mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2024-12-23 21:20:42 +08:00
280 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
280 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
[#]: subject: "Writing useful terminal TUI on Linux with dialog and jq"
|
||
[#]: via: "https://fedoramagazine.org/writing-useful-terminal-tui-on-linux-with-dialog-and-jq/"
|
||
[#]: author: "Jose Nunez https://fedoramagazine.org/author/josevnz/"
|
||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972/lctt-scripts-1693450080"
|
||
[#]: translator: "ChatGPT"
|
||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-16391-1.html"
|
||
|
||
使用 dialog 和 jq 在 Linux 上编写高效终端 TUI
|
||
======
|
||
|
||
![][0]
|
||
|
||
### 为何选择文字用户界面(TUI)?
|
||
|
||
许多人每日都在使用终端,因此,<ruby>文字用户界面<rt>Text User Interface</rt></ruby>(TUI)逐渐显示出其价值。它能减少用户输入命令时的误差,让终端操作更高效,提高生产力。
|
||
|
||
以我的个人使用情况为例:我每日会通过家用电脑远程连接到我使用 Linux 系统的实体 PC。所有的远程网络连接都通过私有 VPN 加密保护。然而,当我需要频繁重复输入命令进行连接时,这种经历实在令人烦躁。
|
||
|
||
于是,我创建了下面这个 Bash 函数,从而有所改进:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
export REMOTE_RDP_USER="myremoteuser"
|
||
function remote_machine() {
|
||
/usr/bin/xfreerdp /cert-ignore /sound:sys:alsa /f /u:$REMOTE_RDP_USER /v:$1 /p:$2
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
但后来,我发现自己还是频繁地执行下面这条命令(在一行中):
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
remote_pass=(/bin/cat/.mypassfile) remote_machine $remote_machine $remote_pass
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这太烦了,更糟糕的是,我的密码被明文存储在我的电脑上(我虽然使用了加密驱动器,但这点依然令人不安)。
|
||
|
||
因此,我决定投入一些时间,编写一个实用的脚本,从而更好地满足我的基本需求。
|
||
|
||
#### 我需要哪些信息才能连接到远程桌面?
|
||
|
||
实际上,要连接到远程桌面,你只需提供少量信息。这些信息需要进行结构化处理,所以一个简单的 JSON 文件就能够满足要求:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
{"machines": [
|
||
{
|
||
"name": "machine1.domain.com",
|
||
"description": "Personal-PC"
|
||
},
|
||
{
|
||
"name": "machine2.domain.com",
|
||
"description": "Virtual-Machine"
|
||
}
|
||
],
|
||
"remote_user": "MYUSER@DOMAIN",
|
||
"title" : "MY COMPANY RDP connection"
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
尽管在各种配置文件格式中,JSON 并非最佳选择(例如,它不支持注解),但是 Linux 提供了许多工具通过命令行方式解析 JSON 内容。其中,特别值得一提的工具就是 [jq][5]。下面我要向你展示如何利用它来提取机器列表:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.machines[]| .name' \
|
||
$HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json) \
|
||
"machine1.domain.com" "machine2.domain.com"
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
`jq` 的文档可以在 [这里][6] 找到。另外,你也可以直接将你的 JSON 文件复制粘贴到 [jq play][7],试用你的表达式,然后在你的脚本中使用这些表达式。
|
||
|
||
既然已经准备好了连接远程计算机所需的所有信息,那现在就让我们来创建一个美观实用的 TUI 吧。
|
||
|
||
#### Dialog 的帮助
|
||
|
||
[Dialog][8] 是那些你可能希望早些认识的、被低评估的 Linux 工具之一。你可以利用它构建出一个井然有序、简介易懂,并且完美适用于你终端的用户界面。
|
||
|
||
比如,我可以创建一个包含我喜欢的编程语言的简单的复选框列表,且默认选择 Python:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
dialog --clear --checklist "Favorite programming languages:" 10 30 7\
|
||
1 Python on 2 Java off 3 Bash off 4 Perl off 5 Ruby off
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![][9]
|
||
|
||
我们通过这条命令向 `dialog` 下达了几个指令:
|
||
|
||
* 清除屏幕(所有选项都以 `--` 开头)
|
||
* 创建一个带有标题的复选框(第一个位置参数)
|
||
* 决定窗口尺寸(高度、宽度和列表高度,共 3 个参数)
|
||
* 列表中的每条选项都由一个标签和一个值组成。
|
||
|
||
惊人的是,仅仅一行代码,就带来了简洁直观和视觉友好的选择列表。
|
||
|
||
关于 `dialog` 的详细文档,你可以在 [这里][10] 阅读。
|
||
|
||
#### 整合所有元素:使用 Dialog 和 JQ 编写 TUI
|
||
|
||
我编写了一个 TUI,它使用 `jq` 从我的 JSON 文件中提取配置详细信息,并且使用 `dialog` 来组织流程。每次运行,我都会要求输入密码,并将其保存在一个临时文件中,脚本使用后便会删除这个临时文件。
