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332 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "way-ww"
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[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
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[#]: publisher: "wxy"
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[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-11491-1.html"
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[#]: subject: "How to Run the Top Command in Batch Mode"
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[#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-run-execute-top-command-in-batch-mode/"
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[#]: author: "Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/"
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如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令
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======
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[top 命令][1] 是每个人都在使用的用于 [监控 Linux 系统性能][2] 的最好的命令。你可能已经知道 `top` 命令的绝大部分操作，除了很少的几个操作，如果我没错的话，批处理模式就是其中之一。
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大部分的脚本编写者和开发人员都知道这个，因为这个操作主要就是用来编写脚本。
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如果你不了解这个，不用担心，我们将在这里介绍它。
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### 什么是 top 命令的批处理模式
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批处理模式允许你将 `top` 命令的输出发送至其他程序或者文件中。
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在这个模式中，`top` 命令将不会接收输入并且持续运行，直到迭代次数达到你用 `-n` 选项指定的次数为止。
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如果你想解决 Linux 服务器上的任何性能问题，你需要正确的 [理解 top 命令的输出][3]。
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### 1) 如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令
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默认地，`top` 命令按照 CPU 的使用率来排序输出结果，所以当你在批处理模式中运行以下命令时，它会执行同样的操作并打印前 35 行：
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```
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# top -bc | head -35
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top - 06:41:14 up 8 days, 20:24, 1 user, load average: 0.87, 0.77, 0.81
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Tasks: 139 total, 1 running, 136 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie
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%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 3.2 sy, 0.0 ni, 96.8 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
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KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1595932 free, 886736 used, 1398272 buff/cache
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KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2648472 avail Mem
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PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
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1 root 20 0 191144 2800 1596 S 0.0 0.1 5:43.63 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
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2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.32 [kthreadd]
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3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:28.10 [ksoftirqd/0]
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5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/0:0H]
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7 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:33.96 [migration/0]
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8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [rcu_bh]
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9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 63:05.12 [rcu_sched]
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10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [lru-add-drain]
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11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.79 [watchdog/0]
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12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.82 [watchdog/1]
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13 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:44.27 [migration/1]
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14 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:22.45 [ksoftirqd/1]
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16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/1:0H]
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18 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 [kdevtmpfs]
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19 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [netns]
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20 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.35 [khungtaskd]
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21 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 [writeback]
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22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kintegrityd]
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23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [bioset]
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24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kblockd]
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25 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [md]
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26 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [edac-poller]
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33 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:19.07 [kswapd0]
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34 root 25 5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [ksmd]
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35 root 39 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:12.80 [khugepaged]
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36 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [crypto]
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44 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kthrotld]
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46 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kmpath_rdacd]
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```
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### 2) 如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令并按内存使用率排序结果
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在批处理模式中运行以下命令按内存使用率对结果进行排序：
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```
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# top -bc -o +%MEM | head -n 20
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top - 06:42:00 up 8 days, 20:25, 1 user, load average: 0.66, 0.74, 0.80
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Tasks: 146 total, 1 running, 145 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
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%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 0.0 sy, 0.0 ni,100.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
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KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1422044 free, 1059176 used, 1399720 buff/cache
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KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2475984 avail Mem
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PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
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18105 mysql 20 0 1453900 156096 8816 S 0.0 4.0 2:12.98 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
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1841 root 20 0 228980 107036 5360 S 0.0 2.8 0:05.56 /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/perl/528/bin/perl -T -w /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/bin/spamd --max-children=3 --max-spare=1 --allowed-ips=127.0.0.+
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4301 root 20 0 230208 104608 1816 S 0.0 2.7 0:03.77 spamd child
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8139 nobody 20 0 257000 27108 3408 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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7961 nobody 20 0 256988 26912 3160 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.05 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8190 nobody 20 0 256976 26812 3140 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.05 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8353 nobody 20 0 256976 26812 3144 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8629 nobody 20 0 256856 26736 3108 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.02 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8636 nobody 20 0 256856 26712 3100 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.03 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8611 nobody 20 0 256844 25764 2228 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8451 nobody 20 0 256844 25760 2220 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.04 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8610 nobody 20 0 256844 25748 2224 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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8632 nobody 20 0 256844 25744 2216 S 0.0 0.7 0:00.03 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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```
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上面命令的详细信息：
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* `-b`：批处理模式选项
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* `-c`：打印运行中的进程的绝对路径
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* `-o`：指定进行排序的字段
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* `head`：输出文件的第一部分
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* `-n`：打印前 n 行
