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331 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
在 CentOS 7 CPanel 服务器上安装 MariaDB 10
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================================================================================
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MariaDB 是一个增强版的、开源的 MySQL 替代品。它主要由 MariaDB 社区在维护，采用 GPL v2 授权许可。软件的安全性是 MariaDB 开发者的主要焦点。他们保持为 MariaDB 的每个版本发布安全补丁。当有任何安全问题被发现时，开发者会尽快修复并推出 MariaDB 的新版本。
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### MariaDB 的优势 ###
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- 完全开源
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- 快速且透明的安全版本
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- 与 MySQL 高度兼容
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- 性能更好
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- 比 MySQL 的存储引擎多
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在这篇文章中，我将谈论关于如何在 CentOS7 CPanel 服务器上升级 MySQL5.5 到最新的 MariaDB 。在安装前先完成以下步骤。
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### 先决条件: ###
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#### 1. 停止当前 MySQL 服务 ####
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root@server1 [/var/# mysql
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Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
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Your MySQL connection id is 5859
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Server version: 5.5.47-cll MySQL Community Server (GPL)
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Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
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affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
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owners.
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Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
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root@server1 [~]# systemctl stop mysql
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root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql
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● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQL
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Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)
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Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:00:02 UTC; 1min 31s ago
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Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
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Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)
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Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
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Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
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Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: mysql.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=203/EXEC
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Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Unit mysql.service entered failed state.
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Jan 31 10:00:02 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: mysql.service failed.
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#### 2. 在升级之前将所有配置文件和数据库转移 ####
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转移数据库的存储路径和 MySQL 的配置文件
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root@server1 [~]# cp -Rf /var/lib/mysql /var/lib/mysql-old
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root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# cat /etc/my.cnf
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[mysqld]
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default-storage-engine=MyISAM
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innodb_file_per_table=1
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max_allowed_packet=268435456
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open_files_limit=10000
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root@server1 [~]#mv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf-old
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#### 3. 从服务器上删除和卸载 MySQL 所有的 RPM 包 ####
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运行以下命令来禁用 MySQL RPM 的目标（target）。通过运行此命令，cPanel 将不再处理 MySQL 的更新，并在系统上将这些 RPM 版本标记为已卸载。
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/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL50 uninstalled
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/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL51 uninstalled
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/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL55 uninstalled
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/scripts/update_local_rpm_versions --edit target_settings.MySQL56 uninstalled
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现在运行以下命令：
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/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56
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移除服务器上所有已有的 MySQL RPM 来为 MariaDB 的安装清理环境。请看下面的输出：
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root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# /scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix --targets=MySQL50,MySQL51,MySQL55,MySQL56
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000]
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Problems were detected with cPanel-provided files which are RPM controlled.
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] If you did not make these changes intentionally, you can correct them by running:
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000]
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] > /usr/local/cpanel/scripts/check_cpanel_rpms --fix
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000]
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] The following RPMs are unneeded on your system and should be uninstalled:
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-client-5.5.47-1.cp1148
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-devel-5.5.47-1.cp1148
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-server-5.5.47-1.cp1148
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-shared-5.5.47-1.cp1148
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] MySQL55-test-5.5.47-1.cp1148
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MySQL50-shared-5.0.96-4.cp1136
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] compat-MySQL51-shared-5.1.73-1.cp1150
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Removing 0 broken rpms:
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] rpm: no packages given for erase
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] No new RPMS needed for install
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[2016-01-31 09:53:59 +0000] Disabling service monitoring.
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[2016-01-31 09:54:01 +0000] Uninstalling unneeded rpms: MySQL55-test MySQL55-server MySQL55-client compat-MySQL51-shared compat-MySQL50-shared MySQL55-shared MySQL55-devel
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[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mysql.service.
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[2016-01-31 09:54:04 +0000] Restoring service monitoring.
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通过这些步骤，我们已经卸载了现有的 MySQL RPM，并做了标记来防止 MySQL的更新，服务器的环境已经清理，然后准备安装 MariaDB。
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开始安装吧，我们需要根据 CentOS 和 MariaDB 的版本为 MariaDB 创建一个 yum 软件库。下面是我的做法！
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### 安装步骤： ###
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#### 第1步：创建 YUM 软件库。####
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root@server1 [~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo
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[mariadb]
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name = MariaDB
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baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/
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gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
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gpgcheck=1
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root@server1 [/etc/yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/MariaDB.repo
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[mariadb]
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name = MariaDB
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baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.0/centos7-amd64/
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gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB
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gpgcheck=1
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#### 第2步：打开 /etc/yum.conf 并修改如下行： ####
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**删除这一行：**
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exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* mysql* nsd* php* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
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**替换为：**
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exclude=courier* dovecot* exim* filesystem httpd* mod_ssl* mydns* nsd* proftpd* pure-ftpd* spamassassin* squirrelmail*
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**重要**
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需要确保我们已经从 exclude 列表中移除了 MySQL 和 PHP。
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#### 第3步：运行以下命令来安装 MariaDB 和相关的包。 ####
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root@server1 [~]#yum install MariaDB-server MariaDB-client MariaDB-devel php-mysql
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Dependencies Resolved
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===============================================================================================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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===============================================================================================================================================
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Installing:
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MariaDB-client x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 10 M
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MariaDB-devel x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 6.3 M
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MariaDB-server x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 55 M
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php-mysql x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 99 k
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Installing for dependencies:
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MariaDB-common x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 43 k
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MariaDB-shared x86_64 10.0.23-1.el7.centos mariadb 1.2 M
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libzip x86_64 0.10.1-8.el7 base 48 k
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php-common x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 563 k
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php-pdo x86_64 5.4.16-36.el7_1 base 97 k
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Transaction Summary
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===============================================================================================================================================
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Install 4 Packages (+5 Dependent package)
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#### 第4步：重新启动，并确保 MySQL 服务已启动。####
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root@server1 [~]# systemctl start mysql
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root@server1 [~]#
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root@server1 [~]#
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root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql
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● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQL
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Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)
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Active: active (exited) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:01:46 UTC; 3s ago
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Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
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Process: 23717 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
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Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)
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Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MySQL...
