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# grep -s stretch /etc/*
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/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)"
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/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)"
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```
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The `-s` grep option will suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files. The output shows filenames as well as prints the actual line containing requested string.
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#### Find all files with a specific string recursively
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The above command omitted all sub-directories. To search recursively means to also traverse all sub-directories. The following command will search for a string `stretch` in all files within `/etc/` directory including all sub-directories:
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```shell
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# grep -R stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretch
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretch's
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:backstretches
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretch
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretch's
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:homestretches
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretch
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretched
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretches
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:outstretching
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch's
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretched
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretcher
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretcher's
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchers
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretches
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchier
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchiest
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretching
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretchy
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/etc/grub.d/00_header:background_image -m stretch `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "$GRUB_BACKGROUND"`
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/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)"
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/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)"
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```
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#### Search for all files containing a specific word
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The above `grep` command example lists all files containing string `stretch` . Meaning the lines with `stretches` , `stretched` etc. are also shown. Use grep's `-w` option to show only a specific word:
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```shell
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# grep -Rw stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list:# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux testing _Stretch_ - Official Snapshot amd64 NETINST Binary-1 20170109-05:56]/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://ftp.au.debian.org/debian/ stretch main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
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/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words:stretch's
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/etc/grub.d/00_header:background_image -m stretch `make_system_path_relative_to_its_root "$GRUB_BACKGROUND"`
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/etc/os-release:PRETTY_NAME="Debian GNU/Linux 9 (stretch)"
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/etc/os-release:VERSION="9 (stretch)"
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```
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#### List only files names containing a specific text
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The above commands may produce an unnecessary output. The next example will only show all file names containing string `stretch` within `/etc/` directory recursively:
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```shell
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# grep -Rl stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words
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/etc/grub.d/00_header
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/etc/os-release
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```
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#### Perform case-insensitive search
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All searches are by default case sensitive which means that any search for a string `stretch` will only show files containing the exact uppercase and lowercase match. By using grep's `-i` option the command will also list any lines containing `Stretch` , `STRETCH` , `StReTcH` etc., hence, to perform case-insensitive search.
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```shell
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# grep -Ril stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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/etc/dictionaries-common/default.hash
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words
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/etc/grub.d/00_header
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/etc/os-release
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```
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#### Include or Exclude specific files names from search
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Using `grep` command it is also possible to include only specific files as part of the search. For example we only would like to search for a specific text/string within configuration files with extension `.conf` . The next example will find all files with extension `.conf` within `/etc` directory containing string `bash` :
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```shell
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# grep -Ril bash /etc/*.conf
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OR
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# grep -Ril --include=\*.conf bash /etc/*
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/etc/adduser.conf
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```
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Similarly, using `--exclude` option we can exclude any specific filenames:
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```shell
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# grep -Ril --exclude=\*.conf bash /etc/*
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/etc/alternatives/view
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/etc/alternatives/vim
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/etc/alternatives/vi
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/etc/alternatives/vimdiff
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/etc/alternatives/rvim
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/etc/alternatives/ex
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/etc/alternatives/rview
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/etc/bash.bashrc
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/etc/bash_completion.d/grub
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/etc/cron.daily/apt-compat
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/etc/cron.daily/exim4-base
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/etc/dictionaries-common/default.hash
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words
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/etc/inputrc
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/etc/passwd
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/etc/passwd-
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/etc/profile
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/etc/shells
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/etc/skel/.profile
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/etc/skel/.bashrc
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/etc/skel/.bash_logout
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```
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#### Exclude specific Directories from search
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Same as with files grep can also exclude specific directories from the search. Use `--exclude-dir` option to exclude directory from search. The following search example will find all files containing string `stretch` within `/etc` directory and exclude `/etc/grub.d` from search:
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```shell
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# grep --exclude-dir=/etc/grub.d -Rwl stretch /etc/*
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/etc/apt/sources.list
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/etc/dictionaries-common/words
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/etc/os-release
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```
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#### Display a line number containing searched string
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By using `-n` option grep will also provide an information regarding a line number where the specific string was found:
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```shell
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# grep -Rni bash /etc/*.conf
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/etc/adduser.conf:6:DSHELL=/bin/bash
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```
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#### Find all files not containing a specific string
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The last example will use `-v` option to list all files NOT containing a specific keyword. For example the following search will list all files within `/etc/` directory which do not contain string `stretch` :
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```shell
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# grep -Rlv stretch /etc/*
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://linuxconfig.org/how-to-find-all-files-with-a-specific-text-using-linux-shell
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作者：[Lubos Rendek][a]
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译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://linuxconfig.org
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