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368 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
我们如何得知安装的包来自哪个仓库?
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==========
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有时候你可能想知道安装的软件包来自于哪个仓库。这将帮助你在遇到包冲突问题时进行故障排除。
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因为[第三方仓库][1]拥有最新版本的软件包,所以有时候当你试图安装一些包的时候会出现兼容性的问题。
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在 Linux 上一切都是可能的,因为你可以安装一个即使在你的发行版系统上不能使用的包。
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你也可以安装一个最新版本的包,即使你的发行版系统仓库还没有这个版本,怎么做到的呢?
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这就是为什么出现了第三方仓库。它们允许用户从库中安装所有可用的包。
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几乎所有的发行版系统都允许第三方软件库。一些发行版还会官方推荐一些不会取代基础仓库的第三方仓库,例如 CentOS 官方推荐安装 [EPEL 库][2]。
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下面是常用的仓库列表和它们的详细信息。
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* CentOS: [EPEL][2]、[ELRepo][3] 等是 [Centos 社区认证仓库](4)。
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* Fedora: [RPMfusion 仓库][5] 是经常被很多 [Fedora][6] 用户使用的仓库。
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* ArchLinux: ArchLinux 社区仓库包含了来自于 Arch 用户仓库的可信用户审核通过的软件包。
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* openSUSE: [Packman 仓库][7] 为 openSUSE 提供了各种附加的软件包,特别是但不限于那些在 openSUSE Build Service 应用黑名单上的与多媒体相关的应用和库。它是 openSUSE 软件包的最大外部软件库。
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* Ubuntu:个人软件包归档(PPA)是一种软件仓库。开发者们可以创建这种仓库来分发他们的软件。你可以在 PPA 导航页面找到相关信息。同时,你也可以启用 Cananical 合作伙伴软件仓库。
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### 仓库是什么?
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软件仓库是存储特定的应用程序的软件包的集中场所。
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所有的 Linux 发行版都在维护他们自己的仓库,并允许用户在他们的机器上获取和安装包。
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每个厂商都提供了各自的包管理工具来管理它们的仓库,例如搜索、安装、更新、升级、删除等等。
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除了 RHEL 和 SUSE 以外大部分 Linux 发行版都是自由软件。要访问付费的仓库,你需要购买其订阅服务。
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### 为什么我们需要启用第三方仓库?
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在 Linux 里,并不建议从源代码安装包,因为这样做可能会在升级软件和系统的时候产生很多问题,这也是为什么我们建议从库中安装包而不是从源代码安装。
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### 在 RHEL/CentOS 系统上我们如何得知安装的软件包来自哪个仓库?
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这可以通过很多方法实现。我们会给你所有可能的选择,你可以选择一个对你来说最合适的。
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#### 方法-1:使用 yum 命令
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RHEL 和 CentOS 系统使用 RPM 包,因此我们能够使用 [Yum 包管理器][8] 来获得信息。
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YUM 即 “Yellodog Updater, Modified” 是适用于基于 RPM 的系统例如 RHEL 和 CentOS 的一个开源命令行前端包管理工具。
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`yum` 是从发行版仓库和其他第三方库中获取、安装、删除、查询和管理 RPM 包的一个主要工具。
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```
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# yum info apachetop
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
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Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
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* epel: epel.mirror.constant.com
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Installed Packages
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Name : apachetop
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Arch : x86_64
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Version : 0.15.6
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Release : 1.el7
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Size : 65 k
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Repo : installed
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From repo : epel
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Summary : A top-like display of Apache logs
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URL : https://github.com/tessus/apachetop
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License : BSD
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Description : ApacheTop watches a logfile generated by Apache (in standard common or
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: combined logformat, although it doesn't (yet) make use of any of the extra
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: fields in combined) and generates human-parsable output in realtime.