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Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23717]: Starting MySQL SUCCESS!
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Jan 31 10:01:46 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
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#### 第5步：运行 mysql_upgrade 命令。 ####
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它将检查所有数据库中的所有表与当前安装的版本是否兼容，并在必要时会更新系统表，以赋予当前版本新增加的权限或能力。
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root@server1 [~]# mysql_upgrade
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MySQL upgrade detected
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Phase 1/6: Checking and upgrading mysql database
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Processing databases
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mysql
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mysql.columns_priv OK
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mysql.db OK
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mysql.event OK
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mysql.func OK
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mysql.help_category OK
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mysql.help_keyword OK
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mysql.help_relation OK
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mysql.help_topic OK
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mysql.host OK
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mysql.ndb_binlog_index OK
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mysql.plugin OK
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mysql.proc OK
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mysql.procs_priv OK
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mysql.proxies_priv OK
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mysql.servers OK
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mysql.tables_priv OK
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mysql.time_zone OK
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mysql.time_zone_leap_second OK
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mysql.time_zone_name OK
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mysql.time_zone_transition OK
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mysql.time_zone_transition_type OK
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mysql.user OK
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Phase 2/6: Fixing views from mysql
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Phase 3/6: Running 'mysql_fix_privilege_tables'
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Phase 4/6: Fixing table and database names
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Phase 5/6: Checking and upgrading tables
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Processing databases
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cphulkd
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cphulkd.auths OK
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cphulkd.blacklist OK
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cphulkd.brutes OK
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cphulkd.good_logins OK
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cphulkd.ip_lists OK
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cphulkd.known_netblocks OK
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cphulkd.login_track OK
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cphulkd.logins OK
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cphulkd.report OK
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cphulkd.whitelist OK
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eximstats
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eximstats.defers OK
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eximstats.failures OK
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eximstats.sends OK
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eximstats.smtp OK
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information_schema
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leechprotect
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leechprotect.hits OK
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modsec
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modsec.hits OK
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performance_schema
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roundcube
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roundcube.cache OK
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roundcube.cache_index OK
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roundcube.cache_messages OK
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roundcube.cache_shared OK
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roundcube.cache_thread OK
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roundcube.contactgroupmembers OK
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roundcube.contactgroups OK
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roundcube.contacts OK
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roundcube.cp_schema_version OK
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roundcube.dictionary OK
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roundcube.identities OK
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roundcube.searches OK
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roundcube.session OK
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roundcube.system OK
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roundcube.users OK
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saheetha_test
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saheetha_test.authors OK
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whmxfer
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whmxfer.sessions OK
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Phase 6/6: Running 'FLUSH PRIVILEGES'
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OK
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#### 第6步：再次重新启动 MySQL 的服务，以确保一切都运行完好。 ####
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root@server1 [~]# systemctl restart mysql
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root@server1 [~]#
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root@server1 [~]# systemctl status mysql
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● mysql.service - LSB: start and stop MySQL
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Loaded: loaded (/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql)
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Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-01-31 10:04:11 UTC; 9s ago
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Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8)
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Process: 23831 ExecStop=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
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Process: 23854 ExecStart=/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysql start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
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Main PID: 23430 (code=exited, status=203/EXEC)
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CGroup: /system.slice/mysql.service
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├─23861 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --pid-file=/var/lib/mysql/server1.centos7-test.com.pid
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└─23933 /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/usr --datadir=/var/lib/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/v...
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Jan 31 10:04:10 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting LSB: start and stop MySQL...
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Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com mysql[23854]: Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
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Jan 31 10:04:11 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started LSB: start and stop MySQL.
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#### 第7步：运行 EasyApache，重建 Apache/PHP 以支持 MariaDB，并确保所有 PHP 的模块保持不变。####
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root@server1 [~]#/scripts/easyapache --build
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**重要**
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如果你在安装 MariaDB 之后忘记重建 Apache/PHP，将会报如下库错误：
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root@server1 [/etc/my.cnf.d]# php -v
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php: error while loading shared libraries: libmysqlclient.so.18: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
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#### 第8步：现在验证安装的程序和数据库。 ####
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root@server1 [/var/lib/mysql]# mysql
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Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
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Your MariaDB connection id is 15
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Server version: 10.0.23-MariaDB MariaDB Server
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Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
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Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
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MariaDB [(none)]> show storage engines;
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+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
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| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
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+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
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| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
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| MRG_MyISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
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| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
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| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
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| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
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| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Percona-XtraDB, Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
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| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
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| FEDERATED | YES | FederatedX pluggable storage engine | YES | NO | YES |
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| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
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| Aria | YES | Crash-safe tables with MyISAM heritage | NO | NO | NO |
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+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
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10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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就这样 ：）。现在，我们该去欣赏 MariaDB 完善和高效的特点了。希望你喜欢阅读本文。希望留下您宝贵的建议和反馈！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/how-tos/install-mariadb-10-centos-7-cpanel/
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作者：[Saheetha Shameer][a]
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译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/saheethas/
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