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280 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
如何在 Ubuntu Linux 上使用 KVM 云镜像
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=====
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如何下载并使用运行在 Ubuntu Linux 服务器上的 KVM 云镜像？如何在 Ubuntu Linux 16.04 LTS 服务器上无需完整安装即可创建虚拟机？如何在 Ubuntu Linux 上使用 KVM 云镜像？
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基于内核的虚拟机（KVM）是 Linux 内核的虚拟化模块，可将其转变为虚拟机管理程序。你可以在命令行使用 Ubuntu 为 libvirt 和 KVM 提供的虚拟化前端通过 KVM 创建 Ubuntu 云镜像。
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这个快速教程展示了如何安装和使用 uvtool，它为 Ubuntu 云镜像下载，libvirt 和 clout_int 提供了统一的集成虚拟机前端。
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### 步骤 1 - 安装 KVM
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你必须安装并配置 KVM。使用 [apt 命令][1]/[apt-get 命令][2]，如下所示：
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```
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$ sudo apt install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin virtinst bridge-utils cpu-checker
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$ kvm-ok
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## [configure bridged networking as described here][3]
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$ sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
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$ sudo systemctl restart networking
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$ sudo brctl show
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```
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参阅[如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Headless 服务器上安装 KVM][4] 以获得更多信息。（LCTT 译注：Headless 服务器是指没有本地接口的计算设备，专用于向其他计算机及其用户提供服务。）
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### 步骤 2 - 安装 uvtool
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键入以下 [apt 命令][1]/[apt-get 命令][2]：
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```
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$ sudo apt install uvtool
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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[sudo] password for vivek:
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Reading package lists... Done
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Building dependency tree
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Reading state information... Done
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The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
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gksu libgksu2-0 libqt5designer5 libqt5help5 libqt5printsupport5 libqt5sql5 libqt5sql5-sqlite libqt5xml5 python3-dbus.mainloop.pyqt5 python3-notify2 python3-pyqt5 python3-sip
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Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
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The following additional packages will be installed:
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cloud-image-utils distro-info python-boto python-pyinotify python-simplestreams socat ubuntu-cloudimage-keyring uvtool-libvirt
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Suggested packages:
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cloud-utils-euca shunit2 python-pyinotify-doc
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The following NEW packages will be installed:
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cloud-image-utils distro-info python-boto python-pyinotify python-simplestreams socat ubuntu-cloudimage-keyring uvtool uvtool-libvirt
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0 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
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Need to get 1,211 kB of archives.
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After this operation, 6,876 kB of additional disk space will be used.
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Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/main amd64 distro-info amd64 0.17 [20.3 kB]
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Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 python-boto all 2.44.0-1ubuntu2 [740 kB]
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Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/main amd64 python-pyinotify all 0.9.6-1 [24.6 kB]
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Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/main amd64 ubuntu-cloudimage-keyring all 2013.11.11 [4,504 B]
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Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/main amd64 cloud-image-utils all 0.30-0ubuntu2 [17.2 kB]
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Get:6 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 python-simplestreams all 0.1.0~bzr450-0ubuntu1 [29.7 kB]
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Get:7 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 socat amd64 1.7.3.2-1 [342 kB]
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Get:8 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 uvtool all 0~git122-0ubuntu1 [6,498 B]
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Get:9 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 uvtool-libvirt all 0~git122-0ubuntu1 [26.9 kB]
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Fetched 1,211 kB in 3s (393 kB/s)
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Selecting previously unselected package distro-info.
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(Reading database ... 199933 files and directories currently installed.)
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Preparing to unpack .../0-distro-info_0.17_amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking distro-info (0.17) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package python-boto.
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Preparing to unpack .../1-python-boto_2.44.0-1ubuntu2_all.deb ...
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Unpacking python-boto (2.44.0-1ubuntu2) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package python-pyinotify.
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Preparing to unpack .../2-python-pyinotify_0.9.6-1_all.deb ...
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Unpacking python-pyinotify (0.9.6-1) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package ubuntu-cloudimage-keyring.
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Preparing to unpack .../3-ubuntu-cloudimage-keyring_2013.11.11_all.deb ...
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Unpacking ubuntu-cloudimage-keyring (2013.11.11) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package cloud-image-utils.
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Preparing to unpack .../4-cloud-image-utils_0.30-0ubuntu2_all.deb ...
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Unpacking cloud-image-utils (0.30-0ubuntu2) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package python-simplestreams.
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Preparing to unpack .../5-python-simplestreams_0.1.0~bzr450-0ubuntu1_all.deb ...
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Unpacking python-simplestreams (0.1.0~bzr450-0ubuntu1) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package socat.
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Preparing to unpack .../6-socat_1.7.3.2-1_amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking socat (1.7.3.2-1) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package uvtool.
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Preparing to unpack .../7-uvtool_0~git122-0ubuntu1_all.deb ...
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Unpacking uvtool (0~git122-0ubuntu1) ...
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Selecting previously unselected package uvtool-libvirt.
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Preparing to unpack .../8-uvtool-libvirt_0~git122-0ubuntu1_all.deb ...
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Unpacking uvtool-libvirt (0~git122-0ubuntu1) ...
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Setting up distro-info (0.17) ...
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Setting up ubuntu-cloudimage-keyring (2013.11.11) ...
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Setting up cloud-image-utils (0.30-0ubuntu2) ...
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Setting up socat (1.7.3.2-1) ...