|
||
|
||
这个脚本非常基础,但它更安全,也使我能够专注于更重要的任务 🙂
|
||
|
||
那么 [脚本][11] 看起来是怎样的呢?下面是代码:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
#!/bin/bash
|
||
# Author Jose Vicente Nunez
|
||
# Do not use this script on a public computer. It is not secure...
|
||
# https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
|
||
# Below some constants to make it easier to handle Dialog
|
||
# return codes
|
||
: ${DIALOG_OK=0}
|
||
: ${DIALOG_CANCEL=1}
|
||
: ${DIALOG_HELP=2}
|
||
: ${DIALOG_EXTRA=3}
|
||
: ${DIALOG_ITEM_HELP=4}
|
||
: ${DIALOG_ESC=255}
|
||
# Temporary file to store sensitive data. Use a 'trap' to remove
|
||
# at the end of the script or if it gets interrupted
|
||
declare tmp_file=$(/usr/bin/mktemp 2>/dev/null) || declare tmp_file=/tmp/test$$
|
||
trap "/bin/rm -f $tmp_file" QUIT EXIT INT
|
||
/bin/chmod go-wrx ${tmp_file} > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||
:<<DOC
|
||
Extract details like title, remote user and machines using jq from the JSON file
|
||
Use a subshell for the machine list
|
||
DOC
|
||
declare TITLE=$(/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.title' $HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json)|| exit 100
|
||
declare REMOTE_USER=$(/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.remote_user' $HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json)|| exit 100
|
||
declare MACHINES=$(
|
||
declare tmp_file2=$(/usr/bin/mktemp 2>/dev/null) || declare tmp_file2=/tmp/test$$
|
||
# trap "/bin/rm -f $tmp_file2" 0 1 2 5 15 EXIT INT
|
||
declare -a MACHINE_INFO=$(/usr/bin/jq --compact-output --raw-output '.machines[]| join(",")' $HOME/.config/scripts/kodegeek_rdp.json > $tmp_file2)
|
||
declare -i i=0
|
||
while read line; do
|
||
declare machine=$(echo $line| /usr/bin/cut -d',' -f1)
|
||
declare desc=$(echo $line| /usr/bin/cut -d',' -f2)
|
||
declare toggle=off
|
||
if [ $i -eq 0 ]; then
|
||
toggle=on
|
||
((i=i+1))
|
||
fi
|
||
echo $machine $desc $toggle
|
||
done < $tmp_file2
|
||
/bin/cp /dev/null $tmp_file2
|
||
) || exit 100
|
||
# Create a dialog with a radio list and let the user select the
|
||
# remote machine
|
||
/usr/bin/dialog \
|
||
--clear \
|
||
--title "$TITLE" \
|
||
--radiolist "Which machine do you want to use?" 20 61 2 \
|
||
$MACHINES 2> ${tmp_file}
|
||
return_value=$?
|
||
# Handle the return codes from the machine selection in the
|
||
# previous step
|
||
export remote_machine=""
|
||
case $return_value in
|
||
$DIALOG_OK)
|
||
export remote_machine=$(/bin/cat ${tmp_file})
|
||
;;
|
||
$DIALOG_CANCEL)
|
||
echo "Cancel pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_HELP)
|
||
echo "Help pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_EXTRA)
|
||
echo "Extra button pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_ITEM_HELP)
|
||
echo "Item-help button pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_ESC)
|
||
if test -s $tmp_file ; then
|
||
/bin/rm -f $tmp_file
|
||
else
|
||
echo "ESC pressed."
