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340 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
如何搜索一个包是否在你的 Linux 发行版中
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======
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如果你知道包名称，那么你可以直接安装所需的包。
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在某些情况下，如果你不知道确切的包名称或者你想搜索某些包，那么你可以在发行版的包管理器的帮助下轻松搜索该包。搜索会自动包括已安装和可用的包。结果的格式取决于选项。如果你的查询没有输出任何信息，那么意味着没有匹配条件的包。这可以通过发行版的包管理器的各种选项来完成。我已经在本文中添加了所有可能的选项，你可以选择最好的和最合适你的选项。
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或者，我们可以通过 `whohas` 命令实现这一点。它会从所有的主流发行版（例如 Debian、Ubuntu、 Fedora 等）中搜索，而不仅仅是你自己的系统发行版。
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建议阅读：
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- [适用于 Linux 的命令行包管理器列表以及用法][1]
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- [Linux 包管理器的图形前端工具][2]
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### 如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 中搜索一个包
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我们可以使用 `apt`、`apt-cache` 和 `aptitude` 包管理器在基于 Debian 的发行版上查找给定的包。我为这个包管理器中包括了大量的选项。
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我们可以在基于 Debian 的系统中使用三种方式完成此操作。
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* `apt` 命令
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* `apt-cache` 命令
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* `aptitude` 命令
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#### 如何使用 apt 命令搜索一个包
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APT 代表<ruby>高级包管理工具<rt>Advanced Packaging Tool</rt></ruby>（APT），它取代了 `apt-get`。它有功能丰富的命令行工具，包括所有功能包含在一个命令（`apt`）里，包括 `apt-cache`、`apt-search`、`dpkg`、`apt-cdrom`、`apt-config`、`apt-key` 等，还有其他几个独特的功能。
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APT 是一个强大的命令行工具，它可以访问 libapt-pkg 底层库的所有特性，它可以用于安装、下载、删除、搜索和管理以及查询包的信息，另外它还包含一些较少使用的与包管理相关的命令行实用程序。
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```
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$ apt -q list nano vlc
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Listing...
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nano/artful,now 2.8.6-3 amd64 [installed]
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vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
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```
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或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。
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```
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$ apt search ^vlc
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Sorting... Done
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Full Text Search... Done
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vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
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multimedia player and streamer
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vlc-bin/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
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binaries from VLC
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vlc-data/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all
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Common data for VLC
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vlc-l10n/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all
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Translations for VLC
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vlc-plugin-access-extra/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
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multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
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vlc-plugin-base/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64
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multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
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```
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#### 如何使用 apt-cache 命令搜索一个包
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`apt-cache` 会在 APT 的包缓存上执行各种操作。它会显示有关指定包的信息。`apt-cache` 不会改变系统的状态，但提供了从包的元数据中搜索和生成有趣输出的操作。
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```
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$ apt-cache search nano | grep ^nano
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nano - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico
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nano-tiny - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico - tiny build
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nanoblogger - Small weblog engine for the command line
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nanoblogger-extra - Nanoblogger plugins
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nanoc - static site generator written in Ruby
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nanoc-doc - static site generator written in Ruby - documentation
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nanomsg-utils - nanomsg utilities
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nanopolish - consensus caller for nanopore sequencing data
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```
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或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。
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```
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$ apt-cache policy vlc
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vlc:
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Installed: (none)
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Candidate: 2.2.6-6
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Version table:
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2.2.6-6 500
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500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 Packages
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```
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或者，我们可以使用以下格式搜索给定的包。
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```
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$ apt-cache pkgnames vlc
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vlc-bin
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vlc-plugin-video-output
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vlc-plugin-sdl
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vlc-plugin-svg
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vlc-plugin-samba
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vlc-plugin-fluidsynth
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vlc-plugin-qt
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vlc-plugin-skins2
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vlc-plugin-visualization
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vlc-l10n
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vlc-plugin-notify
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vlc-plugin-zvbi
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vlc-plugin-vlsub
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vlc-plugin-jack
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vlc-plugin-access-extra
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vlc
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vlc-data
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vlc-plugin-video-splitter
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vlc-plugin-base
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```
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#### 如何使用 aptitude 命令搜索一个包
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`aptitude` 是一个基于文本的 Debian GNU/Linux 软件包系统的命令行界面。它允许用户查看包列表，并执行包管理任务，例如安装、升级和删除包，它可以从可视化界面或命令行执行操作。
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```
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$ aptitude search ^vlc
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p vlc - multimedia player and streamer
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p vlc:i386 - multimedia player and streamer
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p vlc-bin - binaries from VLC
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p vlc-bin:i386 - binaries from VLC
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p vlc-data - Common data for VLC
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v vlc-data:i386 -
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p vlc-l10n - Translations for VLC
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v vlc-l10n:i386 -
