mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2024-12-23 21:20:42 +08:00
346 lines
9.5 KiB
Markdown
346 lines
9.5 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11597-1.html)
|
||
[#]: subject: (How to install and Configure Postfix Mail Server on CentOS 8)
|
||
[#]: via: (https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-configure-postfix-mailserver-centos-8/)
|
||
[#]: author: (James Kiarie https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/james/)
|
||
|
||
如何在 CentOS 8 上安装和配置 Postfix 邮件服务器
|
||
======
|
||
|
||
Postfix 是一个自由开源的 MTA(邮件传输代理),用于在 Linux 系统上路由或传递电子邮件。在本指南中,你将学习如何在 CentOS 8 上安装和配置 Postfix。
|
||
|
||
![Install-configure-Postfx-Server-CentOS8][2]
|
||
|
||
实验室设置:
|
||
|
||
* 系统:CentOS 8 服务器
|
||
* IP 地址:192.168.1.13
|
||
* 主机名:server1.crazytechgeek.info(确保域名指向服务器的 IP)
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 1)更新系统
|
||
|
||
第一步是确保系统软件包是最新的。为此,请按如下所示更新系统:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# dnf update
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
继续之前,还请确保不存在其他 MTA(如 Sendmail),因为这将导致与 Postfix 配置冲突。例如,要删除 Sendmail,请运行以下命令:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# dnf remove sendmail
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 2)设置主机名并更新 /etc/hosts
|
||
|
||
使用下面的 `hostnamectl` 命令在系统上设置主机名:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# hostnamectl set-hostname server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
# exec bash
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
此外,你需要在 `/etc/hosts` 中添加系统的主机名和 IP:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# vim /etc/hosts
|
||
192.168.1.13 server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
保存并退出文件。
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 3)安装 Postfix 邮件服务器
|
||
|
||
验证系统上没有其他 MTA 在运行后,运行以下命令安装 Postfix:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# dnf install postfix
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Install-Postfix-Centos8][3]
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 4)启动并启用 Postfix 服务
|
||
|
||
成功安装 Postfix 后,运行以下命令启动并启用 Postfix 服务:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# systemctl start postfix
|
||
# systemctl enable postfix
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
要检查 Postfix 状态,请运行以下 `systemctl` 命令:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# systemctl status postfix
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Start-Postfix-check-status-centos8][9]
|
||
|
||
太好了,我们已经验证了 Postfix 已启动并正在运行。接下来,我们将配置 Postfix 从本地发送邮件到我们的服务器。
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 5)安装 mailx 邮件客户端
|
||
|
||
在配置 Postfix 服务器之前,我们需要安装 `mailx`,要安装它,请运行以下命令:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# dnf install mailx
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Install-Mailx-CentOS8][10]
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 6)配置 Postfix 邮件服务器
|
||
|
||
Postfix 的配置文件位于 `/etc/postfix/main.cf` 中。我们需要对配置文件进行一些修改,因此请使用你喜欢的文本编辑器将其打开:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
更改以下几行:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
myhostname = server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
mydomain = crazytechgeek.info
|
||
myorigin = $mydomain
|
||
## 取消注释并将 inet_interfaces 设置为 all##
|
||
inet_interfaces = all
|
||
## 更改为 all ##
|
||
inet_protocols = all
|
||
## 注释 ##
|
||
#mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
|
||
## 取消注释 ##
|
||
mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain
|
||
## 取消注释并添加 IP 范围 ##
|
||
mynetworks = 192.168.1.0/24, 127.0.0.0/8
|
||
## 取消注释 ##
|
||
home_mailbox = Maildir/
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
完成后,保存并退出配置文件。重新启动 postfix 服务以使更改生效:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# systemctl restart postfix
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 步骤 7)测试 Postfix 邮件服务器
|
||
|
||
测试我们的配置是否有效,首先,创建一个测试用户。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# useradd postfixuser
|
||
# passwd postfixuser
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
接下来,运行以下命令,从本地用户 `pkumar` 发送邮件到另一个用户 `postfixuser`。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# telnet localhost smtp
|
||
或者
|
||
# telnet localhost 25
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
如果未安装 telnet 服务,那么可以使用以下命令进行安装:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# dnf install telnet -y
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
如前所述运行命令时,应获得如下输出:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[root@linuxtechi ~]# telnet localhost 25
|
||
Trying 127.0.0.1...
|
||
Connected to localhost.
|
||
Escape character is '^]'.
|
||
220 server1.crazytechgeek.info ESMTP Postfix
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
上面的结果确认与 postfix 邮件服务器的连接正常。接下来,输入命令:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# ehlo localhost
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
输出看上去像这样:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
250-server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
250-PIPELINING
|
||
250-SIZE 10240000
|
||
250-VRFY
|
||
250-ETRN
|
||
250-STARTTLS
|
||
250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
|
||
250-8BITMIME
|
||
250-DSN
|
||
250 SMTPUTF8
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
接下来,运行橙色高亮的命令,例如 `mail from`、`rcpt to`、`data`,最后输入 `quit`:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
mail from:<pkumar>
|
||
250 2.1.0 Ok
|
||
rcpt to:<postfixuser>
|
||
250 2.1.5 Ok
|
||
data
|
||
354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>
|
||
Hello, Welcome to my mailserver (Postfix)
|
||
.