|
||
fi
|
||
;;
|
||
esac
|
||
|
||
# No machine selected? No service ...
|
||
if [ -z "${remote_machine}" ]; then
|
||
/usr/bin/dialog \
|
||
--clear \
|
||
--title "Error, no machine selected?" --clear "$@" \
|
||
--msgbox "No machine was selected!. Will exit now..." 15 30
|
||
exit 100
|
||
fi
|
||
|
||
# Send 4 packets to the remote machine. I assume your network
|
||
# administration allows ICMP packets
|
||
# If there is an error show message box
|
||
/bin/ping -c 4 ${remote_machine} >/dev/null 2>&1
|
||
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
|
||
/usr/bin/dialog \
|
||
--clear \
|
||
--title "VPN issues or machine is off?" --clear "$@" \
|
||
--msgbox "Could not ping ${remote_machine}. Time to troubleshoot..." 15 50
|
||
exit 100
|
||
fi
|
||
|
||
# Remote machine is visible, ask for credentials and handle user
|
||
# choices (like password with a password box)
|
||
/bin/rm -f ${tmp_file}
|
||
/usr/bin/dialog \
|
||
--title "$TITLE" \
|
||
--clear \
|
||
--insecure \
|
||
--passwordbox "Please enter your Windows password for ${remote_machine}\n" 16 51 2> $tmp_file
|
||
return_value=$?
|
||
case $return_value in
|
||
$DIALOG_OK)
|
||
# We have all the information, try to connect using RDP protocol
|
||
/usr/bin/mkdir -p -v $HOME/logs
|
||
/usr/bin/xfreerdp /cert-ignore /sound:sys:alsa /f /u:$REMOTE_USER /v:${remote_machine} /p:$(/bin/cat ${tmp_file})| \
|
||
/usr/bin/tee $HOME/logs/$(/usr/bin/basename $0)-$remote_machine.log
|
||
;;
|
||
$DIALOG_CANCEL)
|
||
echo "Cancel pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_HELP)
|
||
echo "Help pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_EXTRA)
|
||
echo "Extra button pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_ITEM_HELP)
|
||
echo "Item-help button pressed.";;
|
||
$DIALOG_ESC)
|
||
if test -s $tmp_file ; then
|
||
/bin/rm -f $tmp_file
|
||
else
|
||
echo "ESC pressed."
|
||
fi
|
||
;;
|
||
esac
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![][12]
|
||
|
||
你从代码中可以看出,`dialog` 预期的是位置参数,并且允许你在变量中捕获用户的回应。这实际上使其成为编写文本用户界面的 Bash 扩展。
|
||
|
||
上述的小例子只涵盖了一些部件的使用,其实还有更多的文档在 [官方 dialog 网站][8]上。
|
||
|
||
### Dialog 和 JQ 是最好的选择吗?
|
||
|
||
实现这个功能可以有很多方法(如 [Textual][13],Gnome 的 [Zenity][14],Python 的 [TKinker][15]等)。我只是想向你展示一种高效的方式——仅用 100 行代码就完成了这项任务。
|
||
|
||
_确实,它并不完美_。更具体地讲,它与 Bash 的深度集成使得代码有些冗长,但仍然保持了易于调试和维护的特性。相比于反复复制粘贴长长的命令,这无疑是一个更好的选择。
|
||
|
||
最后,如果你喜欢在 Bash 中使用 `jq` 处理 JSON,那么你会对这个 [jq 配方的精彩集合][16] 感兴趣的。
|
||
|
||
*(题图:MJ/a9b7f60a-02ec-4d3f-88ae-2321f49ac0e1)*
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/writing-useful-terminal-tui-on-linux-with-dialog-and-jq/
|
||
|
||
作者:[Jose Nunez][a]
|
||
选题:[lujun9972][b]
|
||
译者:[ChatGPT](https://linux.cn/lctt/ChatGPT)
|
||
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/josevnz/
|
||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/TUI_w_dialog_n_jq-816x345.jpg
|
||
[2]: https://unsplash.com/@riku?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash
|
||
[3]: https://unsplash.com/photos/black-flat-screen-computer-monitor-wvJuYrM5iuw?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash
|
||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
|
||
[5]: https://stedolan.github.io/jq/
|
||
[6]: https://jqlang.github.io/jq/manual/
|
||
[7]: https://jqplay.org/
|
||
[8]: https://invisible-island.net/dialog/
|
||
[9]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialog-example1.png
|
||
[10]: https://invisible-island.net/dialog/#documentation
|
||
[11]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/josevnz/scripts/main/kodegeek_rdp.sh
|
||
[12]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dialog-example2.png
|
||
[13]: https://textual.textualize.io/
|
||
[14]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/zenity/commits/master?ofs=1900
|
||
[15]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tkinter.html
|
||
[16]: https://nntrn.github.io/jq-recipes/
|
||
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202311/18/071418mc44bs42keebfe1c.png |