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Unix: stat -- more than ls
Tired of ls and want to see more interesting information on your files? Try stat!
The ls command is probably one of the first commands that anyone using Unix learns, but it only shows a small portion of the information that is available with the stat command.
The stat command pulls information from the file's inode. As you might be aware, there are actually three sets of dates and times that are stored for every file on your system. These include the date the file was last modified (i.e., the date and time that you see when you use the ls -l command), the time the file was last changed (which includes renaming the file), and the time that file was last accessed.
View a long listing for a file and you will see something like this:
$ ls -l trythis
-rwx------ 1 shs unixdweebs 109 Nov 11 2013 trythis
Use the stat command and you see all this:
$ stat trythis
File: `trythis'
Size: 109 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731691 Links: 1
Access: (0700/-rwx------) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
Access: 2014-09-09 19:27:58.000000000 -0400
Modify: 2013-11-11 08:40:10.000000000 -0500
Change: 2013-11-11 08:40:10.000000000 -0500
The file's change and modify dates/times are the same in this case, while the access time is fairly recent. We can also see that the file is using 8 blocks and we see the permissions in each of the two formats -- the octal (0700) format and the rwx format. The inode number, shown in the third line of the output, is 12731681. There are no additional hard links (Links: 1). And the file is a regular file.
Rename the file and you will see that the change time will be updated.
This, the ctime information, was originally intended to hold the creation date and time for the file, but the field was turned into the change time field somewhere a while back.
$ mv trythis trythat
$ stat trythat
File: `trythat'
Size: 109 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731691 Links: 1
Access: (0700/-rwx------) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
Access: 2014-09-09 19:27:58.000000000 -0400
Modify: 2013-11-11 08:40:10.000000000 -0500
Change: 2014-09-21 12:46:22.000000000 -0400
Changing the file's permissions would also register in the ctime field.
You can also use wilcards with the stat command and list your files' stats in a group:
$ stat myfile*
File: `myfile'
Size: 20 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731803 Links: 1
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
Access: 2014-08-23 03:00:36.000000000 -0400
Modify: 2014-08-22 12:02:12.000000000 -0400
Change: 2014-08-22 12:02:12.000000000 -0400
File: `myfile2'
Size: 20 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12731806 Links: 1
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
Access: 2014-08-23 03:00:36.000000000 -0400
Modify: 2014-08-22 12:03:30.000000000 -0400
Change: 2014-08-22 12:03:30.000000000 -0400
File: `myfile3'
Size: 40 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 262144 regular file
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 12730533 Links: 1
Access: (0640/-rw-r-----) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
Access: 2014-08-23 03:00:36.000000000 -0400
Modify: 2014-08-22 12:03:59.000000000 -0400
Change: 2014-08-22 12:03:59.000000000 -0400
We can get some of this information with other commands if we like.
Add the "u" option to a long listing and you'll see something like this. Notice this shows us the last access time while adding "c" shows us the change time (in this example, the time when we renamed the file).
$ ls -lu trythat
-rwx------ 1 shs unixdweebs 109 Sep 9 19:27 trythat
$ ls -lc trythat
-rwx------ 1 shs unixdweebs 109 Sep 21 12:46 trythat
The stat command can also work against directories.
In this case, we see that there are a number of links.
$ stat bin
File: `bin'
Size: 12288 Blocks: 24 IO Block: 262144 directory
Device: 18h/24d Inode: 15089714 Links: 9
Access: (0700/drwx------) Uid: ( 263/ shs) Gid: ( 100/ unixdweebs)
Access: 2014-09-21 03:00:45.000000000 -0400
Modify: 2014-09-15 17:54:41.000000000 -0400
Change: 2014-09-15 17:54:41.000000000 -0400
Here, we're looking at a file system.
$ stat -f /dev/cciss/c0d0p2
File: "/dev/cciss/c0d0p2"
ID: 0 Namelen: 255 Type: tmpfs
Block size: 4096Fundamental block size: 4096
Blocks: Total: 259366 Free: 259337 Available: 259337
Inodes: Total: 223834 Free: 223531
Notice the Namelen (name length) field. Good luck if you had your heart set on file names with greater than 255 characters!
The stat command can also display some of its information a field at a time for those times when that's all you want to see, In the example below, we just want to see the file type and then the number of hard links.
$ stat --format=%F trythat
regular file
$ stat --format=%h trythat
1
In the examples below, we look at permissions -- in each of the two available formats -- and then the file's SELinux security context.
via: http://www.itworld.com/operating-systems/437351/unix-stat-more-ls
作者：Sandra Henry-Stocker 译者：wangjiezhe 校对：校对者ID