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### 3) 如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令并按照指定的用户进程对结果进行排序
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如果你想要按照指定用户进程对结果进行排序请运行以下命令：
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```
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# top -bc -u mysql | head -n 10
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top - 06:44:58 up 8 days, 20:27, 1 user, load average: 0.99, 0.87, 0.84
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Tasks: 140 total, 1 running, 137 sleeping, 0 stopped, 2 zombie
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%Cpu(s): 13.3 us, 3.3 sy, 0.0 ni, 83.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
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KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1589832 free, 885648 used, 1405460 buff/cache
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KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2649412 avail Mem
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PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
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18105 mysql 20 0 1453900 156888 8816 S 0.0 4.0 2:16.42 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
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```
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### 4) 如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令并按照处理时间进行排序
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在批处理模式中使用以下 `top` 命令按照处理时间对结果进行排序。这展示了任务从启动以来已使用的总 CPU 时间。
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但是如果你想要检查一个进程在 Linux 上运行了多长时间请看接下来的文章：
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* [检查 Linux 中进程运行时间的五种方法][4]
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```
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# top -bc -o TIME+ | head -n 20
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top - 06:45:56 up 8 days, 20:28, 1 user, load average: 0.56, 0.77, 0.81
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Tasks: 148 total, 1 running, 146 sleeping, 0 stopped, 1 zombie
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%Cpu(s): 0.0 us, 3.1 sy, 0.0 ni, 96.9 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
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KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1378664 free, 1094876 used, 1407400 buff/cache
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KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2440332 avail Mem
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PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
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9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 63:05.70 [rcu_sched]
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272 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 16:12.13 [xfsaild/vda1]
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3882 root 20 0 229832 6212 1220 S 0.0 0.2 9:00.84 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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1 root 20 0 191144 2800 1596 S 0.0 0.1 5:43.75 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
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3761 root 20 0 68784 9820 2048 S 0.0 0.3 5:09.67 tailwatchd
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3529 root 20 0 404380 3472 2604 S 0.0 0.1 3:24.98 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n
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3520 root 20 0 574208 572 164 S 0.0 0.0 3:07.74 /usr/bin/python2 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P
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444 dbus 20 0 58444 1144 612 S 0.0 0.0 2:23.90 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
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18105 mysql 20 0 1453900 157152 8816 S 0.0 4.0 2:17.29 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
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249 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:28.83 [kworker/0:1H]
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14 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:22.46 [ksoftirqd/1]
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33 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:19.07 [kswapd0]
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342 root 20 0 39472 2940 2752 S 0.0 0.1 1:18.17 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
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```
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### 5) 如何在批处理模式下运行 top 命令并将结果保存到文件中
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如果出于解决问题的目的，你想要和别人分享 `top` 命令的输出，请使用以下命令重定向输出到文件中：
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```
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# top -bc | head -35 > top-report.txt
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# cat top-report.txt
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top - 06:47:11 up 8 days, 20:30, 1 user, load average: 0.67, 0.77, 0.81
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Tasks: 133 total, 4 running, 129 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
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%Cpu(s): 59.4 us, 12.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 28.1 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
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KiB Mem : 3880940 total, 1596268 free, 843284 used, 1441388 buff/cache
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KiB Swap: 1048572 total, 514640 free, 533932 used. 2659084 avail Mem
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PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
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9686 daygeekc 20 0 406132 62184 43448 R 94.1 1.6 0:00.34 /opt/cpanel/ea-php56/root/usr/bin/php-cgi
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9689 nobody 20 0 256588 24428 1184 S 5.9 0.6 0:00.01 /usr/sbin/httpd -k start
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1 root 20 0 191144 2800 1596 S 0.0 0.1 5:43.79 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
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2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.32 [kthreadd]
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3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:28.11 [ksoftirqd/0]
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5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/0:0H]
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7 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:33.96 [migration/0]
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8 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [rcu_bh]
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9 root 20 0 0 0 0 R 0.0 0.0 63:05.82 [rcu_sched]
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10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [lru-add-drain]
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11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.79 [watchdog/0]
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12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:08.82 [watchdog/1]
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13 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:44.28 [migration/1]
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14 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:22.46 [ksoftirqd/1]
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16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kworker/1:0H]
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18 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 [kdevtmpfs]
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19 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [netns]
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20 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.35 [khungtaskd]
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21 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.02 [writeback]
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22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kintegrityd]
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23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [bioset]
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24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [kblockd]
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25 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [md]
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26 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [edac-poller]
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33 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 1:19.07 [kswapd0]
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34 root 25 5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [ksmd]
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35 root 39 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:12.80 [khugepaged]
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36 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 [crypto]
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```
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### 如何按照指定字段对结果进行排序
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在 `top` 命令的最新版本中， 按下 `f` 键进入字段管理界面。
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要使用新字段进行排序， 请使用 `up`/`down` 箭头选择正确的选项，然后再按下 `s` 键进行排序。最后按 `q` 键退出此窗口。
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```
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Fields Management for window 1:Def, whose current sort field is %CPU
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Navigate with Up/Dn, Right selects for move then or Left commits,
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'd' or toggles display, 's' sets sort. Use 'q' or to end!