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p vlc-plugin-access-extra - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-access-extra:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-base - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-base:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth - FluidSynth plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth:i386 - FluidSynth plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-jack - Jack audio plugins for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-jack:i386 - Jack audio plugins for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-notify - LibNotify plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-notify:i386 - LibNotify plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-qt - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin)
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p vlc-plugin-qt:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin)
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p vlc-plugin-samba - Samba plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-samba:i386 - Samba plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-sdl - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-sdl:i386 - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-skins2 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin)
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p vlc-plugin-skins2:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin)
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p vlc-plugin-svg - SVG plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-svg:i386 - SVG plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-video-output - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-video-output:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-video-splitter - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-video-splitter:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-visualization - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-visualization:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins)
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p vlc-plugin-vlsub - VLC extension to download subtitles from opensubtitles.org
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p vlc-plugin-zvbi - VBI teletext plugin for VLC
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p vlc-plugin-zvbi:i386
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```
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### 如何在 RHEL/CentOS 中搜索一个包
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Yum（Yellowdog Updater Modified）是 Linux 操作系统中的包管理器实用程序之一。Yum 命令用于在一些基于 RedHat 的 Linux 发行版上，它用来安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包。
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```
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# yum search ftpd
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
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Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
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* base: centos.hyve.com
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* epel: mirrors.coreix.net
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* extras: centos.hyve.com
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* rpmforge: www.mirrorservice.org
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* updates: mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net
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============================================================== N/S Matched: ftpd ===============================================================
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nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server
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pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server
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vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon
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Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
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```
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或者，我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同内容。
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```
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# yum list ftpd
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```
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### 如何在 Fedora 中搜索一个包
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DNF 代表 Dandified yum。我们可以说 DNF 是下一代 yum 包管理器（Yum 的衍生品），它使用 hawkey/libsolv 库作为底层。Aleš Kozumplík 从 Fedora 18 开始开发 DNF，最终在 Fedora 22 中发布。
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```
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# dnf search ftpd
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Last metadata expiration check performed 0:42:28 ago on Tue Jun 9 22:52:44 2018.
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============================== N/S Matched: ftpd ===============================
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proftpd-utils.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Additional utilities
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pure-ftpd-selinux.x86_64 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD
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proftpd-devel.i686 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers
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proftpd-devel.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers
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proftpd-ldap.x86_64 : Module to add LDAP support to the ProFTPD FTP server
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proftpd-mysql.x86_64 : Module to add MySQL support to the ProFTPD FTP server
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proftpd-postgresql.x86_64 : Module to add PostgreSQL support to the ProFTPD FTP
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: server
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vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon
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proftpd.x86_64 : Flexible, stable and highly-configurable FTP server
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owfs-ftpd.x86_64 : FTP daemon providing access to 1-Wire networks
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perl-ftpd.noarch : Secure, extensible and configurable Perl FTP server
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pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server
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pyftpdlib.noarch : Python FTP server library
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nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server
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```
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或者，我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同的内容。
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```
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# dnf list proftpd
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Failed to synchronize cache for repo 'heikoada-terminix', disabling.
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Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:02 ago on Tue 26 Jun 2018 04:30:05 PM IST.
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Available Packages
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proftpd.x86_64
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```
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### 如何在 Arch Linux 中搜索一个包
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pacman 代表包管理实用程序（pacman）。它是一个用于安装、构建、删除和管理 Arch Linux 软件包的命令行实用程序。pacman 使用 libalpm（Arch Linux Package Management（ALPM）库）作为底层来执行所有操作。
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在本例中，我将要搜索 chromium 包。
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```
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# pacman -Ss chromium
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extra/chromium 48.0.2564.116-1
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The open-source project behind Google Chrome, an attempt at creating a safer, faster, and more stable browser
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extra/qt5-webengine 5.5.1-9 (qt qt5)
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Provides support for web applications using the Chromium browser project
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community/chromium-bsu 0.9.15.1-2
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A fast paced top scrolling shooter
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community/chromium-chromevox latest-1
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Causes the Chromium web browser to automatically install and update the ChromeVox screen reader extention. Note: This
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package does not contain the extension code.
