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347 lines
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347 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (ywxgod)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-13446-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Create a list in a Flutter mobile app)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/11/flutter-lists-mobile-app)
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[#]: author: (Vitaly Kuprenko https://opensource.com/users/kooper)
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在 Flutter 移动应用程序中创建一个列表
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======
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> 了解如何创建 Flutter 应用的界面以及如何在它们之间进行数据传递。
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![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202105/31/201442luk1u6vqz3h3k8jn.jpg)
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Flutter 是一个流行的开源工具包,它可用于构建跨平台的应用。在文章《[用 Flutter 创建移动应用][2]》中,我已经向大家展示了如何在 Linux 中安装 [Flutter][3] 并创建你的第一个应用。而这篇文章,我将向你展示如何在你的应用中添加一个列表,点击每一个列表项可以打开一个新的界面。这是移动应用的一种常见设计方法,你可能以前见过的,下面有一个截图,能帮助你对它有一个更直观的了解:
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![测试 Flutter 应用][4]
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Flutter 使用 [Dart][6] 语言。在下面的一些代码片段中,你会看到以斜杠开头的语句。两个斜杠(`//`)是指代码注释,用于解释某些代码片段。三个斜杠(`///`)则表示的是 Dart 的文档注释,用于解释 Dart 类和类的属性,以及其他的一些有用的信息。
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### 查看Flutter应用的主要部分
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Flutter 应用的典型入口点是 `main()` 函数,我们通常可以在文件 `lib/main.dart` 中找到它:
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```
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void main() {
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runApp(MyApp());
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}
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```
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应用启动时,`main()` 会被调用,然后执行 `MyApp()`。 `MyApp` 是一个无状态微件(`StatelessWidget`),它包含了`MaterialApp()` 微件中所有必要的应用设置(应用的主题、要打开的初始页面等):
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```
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class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
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@override
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Widget build(BuildContext context) {
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return MaterialApp(
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title: 'Flutter Demo',
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theme: ThemeData(
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primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
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visualDensity: VisualDensity.adaptivePlatformDensity,
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),
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home: MyHomePage(title: 'Flutter Demo Home Page'),
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);
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}
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}
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```
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生成的 `MyHomePage()` 是应用的初始页面,是一个有状态的微件,它包含包含可以传递给微件构造函数参数的变量(从上面的代码看,我们传了一个 `title` 变量给初始页面的构造函数):
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```
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class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
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MyHomePage({Key key, this.title}) : super(key: key);
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final String title;
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@override
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_MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
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}
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```
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有状态微件(`StatefulWidget`)表示这个微件可以拥有自己的状态:`_MyHomePageState`。调用 `_MyHomePageState` 中的 `setState()` 方法,可以重新构建用户界面:
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```
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class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
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int _counter = 0; // Number of taps on + button.
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void _incrementCounter() { // Increase number of taps and update UI by calling setState().
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setState(() {
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_counter++;
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});
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}
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...
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}
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```
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不管是有状态的,还是无状态的微件,它们都有一个 `build()` 方法,该方法负责微件的 UI 外观。
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```
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@override
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Widget build(BuildContext context) {
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return Scaffold( // Page widget.
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appBar: AppBar( // Page app bar with title and back button if user can return to previous screen.
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title: Text(widget.title), // Text to display page title.
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),
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body: Center( // Widget to center child widget.
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child: Column( // Display children widgets in column.
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mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
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children: <Widget>[
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Text( // Static text.
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'You have pushed the button this many times:',
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),
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Text( // Text with our taps number.
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'$_counter', // $ sign allows us to use variables inside a string.
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style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline4,// Style of the text, “Theme.of(context)” takes our context and allows us to access our global app theme.
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),
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],
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),
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),
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// Floating action button to increment _counter number.
