mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2024-12-23 21:20:42 +08:00
235 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
235 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
六个优雅的 Linux 命令行技巧
|
||
============================================================
|
||
|
||
> 一些非常有用的命令能让命令行的生活更满足
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
使用 Linux 命令工作可以获得许多乐趣，但是如果您使用一些命令，它们可以减少您的工作或以有趣的方式显示信息时，您将获得更多的乐趣。在今天的文章中，我们将介绍六个命令，它们可能会使你用在命令行上的时间更加值当。
|
||
|
||
### watch
|
||
|
||
`watch` 命令会重复运行您给出的任何命令，并显示输出。默认情况下，它每两秒运行一次命令。命令的每次运行都将覆盖上一次运行时显示的内容，因此您始终可以看到最新的数据。
|
||
|
||
您可能会在等待某人登录时使用它。在这种情况下，您可以使用 `watch who` 命令或者 `watch -n 15 who` 命令使每 15 秒运行一次，而不是两秒一次。另外终端窗口的右上角会显示日期和时间。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ watch -n 5 who
|
||
Every 5.0s: who stinkbug: Wed Aug 23 14:52:15 2017
|
||
|
||
shs pts/0 2017-08-23 14:45 (192.168.0.11)
|
||
zoe pts/1 2017-08-23 08:15 (192.168.0.19)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
您也可以使用它来查看日志文件。如果您显示的数据没有任何变化，则只有窗口角落里的日期和时间会发生变化。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ watch tail /var/log/syslog
|
||
Every 2.0s: tail /var/log/syslog stinkbug: Wed Aug 23 15:16:37 2017
|
||
|
||
Aug 23 14:45:01 stinkbug CRON[7214]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
|
||
ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
|
||
Aug 23 14:45:17 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 179 of user shs.
|
||
Aug 23 14:55:01 stinkbug CRON[7577]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
|
||
ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
|
||
Aug 23 15:05:01 stinkbug CRON[7582]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
|
||
ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
|
||
Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd[1]: Starting Cleanup of Temporary Directories...
|
||
Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd-tmpfiles[7584]: [/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/var.conf:1
|
||
4] Duplicate line for path "/var/log", ignoring.
|
||
Aug 23 15:08:48 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
|
||
Aug 23 15:13:41 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 182 of user shs.
|
||
Aug 23 15:14:29 stinkbug systemd[1]: Started Session 183 of user shs.
|
||
Aug 23 15:15:01 stinkbug CRON[7828]: (root) CMD (command -v debian-sa1 > /dev/nu
|
||
ll && debian-sa1 1 1)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这里的输出和使用命令 `tail -f /var/log/syslog` 的输出相似。
|
||
|
||
### look
|
||
|
||
这个命令的名字 `look` 可能会让我们以为它和 `watch` 做类似的事情，但其实是不同的。`look` 命令用于搜索以某个特定字符串开头的单词。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ look ecl
|
||
eclectic
|
||
eclectic's
|
||
eclectically
|
||
eclecticism
|
||
eclecticism's
|
||
eclectics
|
||
eclipse
|
||
eclipse's
|
||
eclipsed
|
||
eclipses
|
||
eclipsing
|
||
ecliptic
|
||
ecliptic's
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
`look` 命令通常有助于单词的拼写，它使用 `/usr/share/dict/words` 文件，除非你使用如下的命令指定了文件名：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ look esac .bashrc
|
||
esac
|
||
esac
|
||
esac
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
在这种情况下，它的作用就像跟在一个 `awk` 命令后面的 `grep` ，只打印匹配行上的第一个单词。
|
||
|
||
### man -k
|
||
|
||
`man -k` 命令列出包含指定单词的手册页。它的工作基本上和 `apropos` 命令一样。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ man -k logrotate
|
||
dh_installlogrotate (1) - install logrotate config files
|
||
logrotate (8) - rotates, compresses, and mails system logs
|
||
logrotate.conf (5) - rotates, compresses, and mails system logs
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### help
|
||
|
||
当你完全绝望的时候，您可能会试图使用此命令，`help` 命令实际上是显示一个 shell 内置命令的列表。最令人惊讶的是它有相当多的参数变量。你可能会看到这样的东西，然后开始想知道这些内置功能可以为你做些什么：
|
||
```
|
||
$ help
|
||
GNU bash, version 4.4.7(1)-release (i686-pc-linux-gnu)
|
||
These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
|
||
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
|
||
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
|
||
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
|
||
|
||
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
|
||
|
||
job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or hist>
|
||
(( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif C>
|
||
. filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs >
|
||
: kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigs>
|
||
[ arg... ] let arg [arg ...]
