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270 lines
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270 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (rakino)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12702-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (How to view information on your Linux devices with lshw)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3583598/how-to-view-information-on-your-linux-devices-with-lshw.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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如何使用 lshw 查看 Linux 设备信息
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======
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> Linux 系统上的 lshw 命令提供的系统设备信息比我们大多数人想象的要多得多。
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![Kali Linux logo / gears / binary data][1]
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虽然 `lshw` 命令（<ruby>列出硬件<rt>list hardware</rt></ruby>，读作 “ls hardware”）远不是每个人最先学会的 50 个 Linux 命令之一，但它可以提供很多系统硬件的有用信息。
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它以一种相当易于理解的格式提取出可能比你知道的更多的信息。在看到描述、（设备）逻辑名称、大小等以后，你可能会理解到自己能获得多少信息。
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这篇文章会研究 `lshw` 给出的信息，但侧重于磁盘及相关硬件。下面是 `lshw` 的输出示例：
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```
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$ sudo lshw -C disk
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*-disk:0
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description: SCSI Disk
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product: Card Reader-1
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vendor: JIE LI
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physical id: 0.0.0
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bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0
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logical name: /dev/sdc
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version: 1.00
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capabilities: removable
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configuration: logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512
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*-medium
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physical id: 0
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logical name: /dev/sdc
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```
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请注意，你需要使用 `sudo` 运行 `lshw` 命令以确保能得到所有可用的信息。
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虽然我们在上面的命令中要求了输出“磁盘（`disk`）”（上面只包含了原始输出里五个条目中的一个），这里的输出却不是一个硬盘，而是读卡器——磁盘的一种。注意系统将这个设备命名为了 `/dev/sdc`。
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系统的主磁盘上也有相似的信息：
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```
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*-disk
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description: ATA Disk
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product: SSD2SC120G1CS175
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physical id: 0
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bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
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logical name: /dev/sda <==这里
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version: 1101
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serial: PNY20150000778410606
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size: 111GiB (120GB)
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capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
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configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=
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f63b5929
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```
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这块硬盘是 `/dev/sda`。这个系统上的硬盘都显示为 `ATA` 磁盘，`ATA` 是一种把控制器与盘体集成在一起的磁盘驱动器实现。
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要获得“磁盘”类设备的简略列表，可以运行下面这条命令。注意其中有两个设备被列出了两次，所以我们看到的仍然是五个磁盘设备。
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```
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$ sudo lshw -short -C disk
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H/W path Device Class Description
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=============================================================
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.0 /dev/sdc disk Card Reader-1
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.0/0 /dev/sdc disk
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.1 /dev/sdd disk 2
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.1/0 /dev/sdd disk
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/0/100/1f.2/0 /dev/sda disk 120GB SSD2SC120G1CS175
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/0/100/1f.2/1 /dev/cdrom disk DVD+-RW GSA-H73N
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/0/100/1f.5/0.0.0 /dev/sdb disk 500GB SAMSUNG HE502HJ
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```
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如果你决定要查看系统上的 **所有** 设备，请坐稳了；你会得到一个包含的东西比你通常认为的“设备”要多得多的列表，下面是一个例子，这是一个“简短（`short`）”（信息很少）的列表：
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```
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$ sudo lshw -short
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[sudo] password for shs:
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H/W path Device Class Description
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=============================================================
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system Inspiron 530s
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/0 bus 0RY007
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/0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS
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/0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU
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/0/4/a memory 32KiB L1 cache
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/0/4/b memory 6MiB L2 cache
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/0/24 memory 6GiB System Memory
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/0/24/0 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667
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/0/24/1 memory 1GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667
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/0/24/2 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667
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/0/24/3 memory 1GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667
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/0/1 generic
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/0/10 generic
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/0/11 generic
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/0/12 generic
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/0/13 generic
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/0/14 generic
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/0/15 generic
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/0/17 generic
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/0/18 generic
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/0/19 generic
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/0/2 generic
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/0/20 generic
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/0/100 bridge 82G33/G31/P35/P31 Express DRAM
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/0/100/1 bridge 82G33/G31/P35/P31 Express PCI
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/0/100/1/0 display Caicos [Radeon HD 6450/7450/84
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/0/100/1/0.1 multimedia Caicos HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 6
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/0/100/19 enp0s25 network 82562V-2 10/100 Network Connec
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/0/100/1a bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI
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/0/100/1a/1 usb3 bus UHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1a.1 bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI
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/0/100/1a.1/1 usb4 bus UHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1a.1/1/2 input Rock Candy Wireless Keyboard
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/0/100/1a.2 bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI
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/0/100/1a.2/1 usb5 bus UHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1a.2/1/2 input USB OPTICAL MOUSE
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/0/100/1a.7 bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI
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/0/100/1a.7/1 usb1 bus EHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1b multimedia 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio
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/0/100/1d bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI
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/0/100/1d/1 usb6 bus UHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1d/1/1 scsi4 storage CD04
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.0 /dev/sdc disk Card Reader-1
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.0/0 /dev/sdc disk
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.1 /dev/sdd disk 2
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/0/100/1d/1/1/0.0.1/0 /dev/sdd disk
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/0/100/1d.1 bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI