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```
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`apachetop` 包来自 EPEL 仓库。
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#### 方法-2:使用 yumdb 命令
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`yumdb info` 提供了类似于 `yum info` 的信息但是它又提供了包校验和数据、类型、用户信息(谁安装的软件包)。从 yum 3.2.26 开始,yum 已经开始在 rpmdatabase 之外存储额外的信息(user 表示软件是用户安装的,dep 表示它是作为依赖项引入的)。
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```
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# yumdb info lighttpd
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
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lighttpd-1.4.50-1.el7.x86_64
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checksum_data = a24d18102ed40148cfcc965310a516050ed437d728eeeefb23709486783a4d37
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checksum_type = sha256
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command_line = --enablerepo=epel install lighttpd apachetop aria2 atop axel
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from_repo = epel
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from_repo_revision = 1540756729
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from_repo_timestamp = 1540757483
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installed_by = 0
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origin_url = https://epel.mirror.constant.com/7/x86_64/Packages/l/lighttpd-1.4.50-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
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reason = user
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releasever = 7
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var_contentdir = centos
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var_infra = stock
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var_uuid = ce328b07-9c0a-4765-b2ad-59d96a257dc8
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```
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`lighttpd` 包来自 EPEL 仓库。
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#### 方法-3:使用 rpm 命令
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[RPM 命令][9] 即 “Red Hat Package Manager” 是一个适用于基于 Red Hat 的系统(例如 RHEL、CentOS、Fedora、openSUSE & Mageia)的强大的命令行包管理工具。
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这个工具允许你在你的 Linux 系统/服务器上安装、更新、移除、查询和验证软件。RPM 文件具有 .rpm 后缀名。RPM 包是用必需的库和依赖关系构建的,不会与系统上安装的其他包冲突。
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```
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# rpm -qi apachetop
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Name : apachetop
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Version : 0.15.6
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Release : 1.el7
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Architecture: x86_64
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Install Date: Mon 29 Oct 2018 06:47:49 AM EDT
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Group : Applications/Internet
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Size : 67020
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License : BSD
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Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 22 Jun 2015 09:30:26 AM EDT, Key ID 6a2faea2352c64e5
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Source RPM : apachetop-0.15.6-1.el7.src.rpm
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Build Date : Sat 20 Jun 2015 09:02:37 PM EDT
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Build Host : buildvm-22.phx2.fedoraproject.org
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Relocations : (not relocatable)
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Packager : Fedora Project
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Vendor : Fedora Project
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URL : https://github.com/tessus/apachetop
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Summary : A top-like display of Apache logs
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Description :
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ApacheTop watches a logfile generated by Apache (in standard common or
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combined logformat, although it doesn't (yet) make use of any of the extra
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fields in combined) and generates human-parsable output in realtime.
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```
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`apachetop` 包来自 EPEL 仓库。
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#### 方法-4:使用 repoquery 命令
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`repoquery` 是一个从 YUM 库查询信息的程序,类似于 rpm 查询。
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```
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# repoquery -i httpd
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Name : httpd
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Version : 2.4.6
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Release : 80.el7.centos.1
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Architecture: x86_64
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Size : 9817285
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Packager : CentOS BuildSystem
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Group : System Environment/Daemons
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URL : http://httpd.apache.org/
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Repository : updates
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Summary : Apache HTTP Server
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Source : httpd-2.4.6-80.el7.centos.1.src.rpm
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Description :
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The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible
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web server.
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```
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`httpd` 包来自 CentOS updates 仓库。
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### 在 Fedora 系统上我们如何得知安装的包来自哪个仓库?
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DNF 是 “Dandified yum” 的缩写。DNF 是使用 hawkey/libsolv 库作为后端的下一代 yum 包管理器(yum 的分支)。从 Fedora 18 开始 Aleš Kozumplík 开始开发 DNF,并最终在 Fedora 22 上得以应用/启用。
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[dnf 命令][10] 用于在 Fedora 22 以及之后的系统上安装、更新、搜索和删除包。它会自动解决依赖并使安装包的过程变得顺畅,不会出现任何问题。
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```
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$ dnf info tilix
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Last metadata expiration check: 27 days, 10:00:23 ago on Wed 04 Oct 2017 06:43:27 AM IST.
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Installed Packages
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Name : tilix
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Version : 1.6.4
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Release : 1.fc26
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Arch : x86_64
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Size : 3.6 M
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Source : tilix-1.6.4-1.fc26.src.rpm
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Repo : @System
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From repo : updates
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Summary : Tiling terminal emulator
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URL : https://github.com/gnunn1/tilix
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License : MPLv2.0 and GPLv3+ and CC-BY-SA
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Description : Tilix is a tiling terminal emulator with the following features:
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:
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: - Layout terminals in any fashion by splitting them horizontally or vertically
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: - Terminals can be re-arranged using drag and drop both within and between
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: windows
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: - Terminals can be detached into a new window via drag and drop
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: - Input can be synchronized between terminals so commands typed in one
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: terminal are replicated to the others
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: - The grouping of terminals can be saved and loaded from disk
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: - Terminals support custom titles
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: - Color schemes are stored in files and custom color schemes can be created by
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: simply creating a new file
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: - Transparent background
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: - Supports notifications when processes are completed out of view
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:
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: The application was written using GTK 3 and an effort was made to conform to
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: GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG).