|
||
[[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ...
|
||
alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n]
|
||
bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O or>
|
||
bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f file> popd [-n] [+N | -N]
|
||
break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments]
|
||
builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
|
||
caller [expr] pwd [-LP]
|
||
case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...)> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [->
|
||
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s>
|
||
command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] o>
|
||
compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [> return [n]
|
||
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] > select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMM>
|
||
compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ..> set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option->
|
||
continue [n] shift [n]
|
||
coproc [NAME] command [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
|
||
declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=v> source filename [arguments]
|
||
dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] suspend [-f]
|
||
disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid > test [expr]
|
||
echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline
|
||
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [na> times
|
||
eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
|
||
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argume> true
|
||
exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...]
|
||
export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or ex> typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=v>
|
||
false ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [l>
|
||
fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] o> umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
|
||
fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...]
|
||
for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMAND> unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
|
||
for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMAN> until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
|
||
function name { COMMANDS ; } or name > variables - Names and meanings of so>
|
||
getopts optstring name [arg] wait [-n] [id ...]
|
||
hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name > while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
|
||
help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### stat -c
|
||
|
||
`stat` 命令用于显示文件的大小、所有者、用户组、索引节点号、权限、修改和访问时间等重要的统计信息。这是一个非常有用的命令，可以显示比 `ls -l` 更多的细节。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ stat .bashrc
|
||
File: .bashrc
|
||
Size: 4048 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
|
||
Device: 806h/2054d Inode: 421481 Links: 1
|
||
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs)
|
||
Access: 2017-08-23 15:13:41.781809933 -0400
|
||
Modify: 2017-06-21 17:37:11.875157790 -0400
|
||
Change: 2017-06-21 17:37:11.899157791 -0400
|
||
Birth: -
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
使用 `-c` 选项，您可以指定要查看的字段。例如，如果您只想查看一个文件或一系列文件的文件名和访问权限，则可以这样做：
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ stat -c '%n %a' .bashrc
|
||
.bashrc 644
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
在此命令中， `%n` 表示每个文件的名称，而 `%a` 表示访问权限。`%u` 表示数字类型的 UID，而 `%U` 表示用户名。
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
$ stat -c '%n %a' bin/*
|
||
bin/loop 700
|
||
bin/move2nohup 700
|
||
bin/nohup.out 600
|
||
bin/show_release 700
|
||
|
||
$ stat -c '%n %a %U' bin/*
|
||
bin/loop 700 shs
|
||
bin/move2nohup 700 shs
|
||
bin/nohup.out 600 root
|
||
bin/show_release 700 shs
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### TAB
|
||
|
||
如果你没有使用过 tab 键来补全文件名，你真的错过了一个非常有用的命令行技巧。tab 键提供文件名补全功能（包括使用 `cd` 时的目录）。它在出现歧义之前尽可能多的填充文件名（多个文件以相同的字母开头。如果您有一个名为 `bigplans` 的文件，另一个名为 `bigplans2017` 的文件会发生歧义，你将听到一个声音，然后需要决定是按下回车键还是输入 `2` 之后再按下 tab 键选择第二个文件。
|
||
|
||
|
||
（题图：[Micah Elizabeth Scott][32] [(CC BY 2.0)][33]）
|
||
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219684/linux/half-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
|
||
|
||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||
译者：[firmianay](https://github.com/firmianay)
|
||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||