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Setting up python-pyinotify (0.9.6-1) ...
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Setting up python-boto (2.44.0-1ubuntu2) ...
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Setting up python-simplestreams (0.1.0~bzr450-0ubuntu1) ...
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Processing triggers for doc-base (0.10.7) ...
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Processing 1 added doc-base file...
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Setting up uvtool (0~git122-0ubuntu1) ...
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Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.6.1-2) ...
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Setting up uvtool-libvirt (0~git122-0ubuntu1) ...
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```
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### 步骤 3 - 下载 Ubuntu 云镜像
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你需要使用 `uvt-simplestreams-libvirt` 命令。它维护一个 libvirt 容量存储池，作为一个<ruby>简单流<rt>simplestreams</rt></ruby>源的镜像子集的本地镜像，比如 Ubuntu 云镜像。要使用当前所有 amd64 镜像更新 uvtool 的 libvirt 容量存储池，运行：
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```
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$ uvt-simplestreams-libvirt sync arch=amd64
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```
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要更新/获取 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (xenial/amd64) 镜像，运行：
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```
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$ uvt-simplestreams-libvirt --verbose sync release=xenial arch=amd64
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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Adding: com.ubuntu.cloud:server:16.04:amd64 20171121.1
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```
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通过 query 选项查询本地镜像：
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```
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$ uvt-simplestreams-libvirt query
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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release=xenial arch=amd64 label=release (20171121.1)
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```
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现在，我为 Ubuntu xenial 创建了一个镜像，接下来我会创建虚拟机。
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### 步骤 4 - 创建 SSH 密钥
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你需要使用 SSH 密钥才能登录到 KVM 虚拟机。如果你根本没有任何密钥，请使用 `ssh-keygen` 命令创建一个新的密钥。
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```
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$ ssh-keygen
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```
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参阅“[如何在 Linux / Unix 系统上设置 SSH 密钥][5]” 和 “[Linux / UNIX: 生成 SSH 密钥][6]” 以获取更多信息。
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### 步骤 5 - 创建 VM
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是时候创建虚拟机了，它叫 vm1，即创建一个 Ubuntu Linux 16.04 LTS 虚拟机：
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```
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$ uvt-kvm create vm1
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```
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默认情况下 vm1 使用以下配置创建：
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1. 内存：512M
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2. 磁盘大小：8GiB
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3. CPU：1 vCPU core
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要控制内存、磁盘、CPU 和其他配置，使用以下语法：
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```
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$ uvt-kvm create vm1 \
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--memory MEMORY \
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--cpu CPU \
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--disk DISK \
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--bridge BRIDGE \
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--ssh-public-key-file /path/to/your/SSH_PUBLIC_KEY_FILE \
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--packages PACKAGES1, PACKAGES2, .. \
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--run-script-once RUN_SCRIPT_ONCE \
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--password PASSWORD
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```
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其中
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1. `--password PASSWORD`：设置 ubuntu 用户的密码和允许使用 ubuntu 的用户登录（不推荐，使用 ssh 密钥）。
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2. `--run-script-once RUN_SCRIPT_ONCE` : 第一次启动时，在虚拟机上以 root 身份运行 `RUN_SCRIPT_ONCE` 脚本，但再也不会运行。这里给出完整的路径。这对于在虚拟机上运行自定义任务时非常有用，例如设置安全性或其他内容。
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3. `--packages PACKAGES1, PACKAGES2, ..` : 在第一次启动时安装以逗号分隔的软件包。
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要获取帮助，运行：
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```
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$ uvt-kvm -h
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$ uvt-kvm create -h
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```
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#### 如何删除虚拟机？
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要销毁/删除名为 vm1 的虚拟机，运行（请小心使用以下命令，因为没有确认框）：
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```
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$ uvt-kvm destroy vm1
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```
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#### 获取 vm1 的 IP 地址，运行：
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```
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$ uvt-kvm ip vm1
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192.168.122.52
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```
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#### 列出所有运行的虚拟机
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```
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$ uvt-kvm list
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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vm1
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freebsd11.1
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```
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### 步骤 6 - 如何登录 vm1
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语法是：
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```
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$ uvt-kvm ssh vm1
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```
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示例输出：
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```
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Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-101-generic x86_64)
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* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
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* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
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* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
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Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
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http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
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0 packages can be updated.
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0 updates are security updates.
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Last login: Thu Dec 7 09:55:06 2017 from 192.168.122.1
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```
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另一个选择是从 macOS/Linux/Unix/Windows 客户端使用常规的 ssh 命令：
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```
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$ ssh ubuntu@192.168.122.52
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$ ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa ubuntu@192.168.122.52
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```
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示例输出：
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[![Connect to the running VM using ssh][8]][8]
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一旦创建了 vim，你可以照常使用 `virsh` 命令：
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```
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$ virsh list
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```
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-use-kvm-cloud-images-on-ubuntu-linux/
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作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
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译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
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[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-lts-debian-linux-apt-command-examples/ (See Linux/Unix apt command examples for more info)
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[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html (See Linux/Unix apt-get command examples for more info)
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[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-create-bridge-interface-ubuntu-linux/
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[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/installing-kvm-on-ubuntu-16-04-lts-server/
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[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-set-up-ssh-keys-on-linux-unix/
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[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-generating-ssh-keys/
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[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
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[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2017/12/connect-to-the-running-VM-using-ssh.jpg
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