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Linux使用bash删除目录中的特定文件

我是一名Linux新用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件其实我就是想从/Download/文件夹删去除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件:

  • *.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。
  • *.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。

我如何在一个基于LinuxOS X 或者 Unix-like 系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢

Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如:

    • 匹配所有的文件。
  • 匹配文件名中的单个字母。
  • [...] 匹配封闭括号中的任何一个字母。

策略 #1: 见识一下扩展的模式匹配符

这里你需要用系统内置的shopt命令来开启shell中的extglob选项然后你就可以使用扩展的模式符了这些模式匹配符如下

  1. ?(模式列表) 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。
  2. *(模式列表) 匹配零次或多次给定的模式。
  3. +(模式列表) 至少匹配一次给定的模式。
  4. @(模式列表) 匹配一次给定的模式。
  5. !(模式列表) 不匹配给定模式。

一个模式列表就是一个或多个用 | 分开的模式(文件名)。

首先要打开extgolb选项

shopt -s extglob

在Bash中删掉除*.zip和*.iso文件以外的所有文件

rm 命令的语法格式为:

## 仅保留 file1 文件 ##
rm  !(file1)
 
## 仅保留 file1 和 file2 文件## 
rm  !(file1|file2)
 
## 仅保留 zip 文件 ##
rm  !(*.zip)
 
## 仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ##
rm  !(*.zip|*.iso)

## 你也可以使用完整的目录 ##
rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3)
 
## 也可以传递参数 ##
rm [选项]  !(*.zip|*.iso)
rm -v  !(*.zip|*.iso)
rm -f  !(*.zip|*.iso)
rm -v -i  !(*.php)

最后,关闭 extglob 选项方法如下:

shopt -u extglob

策略 #2: 使用bash的 GLOBIGNORE 变量删除指定文件以外的所有文件

摘自 bash(1) 手册页:

这是一个用冒号分开的模式列表通过路径展开方式定义了要忽略的文件集合。如果一个匹配到路径展开模式的文件也匹配GLOBIGNORE中的模式那么它会从匹配列表中移除。

要删除所有文件只保留 zip 和 iso 文件,应如下设置 GLOBIGNORE

## 只在 BASH 中可行 ##
cd ~/Downloads/
GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso
rm -v *
unset GLOBIGNORE

策略 #3: 用 find 命令删除所有其它文件仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件

如果你正在使用 tcsh/csh/sh/ksh 或者其它shell你可以在Unixlike系统上试着用下面find命令的语法格式来删除文件

find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -delete

或者

## 对于怪异的文件名可以使用 xargs ##
find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {}
find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [选项] {}

想要删除 /source 目录下除 php 以外的文件,键入:

find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete

或者

find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {}

只保留 *.zip 和 *.iso 文件的语法如下:

find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete

更多信息参见bash command man pagefind command man page


via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/

译者:Linchenguang 校对:Caroline

本文由 LCTT 原创翻译,Linux中国 荣誉推出