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floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
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onPressed: _incrementCounter,
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tooltip: 'Increment',
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child: Icon(Icons.add),
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),
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);
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}
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```
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### 修改你的应用
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一个好的做法是,把 `main()` 方法和其他页面的代码分开放到不同的文件中。要想将它们分开,你需要右击 `lib` 目录,然后选择 “New > Dart File” 来创建一个 .dart 文件:
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![创建一个新的 Dart 文件][10]
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将新建的文件命名为 `items_list_page`。
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切换回到 `main.dart` 文件,将 `MyHomePage` 和 `_MyHomePageState` 中的代码,剪切并粘贴到我们新建的文件。然后将光标放到 `StatefulWidget` 上(下面红色的下划线处), 按 `Alt+Enter` 后出现下拉列表,然后选择 `package:flutter/material.dart`:
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![导入 Flutter 包][11]
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经过上面的操作我们将 `flutter/material.dart` 包添加到了 `main.dart` 文件中,这样我们就可以使用 Flutter 提供的默认的 material 主题微件。
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然后, 在类名 `MyHomePage` 右击,“Refactor > Rename...”将其重命名为 `ItemsListPage`:
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![重命名 StatefulWidget 类][12]
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Flutter 识别到你重命名了 `StatefulWidget` 类,它会自动将它的 `State` 类也跟着重命名:
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![State 类被自动重命名][13]
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回到 `main.dart` 文件,将文件名 `MyHomePage` 改为 `ItemsListPage`。 一旦你开始输入, 你的 Flutter 集成开发环境(可能是 IntelliJ IDEA 社区版、Android Studio 和 VS Code 或 [VSCodium][14]),会给出自动代码补完的建议。
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![IDE 建议自动补完的代码][15]
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按回车键即可完成输入,缺失的导入语句会被自动添加到文件的顶部。
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![添加缺失的导入语句][16]
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到此,你已经完成了初始设置。现在你需要在 `lib` 目录创建一个新的 .dart 文件,命名为 `item_model`。(注意,类命是大写驼峰命名,一般的文件名是下划线分割的命名。)然后粘贴下面的代码到新的文件中:
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```
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/// Class that stores list item info:
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/// [id] - unique identifier, number.
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/// [icon] - icon to display in UI.
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/// [title] - text title of the item.
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/// [description] - text description of the item.
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class ItemModel {
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// class constructor
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ItemModel(this.id, this.icon, this.title, this.description);
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// class fields
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final int id;
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final IconData icon;
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final String title;
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final String description;
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}
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```
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回到 `items_list_page.dart` 文件,将已有的 `_ItemsListPageState` 代码替换为下面的代码:
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```
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class _ItemsListPageState extends State<ItemsListPage> {
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// Hard-coded list of [ItemModel] to be displayed on our page.
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final List<ItemModel> _items = [
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ItemModel(0, Icons.account_balance, 'Balance', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(1, Icons.account_balance_wallet, 'Balance wallet', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(2, Icons.alarm, 'Alarm', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(3, Icons.my_location, 'My location', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(4, Icons.laptop, 'Laptop', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(5, Icons.backup, 'Backup', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(6, Icons.settings, 'Settings', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(7, Icons.call, 'Call', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(8, Icons.restore, 'Restore', 'Some info'),
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ItemModel(9, Icons.camera_alt, 'Camera', 'Some info'),
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];
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@override
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Widget build(BuildContext context) {
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return Scaffold(
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appBar: AppBar(
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title: Text(widget.title),
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),
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body: ListView.builder( // Widget which creates [ItemWidget] in scrollable list.
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itemCount: _items.length, // Number of widget to be created.
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itemBuilder: (context, itemIndex) => // Builder function for every item with index.
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ItemWidget(_items[itemIndex], () {
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_onItemTap(context, itemIndex);
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}),
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));
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}
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// Method which uses BuildContext to push (open) new MaterialPageRoute (representation of the screen in Flutter navigation model) with ItemDetailsPage (StateFullWidget with UI for page) in builder.
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_onItemTap(BuildContext context, int itemIndex) {
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Navigator.of(context).push(MaterialPageRoute(
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builder: (context) => ItemDetailsPage(_items[itemIndex])));
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}
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}
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// StatelessWidget with UI for our ItemModel-s in ListView.
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class ItemWidget extends StatelessWidget {
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const ItemWidget(this.model, this.onItemTap, {Key key}) : super(key: key);
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final ItemModel model;
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final Function onItemTap;
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@override
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Widget build(BuildContext context) {
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return InkWell( // Enables taps for child and add ripple effect when child widget is long pressed.
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onTap: onItemTap,
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child: ListTile( // Useful standard widget for displaying something in ListView.