|
||
250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as B56BF1189BEC
|
||
quit
|
||
221 2.0.0 Bye
|
||
Connection closed by foreign host
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
完成 `telnet` 命令可从本地用户 `pkumar` 发送邮件到另一个本地用户 `postfixuser`,如下所示:
|
||
|
||
![Send-email-with-telnet-centos8][11]
|
||
|
||
如果一切都按计划进行,那么你应该可以在新用户的家目录中查看发送的邮件:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# ls /home/postfixuser/Maildir/new
|
||
1573580091.Vfd02I20050b8M635437.server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
#
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
要阅读邮件,只需使用 cat 命令,如下所示:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# cat /home/postfixuser/Maildir/new/1573580091.Vfd02I20050b8M635437.server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Read-postfix-email-linux][12]
|
||
|
||
### Postfix 邮件服务器日志
|
||
|
||
Postfix 邮件服务器邮件日志保存在文件 `/var/log/maillog` 中,使用以下命令查看实时日志,
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# tail -f /var/log/maillog
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![postfix-maillogs-centos8][13]
|
||
|
||
### 保护 Postfix 邮件服务器
|
||
|
||
建议始终确保客户端和 Postfix 服务器之间的通信安全,这可以使用 SSL 证书来实现,它们可以来自受信任的权威机构或自签名证书。在本教程中,我们将使用 `openssl` 命令生成用于 Postfix 的自签名证书,
|
||
|
||
我假设 `openssl` 已经安装在你的系统上,如果未安装,请使用以下 `dnf` 命令:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# dnf install openssl -y
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
使用下面的 `openssl` 命令生成私钥和 CSR(证书签名请求):
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# openssl req -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout mail.key -out mail.csr
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Postfix-Key-CSR-CentOS8][14]
|
||
|
||
现在,使用以下 openssl 命令生成自签名证书:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in mail.csr -signkey mail.key -out mail.crt
|
||
Signature ok
|
||
subject=C = IN, ST = New Delhi, L = New Delhi, O = IT, OU = IT, CN = server1.crazytechgeek.info, emailAddress = root@linuxtechi
|
||
Getting Private key
|
||
#
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
现在将私钥和证书文件复制到 `/etc/postfix` 目录下:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# cp mail.key mail.crt /etc/postfix
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
在 Postfix 配置文件中更新私钥和证书文件的路径:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
|
||
………
|
||
smtpd_use_tls = yes
|
||
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/postfix/mail.crt
|
||
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/postfix/mail.key
|
||
smtpd_tls_security_level = may
|
||
………
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
重启 Postfix 服务以使上述更改生效:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# systemctl restart postfix
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
让我们尝试使用 `mailx` 客户端将邮件发送到内部本地域和外部域。
|
||
|
||
从 `pkumar` 发送内部本地邮件到 `postfixuser` 中:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# echo "test email" | mailx -s "Test email from Postfix MailServer" -r root@linuxtechi root@linuxtechi
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
使用以下命令检查并阅读邮件:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# cd /home/postfixuser/Maildir/new/
|
||
# ll
|
||
total 8
|
||
-rw-------. 1 postfixuser postfixuser 476 Nov 12 17:34 1573580091.Vfd02I20050b8M635437.server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
-rw-------. 1 postfixuser postfixuser 612 Nov 13 02:40 1573612845.Vfd02I20050bbM466643.server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
# cat 1573612845.Vfd02I20050bbM466643.server1.crazytechgeek.info
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Read-Postfixuser-Email-CentOS8][15]
|
||
|
||
从 `postfixuser` 发送邮件到外部域(`root@linuxtechi.com`):
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# echo "External Test email" | mailx -s "Postfix MailServer" -r root@linuxtechi root@linuxtechi
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
注意:如果你的 IP 没有被任何地方列入黑名单,那么你发送到外部域的邮件将被发送,否则它将被退回,并提示你的 IP 被 spamhaus 之类的数据库列入黑名单。
|
||
|
||
### 检查 Postfix 邮件队列
|
||
|
||
使用 `mailq` 命令列出队列中的邮件:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
# mailq
|
||
Mail queue is empty
|
||
#
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
完成!我们的 Postfix 配置正常工作了!目前就这样了。我们希望你觉得本教程有见地,并且你可以轻松地设置本地 Postfix 服务器。
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/install-configure-postfix-mailserver-centos-8/
|
||
|
||
作者:[James Kiarie][a]
|
||
选题:[lujun9972][b]
|
||
译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/james/
|
||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||
[1]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
|
||
[2]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Install-configure-Postfx-Server-CentOS8.jpg
|
||
[3]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Install-Postfix-Centos8.png
|
||
[4]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
|
||
[9]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Start-Postfix-check-status-centos8.png
|
||
[10]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Install-Mailx-CentOS8.png
|
||
[11]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Send-email-with-telnet-centos8.png
|
||
[12]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Read-postfix-email-linux.png
|
||
[13]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/postfix-maillogs-centos8.png
|
||
[14]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Postfix-Key-CSR-CentOS8.png
|
||
[15]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Read-Postfixuser-Email-CentOS8.png
|