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PID = Process Id nsUTS = UTS namespace Inode
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USER = Effective User Name LXC = LXC container name
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PR = Priority RSan = RES Anonymous (KiB)
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NI = Nice Value RSfd = RES File-based (KiB)
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VIRT = Virtual Image (KiB) RSlk = RES Locked (KiB)
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RES = Resident Size (KiB) RSsh = RES Shared (KiB)
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SHR = Shared Memory (KiB) CGNAME = Control Group name
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S = Process Status NU = Last Used NUMA node
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%CPU = CPU Usage
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%MEM = Memory Usage (RES)
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TIME+ = CPU Time, hundredths
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COMMAND = Command Name/Line
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PPID = Parent Process pid
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UID = Effective User Id
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RUID = Real User Id
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RUSER = Real User Name
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SUID = Saved User Id
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SUSER = Saved User Name
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GID = Group Id
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GROUP = Group Name
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PGRP = Process Group Id
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TTY = Controlling Tty
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TPGID = Tty Process Grp Id
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SID = Session Id
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nTH = Number of Threads
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P = Last Used Cpu (SMP)
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TIME = CPU Time
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SWAP = Swapped Size (KiB)
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CODE = Code Size (KiB)
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DATA = Data+Stack (KiB)
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nMaj = Major Page Faults
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nMin = Minor Page Faults
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nDRT = Dirty Pages Count
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WCHAN = Sleeping in Function
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Flags = Task Flags
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CGROUPS = Control Groups
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SUPGIDS = Supp Groups IDs
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SUPGRPS = Supp Groups Names
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TGID = Thread Group Id
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OOMa = OOMEM Adjustment
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OOMs = OOMEM Score current
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ENVIRON = Environment vars
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vMj = Major Faults delta
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vMn = Minor Faults delta
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USED = Res+Swap Size (KiB)
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nsIPC = IPC namespace Inode
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nsMNT = MNT namespace Inode
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nsNET = NET namespace Inode
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nsPID = PID namespace Inode
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nsUSER = USER namespace Inode
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```
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对 `top` 命令的旧版本，请按 `shift+f` 或 `shift+o` 键进入字段管理界面进行排序。
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要使用新字段进行排序，请选择相应的排序字段字母， 然后按下回车键排序。
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```
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Current Sort Field: N for window 1:Def
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Select sort field via field letter, type any other key to return
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a: PID = Process Id
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b: PPID = Parent Process Pid
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c: RUSER = Real user name
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d: UID = User Id
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e: USER = User Name
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f: GROUP = Group Name
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g: TTY = Controlling Tty
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h: PR = Priority
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i: NI = Nice value
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j: P = Last used cpu (SMP)
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k: %CPU = CPU usage
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l: TIME = CPU Time
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m: TIME+ = CPU Time, hundredths
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* N: %MEM = Memory usage (RES)
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o: VIRT = Virtual Image (kb)
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p: SWAP = Swapped size (kb)
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q: RES = Resident size (kb)
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r: CODE = Code size (kb)
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s: DATA = Data+Stack size (kb)
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t: SHR = Shared Mem size (kb)
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u: nFLT = Page Fault count
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v: nDRT = Dirty Pages count
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w: S = Process Status
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x: COMMAND = Command name/line
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y: WCHAN = Sleeping in Function
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z: Flags = Task Flags
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Note1:
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If a selected sort field can't be
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shown due to screen width or your
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field order, the '<' and '>' keys
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will be unavailable until a field
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within viewable range is chosen.
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Note2:
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Field sorting uses internal values,
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not those in column display. Thus,
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the TTY & WCHAN fields will violate
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strict ASCII collating sequence.
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(shame on you if WCHAN is chosen)
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-run-execute-top-command-in-batch-mode/
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作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[way-ww](https://github.com/way-ww)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-top-command-linux-system-performance-monitoring-tool/
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[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/system-monitoring/
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[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/understanding-linux-top-command-output-usage/
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[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-how-long-a-process-has-been-running-in-linux/
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