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455 lines
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455 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
怎样用 Parted 管理硬盘分区
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======
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Translating by zyk2290
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众所周知，硬盘分区对Linux管理员来说是其中一项最重要的管理任务，他们不能不知道这个。
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在最糟糕的时候，你至少每周一次会收到从依赖小组的请求，在大的环境里会更加频繁 。
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你可能会问为什么我们要用Parted而不是fdisk? 有什么区别? 好问题, 我会告诉你这两者的区别。
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* Parted支持用户在大于2TB的硬盘上创建硬盘分区， 但fdisk命令不支持
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* 对比fdisk来说， Parted是一个更高级的工具
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* 支持更多的分区表类型，包括GPT ( LCTT译者注：全局唯一标识分区表 )。
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* 它允许用户调整分区大小， 但当缩减分区空间的时候，它没有在我意料之内工作， 在大部分时候， 我会得到错误。 所以 我会建议用户不要用Parted来缩减分区大小。
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### 什么是 Parted
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Parted 是一个操作硬盘分区的程序. 它支持多种分区表类型，包括 MS-DOS和 GPT .
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它允许用户创建， 删除， 调整 ，缩减，移动和复制分区 ，以及重新组织硬盘的使用， 复制数据到新的硬盘上。GParted是parted的图形界面前端。
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### 怎样安装Parted
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大部分发行版已经预安装了Parted 如果没有, 用下列命令来安装Parted.
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对于 **`Debian/Ubuntu`** 用户, 使用 [APT-GET Command][1] 或者 [APT Command][2] 来安装Parted。
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```
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$ sudo apt install parted
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```
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对于 **`RHEL/CentOS`** , 用 [YUM Command][3] 来安装parted。
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```
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$ sudo yum install parted
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```
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对于 **`Fedora`** , 用 [DNF Command][4] 命令来安装parted。
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```
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$ sudo dnf install parted
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```
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对于 **`Arch Linux`** , 用 [Pacman Command][5] 命令来安装parted。
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```
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$ sudo pacman -S parted
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```
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对于 **`openSUSE`** , 用 [Zypper Command][6] 命令来安装parted。
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```
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$ sudo zypper in parted
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```
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### 怎样启动Parted
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下面的parted命令会自动选择 `/dev/sda` , 因为这是系统的第一个硬盘。
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```
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$ sudo parted
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GNU Parted 3.2
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Using /dev/sda
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Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
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(parted)
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```
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同时我们也可以用下面的命令来重新选择对应的的硬盘。
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```
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(parted) select /dev/sdb
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Using /dev/sdb
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(parted)
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```
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如果你想选择特定的硬盘, 用下列的格式来输入命令。 这次 ，我们将选择`/dev/sdb`.
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```
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$ sudo parted [Device Name]
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb
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GNU Parted 3.2
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Using /dev/sdb
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Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
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(parted)
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```
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### 怎样用 Parted列出所有可用的硬盘
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如果你不知道你的电脑上有什么硬盘， 只需要运行下列命令，该命令会显示所有可用硬盘的名字， 以及其它的有用信息比如储存空间， 型号， 扇区大小，硬盘旗帜以及分区信息。
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```
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$ sudo parted -l
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sda: 32.2GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 1049kB 32.2GB 32.2GB primary ext4 boot
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Error: /dev/sdb: unrecognised disk label
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: unknown
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Disk Flags:
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```
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上面的错误信息清晰地显示出硬盘 `/dev/sdb` 没有有效的硬盘标签 (disk label) 。 它不会自动选择硬盘标签 (disk label) ，所以， 我们便要自己设置硬盘标签 (disk label) 。
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### 怎样用Parted创建硬盘分区
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Parted允许用户创建主分区或者拓展分区。 创建这两种类型的分区的步骤还是一样，但请确保你已经指定了需要的分区类型，比如 `primary` 或者`extended`。
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为了演示这项操作 ，我们安装了一个新的`50 GB` 的硬盘到到电脑上，挂载在`/dev/sdb`上
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有两种方法创建分区，第一种是更详细的方法，另一种只是一个命令。 在下面的例子中，我们将用更详细的方法添加一个主分区。提醒一下， 我们应该先设置 `硬盘标签`（disk label），因为它不会自动设置任何标签。
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在下面的例子中，我们将要创建一个`10 GB` 的分区
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb
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GNU Parted 3.2
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Using /dev/sdb
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Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
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(parted) mklabel msdos
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(parted) unit GB
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(parted) mkpart
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Partition type? primary/extended? primary
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File system type? [ext2]? ext4
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Start? 0.00GB
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End? 10.00GB
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(parted) print
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 0.00GB 10.0GB 10.0GB primary ext4 lba
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(parted) quit
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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```
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同时，我们也可以使用单条Parted命令
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在下面的例子中，我们将在硬盘上创建一个`10 GB` 的分区
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```