|
||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||
|
||
[a]:https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||
[1]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203369/lan-wan/10-most-important-open-source-networking-projects.html
|
||
[2]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3203369/lan-wan/10-most-important-open-source-networking-projects.html#tk.nww_nsdr_ndxprmomod
|
||
[3]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3188295/linux/linux-mint-18-1-mostly-smooth-but-some-sharp-edges.html
|
||
[4]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3188295/linux/linux-mint-18-1-mostly-smooth-but-some-sharp-edges.html#tk.nww_nsdr_ndxprmomod
|
||
[5]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3167272/linux/open-source-users-its-time-for-extreme-vetting.html
|
||
[6]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3167272/linux/open-source-users-its-time-for-extreme-vetting.html#tk.nww_nsdr_ndxprmomod
|
||
[7]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3218728/linux/how-log-rotation-works-with-logrotate.html
|
||
[8]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3194830/linux/10-unix-commands-every-mac-and-linux-user-should-know.html
|
||
[9]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3208389/linux/unix-how-random-is-random.html
|
||
[10]:https://www.networkworld.com/video/51206/solo-drone-has-linux-smarts-gopro-mount
|
||
[11]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219826/mobile/prime-members-get-60-off-nucleus-anywhere-intercom-with-amazon-alexa-right-now-deal-alert.html
|
||
[12]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3106867/consumer-electronics/32-off-pulse-solo-dimmable-led-light-with-dual-channel-bluetooth-speakers-deal-alert.html
|
||
[13]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219685/mobile/57-off-rockbirds-6-pack-led-mini-super-bright-3-mode-tactical-flashlights-deal-alert.html
|
||
[14]:https://www.networkworld.com/insider
|
||
[15]:https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html&via=networkworld&text=Half+a+dozen+clever+Linux+command+line+tricks
|
||
[16]:https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
|
||
[17]:http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html&title=Half+a+dozen+clever+Linux+command+line+tricks
|
||
[18]:https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
|
||
[19]:http://reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html&title=Half+a+dozen+clever+Linux+command+line+tricks
|
||
[20]:http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F3219684%2Flinux%2Fhalf-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html
|
||
[21]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219684/linux/half-a-dozen-clever-linux-command-line-tricks.html#email
|
||
[22]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3218728/linux/how-log-rotation-works-with-logrotate.html
|
||
[23]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3194830/linux/10-unix-commands-every-mac-and-linux-user-should-know.html
|
||
[24]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3208389/linux/unix-how-random-is-random.html
|
||
[25]:https://www.networkworld.com/video/51206/solo-drone-has-linux-smarts-gopro-mount
|
||
[26]:https://www.networkworld.com/video/51206/solo-drone-has-linux-smarts-gopro-mount
|
||
[27]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219826/mobile/prime-members-get-60-off-nucleus-anywhere-intercom-with-amazon-alexa-right-now-deal-alert.html
|
||
[28]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3106867/consumer-electronics/32-off-pulse-solo-dimmable-led-light-with-dual-channel-bluetooth-speakers-deal-alert.html
|
||
[29]:https://www.networkworld.com/article/3219685/mobile/57-off-rockbirds-6-pack-led-mini-super-bright-3-mode-tactical-flashlights-deal-alert.html
|
||
[30]:https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||
[31]:https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||
[32]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/micahdowty/4630801442/in/photolist-84d4Wb-p29iHU-dscgLx-pXKT7a-pXKT7v-azMz3V-azMz7M-4Amp2h-6iyQ51-4nf4VF-5C1gt6-6P4PwG-po6JEA-p6C5Wg-6RcRbH-7GAmbK-dCkRnT-7ETcBp-4Xbhrw-dXrN8w-dXm83Z-dXrNvQ-dXrMZC-dXrMPN-pY4GdS-azMz8X-bfNoF4-azQe61-p1iUtm-87i3vj-7enNsv-6sqvJy-dXm8aD-6smkyX-5CFfGm-dXm8dD-6sqviw-6sqvVU-dXrMVd-6smkXc-dXm7Ug-deuxUg-6smker-Hd15p-6squyf-aGtnxn-6smjRX-5YtTUN-nynqYm-ea5o3c
|
||
[33]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
|