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community/fcitx-mozc 2.17.2313.102-1
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Fcitx Module of A Japanese Input Method for Chromium OS, Windows, Mac and Linux (the Open Source Edition of Google Japanese
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Input)
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```
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默认情况下，`-s` 选项内置 ERE（扩展正则表达式）会导致很多不需要的结果。使用以下格式会仅匹配包名称。
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```
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# pacman -Ss '^chromium-'
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```
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`pkgfile` 是一个用于在 Arch Linux 官方仓库的包中搜索文件的工具。
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```
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# pkgfile chromium
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```
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### 如何在 openSUSE 中搜索一个包
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Zypper 是 SUSE 和 openSUSE 发行版的命令行包管理器。它用于安装、更新、搜索和删除包以及管理仓库，执行各种查询等。Zypper 命令行对接到 ZYpp 系统管理库（libzypp）。
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```
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# zypper search ftp
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or
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# zypper se ftp
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Loading repository data...
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Reading installed packages...
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S | Name | Summary | Type
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--+----------------+-----------------------------------------+--------
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| proftpd | Highly configurable GPL-licensed FTP -> | package
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| proftpd-devel | Development files for ProFTPD | package
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| proftpd-doc | Documentation for ProFTPD | package
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| proftpd-lang | Languages for package proftpd | package
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| proftpd-ldap | LDAP Module for ProFTPD | package
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| proftpd-mysql | MySQL Module for ProFTPD | package
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| proftpd-pgsql | PostgreSQL Module for ProFTPD | package
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| proftpd-radius | Radius Module for ProFTPD | package
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| proftpd-sqlite | SQLite Module for ProFTPD | package
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| pure-ftpd | A Lightweight, Fast, and Secure FTP S-> | package
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| vsftpd | Very Secure FTP Daemon - Written from-> | package
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```
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### 如何使用 whohas 命令搜索一个包
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`whohas` 命令是一个智能工具，从所有主流发行版中搜索指定包，如 Debian、Ubuntu、Gentoo、Arch、AUR、Mandriva、Fedora、Fink、FreeBSD 和 NetBSD。
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```
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$ whohas nano
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Mandriva nano-debug 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/0b33dc73bca710749ad14bbc3a67e15a
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Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d9dfb2567681e09287b27e7ac6cdbc05
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Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/3299516dbc1538cd27a876895f45aee4
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Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/98421c894ee30a27d9bd578264625220
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Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/cea07b5ef9aa05bac262fc7844dbd223
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Mandriva nano 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.s http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d61f9341b8981e80424c39c3951067fa
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Mandriva spring-mod-nanoblobs 0.65-2mdv2010.0.sr http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/74bb369d4cbb4c8cfe6f6028e8562460
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Mandriva nanoxml-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/287a4c37bc2a39c0f277b0020df47502
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Mandriva nanoxml-manual-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/17dc4f638e5e9964038d4d26c53cc9c6
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Mandriva nanoxml-manual 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/a1b5092cd01fc8bb78a0f3ca9b90370b
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Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
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Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
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Gentoo nano 2.9.8 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano
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Gentoo nano 2.9.7
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```
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如果你希望只从当前发行版仓库中搜索指定包，使用以下格式：
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```
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$ whohas -d Ubuntu vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty-updates/vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial-updates/vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 2.2.6-6 40K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 3.0.1-3build1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic-updates/vlc
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Ubuntu vlc 3.0.3-1 33K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/vlc
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Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-2 55K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/browser-plugin-vlc
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Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/browser-plugin-vlc
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Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/browser-plugin-vlc
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Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/browser-plugin-vlc
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Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/browser-plugin-vlc
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Ubuntu libvlc-bin 2.2.6-6 27K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/libvlc-bin
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Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.1-3build1 17K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/libvlc-bin
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Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 17K all
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-search-if-a-package-is-available-on-your-linux-distribution-or-not/
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作者：[Prakash Subramanian][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
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[1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-command-line-package-manager-for-linux/
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[2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-graphical-frontend-tool-for-linux-package-manager/
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