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$ sudo parted [Disk Name] [mkpart] [Partition Type] [Filesystem Type] [Partition Start Size] [Partition End Size]
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary ext4 10.0GB 20.0GB
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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```
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### 怎样使用Parted用所有剩余空间创建分区
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你已经创建了所有要求的分区，除了`/home` ，而且你想要用硬盘上所有剩余的空间来创建`/home`分区，要怎样做？可以使用下面的命令来创建分区。
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下面的命令创建了一个 33.7 GB 的分区，从 `20 GB` 开始到 `53 GB`结束。 `100%` 使用率允许用户用硬盘上所有剩余的空余空间。
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```
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$ sudo parted [Disk Name] [mkpart] [Partition Type] [Filesystem Type] [Partition Start Size] [Partition End Size]
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb mkpart primary ext4 20.0GB 100%
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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```
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### 怎样用Parted列出所有的分区
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你也许注意到了，我们已经在上述步骤中创建了三个分区，如果你想要列出所有在硬盘上可用的分区，可以使用print命令。
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb print
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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2 10.0GB 20.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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3 20.0GB 53.7GB 33.7GB primary ext4
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```
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### 怎样用mkfs格式化分区
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用户可以用mkfs命令格式化分区。下面的步骤会用mkfs来格式化分区。
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```
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$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
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mke2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
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Creating filesystem with 2621440 4k blocks and 656640 inodes
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Filesystem UUID: 415cf467-634c-4403-8c9f-47526bbaa381
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Superblock backups stored on blocks:
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32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
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Allocating group tables: done
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Writing inode tables: done
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Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
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Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
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```
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同样的。
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```
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$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
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$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb3
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```
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创建必要的文件夹然后将这些分区挂载在上面。
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```
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$ sudo mkdir /par1 /par2 /par3
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$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /par1
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$ sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /par2
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$ sudo mount /dev/sdb3 /par3
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```
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运行下列命令来检查是否成功挂载上新创建的分区。
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```
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$ df -h /dev/sdb[1-3]
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Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
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/dev/sdb1 9.2G 37M 8.6G 1% /par1
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/dev/sdb2 9.2G 37M 8.6G 1% /par2
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/dev/sdb3 31G 49M 30G 1% /par3
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```
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### 怎样检查硬盘空闲空间
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运行下列命令来检查硬盘上的空闲空间，这块硬盘上有`25.7 GB`的空闲空间。
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb print free
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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32.3kB 1049kB 1016kB Free Space
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1 1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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2 10.0GB 20.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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3 20.0GB 28.0GB 8001MB primary ext4
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28.0GB 53.7GB 25.7GB Free Space
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```
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### 怎样使用Parted命令来重新调整分区大小
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Parted 允许用户重新调整分区大小。不过我已在文章的开头说了，不要缩小分区大小，不然会有许多错误。
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运行下列命令来检查硬盘分区以及所有可用空间。 可以看到硬盘上有`25.7GB` 的可用空间
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb print free
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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32.3kB 1049kB 1016kB Free Space
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1 1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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2 10.0GB 20.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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3 20.0GB 28.0GB 8001MB primary ext4
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28.0GB 53.7GB 25.7GB Free Space
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```
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运行下列命令来重新调整分区大小。 我们将要重新调整（增加）分区 3的结束位置从 `28GB 到 33GB`。
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```
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$ sudo parted [Disk Name] [resizepart] [Partition Number] [Partition New End Size]
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb resizepart 3 33.0GB
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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```
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运行下列命令来确认分区是否已经扩容。可以看到，分区 3 已经从`8GB`增加到`13GB`。
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb print
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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2 10.0GB 20.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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3 20.0GB 33.0GB 13.0GB primary ext4
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```
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重新调整文件系统大小。
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```
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$ sudo resize2fs /dev/sdb3
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resize2fs 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
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Resizing the filesystem on /dev/sdb3 to 3173952 (4k) blocks.