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/0/100/1d.1/1 usb7 bus UHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1d.2 bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI
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/0/100/1d.2/1 usb8 bus UHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1d.7 bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI
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/0/100/1d.7/1 usb2 bus EHCI Host Controller
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/0/100/1d.7/1/2 multimedia USB Live camera
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/0/100/1e bridge 82801 PCI Bridge
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/0/100/1e/1 communication HSF 56k Data/Fax Modem
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/0/100/1f bridge 82801IR (ICH9R) LPC Interface
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/0/100/1f.2 scsi0 storage 82801IR/IO/IH (ICH9R/DO/DH) 4
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/0/100/1f.2/0 /dev/sda disk 120GB SSD2SC120G1CS175
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/0/100/1f.2/0/1 /dev/sda1 volume 111GiB EXT4 volume
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/0/100/1f.2/1 /dev/cdrom disk DVD+-RW GSA-H73N
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/0/100/1f.3 bus 82801I (ICH9 Family) SMBus Con
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/0/100/1f.5 scsi3 storage 82801I (ICH9 Family) 2 port SA
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/0/100/1f.5/0.0.0 /dev/sdb disk 500GB SAMSUNG HE502HJ
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/0/100/1f.5/0.0.0/1 /dev/sdb1 volume 433GiB EXT4 volume
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/0/3 system PnP device PNP0c02
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/0/5 system PnP device PNP0b00
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/0/6 storage PnP device PNP0700
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/0/7 system PnP device PNP0c02
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/0/8 system PnP device PNP0c02
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/0/9 system PnP device PNP0c01
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```
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运行下面的命令来列出设备类别，并统计每个类别中的设备数量。
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```
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$ sudo lshw -short | awk ‘{print substr($0,36,13)}’ | tail -n +3 | sort | uniq -c
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4 bridge
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18 bus
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1 communication
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7 disk
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1 display
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12 generic
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2 input
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8 memory
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3 multimedia
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1 network
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1 processor
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4 storage
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6 system
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2 volume
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```
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**注意：** 上面使用 `awk` 命令从 `lshw` 的输出中选择 Class（类别）栏是这样实现的：使用 `$0`（选取完整行），但只取从正确位置（第 36 个字符）开始的子串，而因为“类别”中并没有条目的长度超过 13 个字符，所以子串就在那里结束。命令中 `tail -n +3` 的部分移除了标题和下面的`=====`，所以最终的列表中只包含了那 14 种设备类型。
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（LCTT 译注：上面的命令中 `awk` 的部分在选取子串时是从第 36 个字符开始的，这个数字基本上取决于最长的设备逻辑名称的长度，因而在不同的系统环境中可能有所不同，一个例子是，当你的系统上有 NVMe SSD 时，可能需要将其改为 41。）
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你会发现在没有使用 `-short` 选项的时候，每一个磁盘类设备都会有大约 12 行的输出，包括像是 `/dev/sda` 这样的逻辑名称，磁盘大小和种类等等。
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```
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$ sudo lshw -C disk
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[sudo] password for shs:
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*-disk:0
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description: SCSI Disk
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product: Card Reader-1 <== 读卡器？
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vendor: JIE LI
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physical id: 0.0.0
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bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0
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logical name: /dev/sdc
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version: 1.00
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capabilities: removable
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configuration: logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512
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*-medium
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physical id: 0
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logical name: /dev/sdc
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*-disk:1
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description: SCSI Disk
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product: 2
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vendor: AC4100 -
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physical id: 0.0.1
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bus info: scsi@4:0.0.1
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logical name: /dev/sdd
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capabilities: removable
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configuration: logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512
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*-medium
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physical id: 0
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logical name: /dev/sdd
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*-disk
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description: ATA Disk
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product: SSD2SC120G1CS175
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physical id: 0
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bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
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logical name: /dev/sda <== 主要磁盘
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version: 1101
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serial: PNY20150000778410606
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size: 111GiB (120GB)
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capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
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configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=f63b5929
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*-cdrom <== 也叫 /dev/sr0
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description: DVD writer
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product: DVD+-RW GSA-H73N
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vendor: HL-DT-ST
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physical id: 1
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bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0
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logical name: /dev/cdrom
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logical name: /dev/cdrw
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logical name: /dev/dvd
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logical name: /dev/dvdrw
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logical name: /dev/sr0
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version: B103
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serial: [
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capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r
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configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc
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*-disk
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description: ATA Disk
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product: SAMSUNG HE502HJ
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physical id: 0.0.0
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bus info: scsi@3:0.0.0
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logical name: /dev/sdb <== 次要磁盘
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version: 0002
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serial: S2B6J90B501053
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size: 465GiB (500GB)
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capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
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configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=7e67ccf3
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```
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### 总结
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`lshw` 命令提供了一些我们许多人通常不会处理的信息，不过即使你只用了其中的一部分，知道有多少信息可用还是很不错的。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3583598/how-to-view-information-on-your-linux-devices-with-lshw.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[rakino](https://github.com/rakino)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2020/02/kali_linux_tools_abstract_gears_binary_data_by_nevarpp_gettyimages-688718788_2400x1600-100832674-large.jpg
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[2]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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