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在 Ubuntu 中用 Docker 管理 Linux Container 容器

当前完全硬件虚拟化技术KVM、Xen、Hyper-V 等)能在一个物理主机上很好地运行多个互相独立的操作系统,但这也带来一些问题:性能不佳,资源浪费,系统反应迟缓等。有时候对用户来说,完全的硬件虚拟化并不是最好的选择。

一种替代方案是使用轻量级虚拟化技术 —— 所谓的 LinuX Container 容器 (LXC)它提供的是系统级虚拟化。与跑虚拟机相比LXC 可以在一个轻量级沙箱容器里面跑多个 Linux 操作系统。当你需要设置一些易于克隆的开发环境、测试环境或想在安全沙盒里安装应用时LXC 就非常有用了。

Docker 是一个开源工具,可以让用户方便地布署 Linux Container 容器。Docker 很快变成了 container 技术的非官方标准,从而被 UbuntuRed Hat等众多发行版吸收进去。

本教程中我会向你们演示如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 中使用 Docker 来管理 LXC。需要注意的是本教程的一些内容可能会与其他 Ubuntu 版本下的操作会稍微有些出入。

当前Ubuntu 系统下的 Docker 的安装包只提供64位。如果你想运行32位的 Docker你需要使用源码编译32位 Docker 工具

安装 Docker

通过 apt-get 安装 Docker 简直是小菜一碟。

$ sudo apt-get install docker.io

如果你不是 root 组的用户,你可以把自己加入到 docker 用户组。下面的命令可以让没有 root 权限的用户使用 Docker

$ sudo usermod -a -G docker $USER

重新登录,以便让你的用户组权限生效。

下一步是编辑 Docker 配置文件,确定 Docker 可执行文件的路径:

$ sudo vi /etc/default/docker.io

DOCKER="/usr/bin/docker.io"

重启 Docker 服务:

$ sudo service docker.io restart

管理 Docker Container 容器

如果你想在新的 Docker 容器下创建一个新的 Ubuntu 操作系统,你首先需要 pull 一个 Ubuntu 的 Docker 镜像。下面的命令可以通过网络下载 Docker 镜像:

$ docker pull ubuntu

你可以使用下面的命令启动 Docker 里面的 Ubuntu 系统。最后的参数“/bin/bash”表示一旦容器启动首先会执行简单的 bash。

$ docker run -i -t ubuntu /bin/bash

上面的命令会立即启动 Ubuntu container 容器(这是一个完美的容器!),然后它会提供一个 shell 提示符运行环境给你。现在开始你可以通过这个沙箱环境访问一个完整的 Ubuntu 系统了。

输入“exit”命令退出 Docker 容器。

你也可以用下面的命令进入不同的系统。比如 Fedora

$ docker.io run -i -t fedora /bin/bash

如果系统中还不存在 Fedora Docker 镜像,这个命令会自动下载它,然后启动这个 Fedora 的 Docker 容器。

如果你想要开启指定版本的系统,比如 Ubuntu 13.04,你可以使用下面的命令:

$ docker.io run -i -t ubuntu:13.04 /bin/bash

Container 容器网络设置

Docker 使用 Linux 桥接技术与其他容器通信,以及连通外网。安装完 Docker 后你应该可以看到 docker0 这个网桥,这是 Docker 默认创建的。你创建的每个容器都会通过这个网桥连接到网络。

自定义 Linux 网桥

如果你想自定义网桥,你可以执行以下步骤。你可以在这个网桥后面分配一个子网,并为这个子网分配地址。下面的命令会为 Docker 子网分配 10.0.0.0/24 地址段:

$ sudo apt-get install bridge-utils
$ sudo brctl addbr br0
$ sudo ifconfig br0 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0

然后在 /etc/default/docker.io 文件的 DOCKER_OPTS 变量里添加“-b=br0”选项并重启 Docker 服务:

$ sudo service docker.io restart

到目前为止,任何创建的容器都会连上 br0 网桥,它们的 IP 地址会从 10.0.0.0/24 中自动分配译注在10.0.0.2到10.0.0.254之间随机分配)。

其他自定义设置

你可以通过 /etc/default/docker.io 文件的 DOCKER_OPTS 变量设置其他一些属性:

  • "-dns 8.8.8.8 -dns 8.8.4.4": 为容器指定 DNS 服务器。
  • "-icc=false": 将容器与其他容器隔离出来

疑难解答

1、当你运行 docker.io 命令时,你可能会遇到以下问题:

dial unix /var/run/docker.sock: no such file or directory

这个错误可能是由于 Docker 后台进程没有启动。检查下 Docker 后台进程的状态,确认它已经处于启动状态:

$ sudo service docker.io status
$ sudo service docker.io start 

via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/manage-linux-containers-docker-ubuntu.html

译者:bazz2 校对:wxy

本文由 LCTT 原创翻译,Linux中国 荣誉推出