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```
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`tilix` 包来自 Fedora updates 仓库。
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### 在 openSUSE 系统上我们如何得知安装的包来自哪个仓库?
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Zypper 是一个使用 libzypp 的命令行包管理器。[Zypper 命令][11] 提供了存储库访问、依赖处理、包安装等功能。
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```
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$ zypper info nano
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Loading repository data...
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Reading installed packages...
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Information for package nano:
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-----------------------------
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Repository : Main Repository (OSS)
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Name : nano
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Version : 2.4.2-5.3
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Arch : x86_64
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Vendor : openSUSE
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Installed Size : 1017.8 KiB
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Installed : No
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Status : not installed
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Source package : nano-2.4.2-5.3.src
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Summary : Pico editor clone with enhancements
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Description :
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GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor. It aims to emulate
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the Pico text editor while also offering a few enhancements.
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```
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`nano` 包来自于 openSUSE Main 仓库(OSS)。
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### 在 ArchLinux 系统上我们如何得知安装的包来自哪个仓库?
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[Pacman 命令][12] 即包管理器工具(package manager utility ),是一个简单的用来安装、构建、删除和管理 Arch Linux 软件包的命令行工具。Pacman 使用 libalpm 作为后端来执行所有的操作。
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```
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# pacman -Ss chromium
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extra/chromium 48.0.2564.116-1
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The open-source project behind Google Chrome, an attempt at creating a safer, faster, and more stable browser
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extra/qt5-webengine 5.5.1-9 (qt qt5)
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Provides support for web applications using the Chromium browser project
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community/chromium-bsu 0.9.15.1-2
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A fast paced top scrolling shooter
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community/chromium-chromevox latest-1
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Causes the Chromium web browser to automatically install and update the ChromeVox screen reader extention. Note: This
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package does not contain the extension code.
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community/fcitx-mozc 2.17.2313.102-1
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Fcitx Module of A Japanese Input Method for Chromium OS, Windows, Mac and Linux (the Open Source Edition of Google Japanese
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Input)
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```
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`chromium` 包来自 ArchLinux extra 仓库。
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或者,我们可以使用以下选项获得关于包的详细信息。
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```
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# pacman -Si chromium
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Repository : extra
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Name : chromium
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Version : 48.0.2564.116-1
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Description : The open-source project behind Google Chrome, an attempt at creating a safer, faster, and more stable browser
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Architecture : x86_64
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URL : http://www.chromium.org/
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Licenses : BSD
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Groups : None
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Provides : None
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Depends On : gtk2 nss alsa-lib xdg-utils bzip2 libevent libxss icu libexif libgcrypt ttf-font systemd dbus
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flac snappy speech-dispatcher pciutils libpulse harfbuzz libsecret libvpx perl perl-file-basedir
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desktop-file-utils hicolor-icon-theme
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Optional Deps : kdebase-kdialog: needed for file dialogs in KDE
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gnome-keyring: for storing passwords in GNOME keyring
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kwallet: for storing passwords in KWallet
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Conflicts With : None
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Replaces : None
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Download Size : 44.42 MiB
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Installed Size : 172.44 MiB
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Packager : Evangelos Foutras
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Build Date : Fri 19 Feb 2016 04:17:12 AM IST
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Validated By : MD5 Sum SHA-256 Sum Signature
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```
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`chromium` 包来自 ArchLinux extra 仓库。
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### 在基于 Debian 的系统上我们如何得知安装的包来自哪个仓库?