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The filesystem on /dev/sdb3 is now 3173952 (4k) blocks long.
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```
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最后，确认分区是否已经扩容。
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```
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$ df -h /dev/sdb[1-3]
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Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
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/dev/sdb1 9.2G 5.1G 3.6G 59% /par1
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/dev/sdb2 9.2G 2.1G 6.6G 24% /par2
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/dev/sdb3 12G 1.1G 11G 10% /par3
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```
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### 怎样用Parted删除分区
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我们用rm命令方便地删除未使用的分区（如果该分区不会再被用到了）。下列步骤中，我们将会删除分区 3(`/dev/sdb3`)。
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```
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$ sudo parted [Disk Name] [rm] [Partition Number]
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb rm 3
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Warning: Partition /dev/sdb3 is being used. Are you sure you want to continue?
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Yes/No? Yes
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Error: Partition(s) 3 on /dev/sdb have been written, but we have been unable to inform the kernel of the change, probably because it/they are in use. As a result, the old partition(s) will remain in use.
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You should reboot now before making further changes.
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Ignore/Cancel? Ignore
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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```
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我们也可以用下列的命令检查。可以看到，分区 3 已经被成功移除。
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb print
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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2 10.0GB 20.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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```
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### 怎样用Parted命令设置/更改分区旗帜
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我们可以用下列的命令来轻易更改分区的旗帜。 我们将对`/dev/sdb2`设置 `lvm` 旗帜。
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```
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$ sudo parted [Disk Name] [set] [Partition Number] [Flags Name] [Flag On/Off]
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb set 2 lvm on
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Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
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```
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我们可以列出分区来验证这次的更改。
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```
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$ sudo parted /dev/sdb print
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Model: ATA VBOX HARDDISK (scsi)
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Disk /dev/sdb: 53.7GB
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Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
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Partition Table: msdos
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Disk Flags:
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Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
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1 1049kB 10.0GB 9999MB primary ext4
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2 10.0GB 20.0GB 9999MB primary ext4 lvm
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```
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如果你想知道可用的旗帜, 只需要用如下的命令。
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```
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$ (parted) help set
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set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
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NUMBER is the partition number used by Linux. On MS-DOS disk labels, the primary partitions number from 1 to 4, logical partitions from 5 onwards.
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FLAG is one of: boot, root, swap, hidden, raid, lvm, lba, hp-service, palo, prep, msftres, bios_grub, atvrecv, diag, legacy_boot, msftdata, irst, esp
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STATE is one of: on, off
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```
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如果你想知道parted的其它可用命令， 只需要去到 `help` 页面.
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```
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$ sudo parted
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GNU Parted 3.2
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Using /dev/sda
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Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
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(parted) help
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align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
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help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND
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mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
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mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
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name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
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print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
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quit exit program
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rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
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resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER
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rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
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select DEVICE choose the device to edit
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disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device
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disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
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set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
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toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
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unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
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version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
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(parted) quit
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-manage-disk-partitions-using-parted-command/
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作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
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[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/
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[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/
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[3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/
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[4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/
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[5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/
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[6]:https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/
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