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leading: Icon(model.icon),
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title: Text(model.title),
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),
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);
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}
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}
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```
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为了提高代码的可读性,可以考虑将 `ItemWidget` 作为一个单独的文件放到 `lib` 目录中。
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现在唯一缺少的是 `ItemDetailsPage` 类。在 `lib` 目录中我们创建一个新文件并命名为 `item_details_page`。然后将下面的代码拷贝进去:
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```
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import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
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import 'item_model.dart';
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/// Widget for displaying detailed info of [ItemModel]
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class ItemDetailsPage extends StatefulWidget {
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final ItemModel model;
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const ItemDetailsPage(this.model, {Key key}) : super(key: key);
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@override
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_ItemDetailsPageState createState() => _ItemDetailsPageState();
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}
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class _ItemDetailsPageState extends State<ItemDetailsPage> {
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@override
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Widget build(BuildContext context) {
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return Scaffold(
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appBar: AppBar(
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title: Text(widget.model.title),
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),
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body: Center(
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child: Column(
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children: [
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const SizedBox(height: 16),
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Icon(
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widget.model.icon,
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size: 100,
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),
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const SizedBox(height: 16),
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Text(
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'Item description: ${widget.model.description}',
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style: TextStyle(fontSize: 18),
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)
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],
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),
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),
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);
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}
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}
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```
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上面的代码几乎没什么新东西,不过要注意的是 `_ItemDetailsPageState` 里使用了 `widget.item.title` 这样的语句,它让我们可以从有状态类中引用到其对应的微件(`StatefulWidget`)。
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### 添加一些动画
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现在让我们来添加一些基础的动画:
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1. 找到 `ItemWidget` 代码块(或者文件)
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2. 将光标放到 `build()` 方法中的 `Icon()` 微件上
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3. 按 `Alt+Enter`,然后选择“Wrap with widget...”
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![查看微件选项][18]
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输入 `Hero`,然后从建议的下拉列表中选择 `Hero((Key key, @required this, tag, this.create))`:
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![查找 Hero 微件][19]
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下一步, 给 Hero 微件添加 `tag` 属性 `tag: model.id`:
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![在 Hero 微件上添加 tag 属性为 model.id][20]
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最后我们在 `item_details_page.dart` 文件中做相同的修改:
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![修改item_details_page.dart文件][21]
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前面的步骤,其实我们是用 `Hero()` 微件对 `Icon()` 微件进行了封装。还记得吗?前面我们定义 `ItemModel` 类时,定义了一个 `id field`,但没有在任何地方使用到。因为 Hero 微件会为其每个子微件添加一个唯一的标签。当 Hero 检测到不同页面(`MaterialPageRoute`)中存在相同标签的 Hero 时,它会自动在这些不同的页面中应用过渡动画。
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可以在安卓模拟器或物理设备上运行我们的应用来测试这个动画。当你打开或者关闭列表项的详情页时,你会看到一个漂亮的图标动画:
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![测试 Flutter 应用][4]
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### 收尾
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这篇教程,让你学到了:
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* 一些符合标准的,且能用于自动创建应用的组件。
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* 如何添加多个页面以及在页面间传递数据。
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* 如何给多个页面添加简单的动画。
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如果你想了解更多,查看 Flutter 的 [文档][22](有一些视频和样例项目的链接,还有一些创建 Flutter 应用的“秘方”)与 [源码][23],源码的开源许可证是 BSD 3。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/20/11/flutter-lists-mobile-app
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作者:[Vitaly Kuprenko][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[ywxgod](https://github.com/ywxgod)
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://opensource.com/users/kooper
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team-phone-collaboration-mobile-device.png?itok=v3EjbRK6 (Mobile devices and collaboration leads to staring at our phones)
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[2]: https://linux.cn/article-12693-1.html
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[3]: https://flutter.dev/
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[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_test.gif (Testing the Flutter app)
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[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
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[6]: https://dart.dev/
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[7]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+key
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[8]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+string
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[9]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+icon
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[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_new-dart-file_0.png (Create a new Dart file)
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[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_import-package.png (Importing Flutter package)
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[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_rename-class.png (Renaming StatefulWidget class)
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[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_stateclassrenamed.png (State class renamed automatically)
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[14]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-alternatives-vs-code
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[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_autocomplete.png (IDE suggests autocompleting code)
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[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_import-input.png (Adding missing import )
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[17]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+listview
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[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_wrapwithwidget.png (Wrap with widget option)
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[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_hero.png (Finding the Hero widget)
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[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_hero-tag.png (Adding the tag property model.id to the Hero widget)
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[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter_details-tag.png (Changing item_details_page.dart file)
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[22]: https://flutter.dev/docs
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[23]: https://github.com/flutter
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