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命令行星期二 —— 第一篇

极客们,我们又回来了!真抱歉让你们久等了,但我保证,我们又回归正轨了。我们满怀热情与大家相约,让我们激情燃烧,寻找刺激吧:)

现在整个的想法已经在之前的开场白中告诉你们了所以现在让我们来干点正事吧。就像肖茨先生书里讲得那样我们需要来了解一下shell是个什么东西终端模拟器又是个什么东西因为我们要在这里头干活。

肖茨在他的书中写道shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈论的东西。shell基本上一个程序它将你敲击键盘的动作传递给计算机它也是某种形式的翻译器将你所讲的东西翻译给计算机听。在这世界上活着的shell真是五花八门但是活得最好的要数bash它在GNU/Linux中随处可见。我们也叫它Bourne Again Shell这是一个精巧的双关语因为自从Bourne先生创造了它的祖先shBrian Fox又把它重写成为一个自由的sh替代品。啊哈GUN人和他们的幽默真的很精明。:)

接下来我所需要是一个让我们能和shell交互的东西它就是终端模拟器。每个Linux发行版都自带了一个至于长什么样就得看你使用的桌面环境了可能是KDE的Konsole也可能是Gnome的Gnome terminal等等。肖茨先生说了,你可以挖掘出你所偏爱的一个,但是大部分时间我还是用桌面环境给我提供的那个吧。

现在来发动你的终端。打开后你会见到一行字这行字告诉你用户名和机器的主机名它叫作shell提示符。它告诉你它准备好了你可以输入命令了。让我们来随便玩玩随便输入点什么东西进去然后敲回车看看。

呵呵,还记开篇我们讲过,我们需要像学诗歌一样来学习命令吗?记得就好,随意乱来可干不了啥事。

现在按那个上箭头你会发现命令又回来了。这是啥魔法你键盘上的上箭头用来取出历史命令。终端会保存总计500个你输入过的命令所以别一次又一次地重复敲它们了你可以用上/下箭头来查找它们。左右箭头用来在指定行中移动光标,这样你就可以在文本中编辑或者插入了。另外注意,想用ctrl+v来粘贴文本是不行的。你可以在某个地方将它设置成快捷键但是它常常不是那么回事。检查你的模拟器的快捷键在Konsole中它位于设置 > 配置快捷键)

现在,为了我们不再被‘命令找不到’抽一巴掌,让我们试试一些简单的。敲个date来试试。(是的,我不知道有这么个命令,这真着实让我兴奋了一把):)

你又来了。当你能打开终端并输入date命令来查看日期时为什么在时钟中看看内建日历会让你不胜其烦 :) 只是开个玩笑。就像肖茨书里写的那样它确实是个简单的命令更有用也更复杂的命令会在以后介绍。跟date相关的命令是cal - 它会显示当前月的日历。

你也可以试试df,它会列出你驱动器上的空闲空间。

或者试试free来显示空闲内存:

如果你已经跟上了敲击键盘的节奏,你可以输入exit命令来关闭终端模拟器了而不是去点击那个x了。

嗯,本周我们就到此为止吧,免得有太多的要学的东西来占据你紧巴巴的日程了。下面来个小结(你可以把结论写下来,做个备份吧),在这一篇中,我们学习了:

  • 什么是shell
  • 我们需要用什么来和shell交流终端模拟器
  • 使用光标按钮来驾驭终端命令以及退出终端

四个简单的命令:

  • date 显示当前日期
  • cal 显示当前月份的日历
  • df shows the amount of free space on your hard drives
  • free amount of free memory

下周二我们将会做什么呢?

我们会学习在文件系统中导航bin、etc等等这所有的文件夹都是些什么东西它们用来干什么怎样通过终端来浏览它们。到那时……

你就有得乐了!


via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/

译者:GOLinux 校对:wxy

本文由 LCTT 原创翻译,Linux中国 荣誉推出