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在基于 Debian 的系统例如 Ubuntu、LinuxMint 上可以使用两种方法实现。
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#### 方法-1:使用 apt-cache 命令
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[apt-cache 命令][13] 可以显示存储在 APT 内部数据库的很多信息。这些信息是一种缓存,因为它们是从列在 `source.list` 文件里的不同的源中获得的。这个过程发生在 apt 更新操作期间。
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```
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$ apt-cache policy python3
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python3:
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Installed: 3.6.3-0ubuntu2
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Candidate: 3.6.3-0ubuntu3
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Version table:
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3.6.3-0ubuntu3 500
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500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful-updates/main amd64 Packages
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*** 3.6.3-0ubuntu2 500
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500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/main amd64 Packages
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100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
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```
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`python3` 包来自 Ubuntu updates 仓库。
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#### 方法-2:使用 apt 命令
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[APT 命令][14] 即 “Advanced Packaging Tool”,是 `apt-get` 命令的替代品,就像 DNF 是如何取代 YUM 一样。它是具有丰富功能的命令行工具并将所有的功能例如 `apt-cache`、`apt-search`、`dpkg`、`apt-cdrom`、`apt-config`、`apt-ket` 等包含在一个命令(APT)中,并且还有几个独特的功能。例如我们可以通过 APT 轻松安装 .dpkg 包,但我们不能使用 `apt-get` 命令安装,更多类似的功能都被包含进了 APT 命令。`apt-get` 因缺失了很多未被解决的特性而被 `apt` 取代。
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```
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$ apt -a show notepadqq
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Package: notepadqq
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Version: 1.3.2-1~artful1
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Priority: optional
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Section: editors
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Maintainer: Daniele Di Sarli
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Installed-Size: 1,352 kB
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Depends: notepadqq-common (= 1.3.2-1~artful1), coreutils (>= 8.20), libqt5svg5 (>= 5.2.1), libc6 (>= 2.14), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libqt5core5a (>= 5.9.0~beta), libqt5gui5 (>= 5.7.0), libqt5network5 (>= 5.2.1), libqt5printsupport5 (>= 5.2.1), libqt5webkit5 (>= 5.6.0~rc), libqt5widgets5 (>= 5.2.1), libstdc++6 (>= 5.2)
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Download-Size: 356 kB
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APT-Sources: http://ppa.launchpad.net/notepadqq-team/notepadqq/ubuntu artful/main amd64 Packages
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Description: Notepad++-like editor for Linux
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Text editor with support for multiple programming
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languages, multiple encodings and plugin support.
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Package: notepadqq
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Version: 1.2.0-1~artful1
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Status: install ok installed
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Priority: optional
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Section: editors
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Maintainer: Daniele Di Sarli
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Installed-Size: 1,352 kB
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Depends: notepadqq-common (= 1.2.0-1~artful1), coreutils (>= 8.20), libqt5svg5 (>= 5.2.1), libc6 (>= 2.14), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.0), libqt5core5a (>= 5.9.0~beta), libqt5gui5 (>= 5.7.0), libqt5network5 (>= 5.2.1), libqt5printsupport5 (>= 5.2.1), libqt5webkit5 (>= 5.6.0~rc), libqt5widgets5 (>= 5.2.1), libstdc++6 (>= 5.2)
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Homepage: http://notepadqq.altervista.org
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Download-Size: unknown
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APT-Manual-Installed: yes
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APT-Sources: /var/lib/dpkg/status
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Description: Notepad++-like editor for Linux
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Text editor with support for multiple programming
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languages, multiple encodings and plugin support.
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```
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`notepadqq` 包来自 Launchpad PPA。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-do-we-find-out-the-installed-packages-came-from-which-repository/
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作者:[Prakash Subramanian][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[zianglei](https://github.com/zianglei)
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/category/repository/
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[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-enable-epel-repository-on-rhel-centos-scientific-linux-oracle-linux/
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[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-enable-elrepo-on-rhel-centos-scientific-linux/
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[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/additional-yum-repositories-for-centos-rhel-fedora-systems/
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[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-enable-rpm-fusion-repository-on-centos-fedora-rhel/
|
||
[6]: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Third_party_repositories
|
||
[7]: https://www.2daygeek.com/install-enable-packman-repository-on-opensuse-leap/
|
||
[8]: https://www.2daygeek.com/yum-command-examples-manage-packages-rhel-centos-systems/
|
||
[9]: https://www.2daygeek.com/rpm-command-examples/
|
||
[10]: https://www.2daygeek.com/dnf-command-examples-manage-packages-fedora-system/
|
||
[11]: https://www.2daygeek.com/zypper-command-examples-manage-packages-opensuse-system/
|
||
[12]: https://www.2daygeek.com/pacman-command-examples-manage-packages-arch-linux-system/
|
||
[13]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-get-apt-cache-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/
|
||
[14]: https://www.2daygeek.com/apt-command-examples-manage-packages-debian-ubuntu-systems/
|