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在红帽Linux中使用YUM包管理器
===
![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/yum-package-install.png)
**YUM**是RHEL系统中提供的一个安装卸载和搜索软件包的工具。它能做的不仅仅是安装、卸载软件包它能做的还有更多下面我们将在本文中为你展示。
YUM可以自动安装软件包的依赖包例如当你使用yum安装httpd时它还会自动安装https apache server以及它依赖的软件包。通过rpm软件包安装时就没有这么方便咯译注就是不会自动处理软件包依赖问题咯你必须下载所有它依赖的软件包然后依序安装它们。
yum工具从远端服务器上的软件仓库通常由OS提供商提供获取软件包的信息。一个软件仓库是能在特定架构上运行的一系列rpm软件包的集合。例如对于32位和64位系统各有一个软件仓库还有针对RHEL5以及RHEL6的软件仓库。你也可以建立一个本地仓库配置你的yum让其从你的本地仓库里搜索安装软件包。在接下来的例子中我将向你展示除了安装和卸载软件yum还可以做的其它事情。为方便理解我将在我的Amazon EC2 RHEL 6.4服务器上使用httpd软件包为例。
###从软件仓库里搜索软件包
# yum search httpd
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
=============================================== N/S Matched: httpd ==========
httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
httpd-devel.i686 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server
mod_dnssd.x86_64 : An Apache HTTPD module which adds Zeroconf support
想获得详细的输出信息,可以使用下面的命令:
# yum provides httpd
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
httpd-2.2.15-26.el6.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases
Matched from:
**yum provides httpd**在软件仓库里搜索含有httpd的软件包。
###提供所有软件组列表
# yum grouplist
以上命令将为你显示已经安装的以及可用的软件组。你可以使用软件组安装选项来安装其中一个软件组。例如我们将安装一个PHP Support的软件组。这个软件组内包含需要的PHP软件包。
# yum groupinstall PHP Support
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
Setting up Group Process
Warning: Group Support does not exist.
Resolving Dependencies
-> Running transaction check
--> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
-> Processing Dependency: php-common(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: php-cli(x86-64) = 5.3.3-23.el6_4 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
--> Package php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
-> Processing Dependency: libXpm.so.4()(64bit) for package: php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
--> Package php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
--> Package php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 will be installed
--> Package php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
-> Running transaction check
--> Package libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 will be installed
--> Package php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
--> Package php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be installed
-> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=====================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=====================================================================
Installing:
php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M
php-gd x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 106 k
php-pdo x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 75 k
php-pear noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 393 k
php-xml x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 103 k
Installing for dependencies:
libXpm x86_64 3.5.10-2.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 51 k
php-cli x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.2 M
php-common x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 524 k
Transaction Summary
========================================================================
Install 8 Package(s)
Total download size: 4.5 M
Installed size: 16 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/8): libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64.rpm | 51 kB 00:00
(2/8): php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 1.1 MB 00:00
(3/8): php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 2.2 MB 00:00
(4/8): php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 524 kB 00:00
(5/8): php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 106 kB 00:00
(6/8): php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 75 kB 00:00
(7/8): php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch.rpm | 393 kB 00:00
(8/8): php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64.rpm | 103 kB 00:00
-----------------------------------------------
Total 2.9 MB/s | 4.5 MB 00:01
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 1/8
Installing : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8
Installing : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 3/8
Installing : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 4/8
Installing : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 5/8
Installing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8
Installing : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8
Installing : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8
Verifying : 1:php-pear-1.9.4-4.el6.noarch 1/8
Verifying : php-xml-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/8
Verifying : php-common-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/8
Verifying : libXpm-3.5.10-2.el6.x86_64 4/8
Verifying : php-cli-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 5/8
Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 6/8
Verifying : php-pdo-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 7/8
Verifying : php-gd-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 8/8
Installed:
php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-gd.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-4.el6 php-xml.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
Dependency Installed:
libXpm.x86_64 0:3.5.10-2.el6 php-cli.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 php-common.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
Complete!
###使用YUM安装软件包
可以使用**yum install**命令安装软件包,如下所示:
# yum install httpd
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
-> Running transaction check
--> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
-> Processing Dependency: httpd-tools = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: apr-util-ldap for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) for package: httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
-> Running transaction check
--> Package apr.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed
--> Package apr-util.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
--> Package apr-util-ldap.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
--> Package httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
-> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================
Installing:
httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 821 k
Installing for dependencies:
apr x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 123 k
apr-util x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 87 k
apr-util-ldap x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 15 k
httpd-tools x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 73 k
Transaction Summary
==============================================================================
Install 5 Package(s)
Total download size: 1.1 M
Installed size: 3.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
如你所见在安装httpd时yum安装了额外的软件包。这称为yum完成的依赖包解析。
假如你不想让yum弹出[y/N]选项,可以使用**yum install -y httpd**
####使用yum update 命令更新一个已存在的软件包
# yum update httpd
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
Setting up Update Process
No Packages marked for Update
这意味着你系统中安装的httpd软件包已经是yum软件仓库里的最新版本的了。
####更新服务器上所有的软件包
# yum update
以上命令将系统上的所有软件包更新到最新版本包括内核软件包这意味着你的OS更新到了RHEL提供的最新版本了。
###下载RPM软件包但是不安装
可以使用yum从RHEL或者CentOS的软件仓库里下载RPM软件包但是不安装。你首先需要下载一个插件让yum只下载rpm软件包而不安装。插件名字叫downloadonly可以通过yum安装如下所示
# yum install yum-downloadonly
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, rhui-lb, security
Setting up Install Process
Resolving Dependencies
-> Running transaction check
--> Package yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6 will be installed
-> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================
Installing:
yum-plugin-downloadonly noarch 1.1.30-14.el6 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 20 k
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Total download size: 20 k
Installed size: 21 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch.rpm | 20 kB 00:00
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1
Verifying : yum-plugin-downloadonly-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch 1/1
Installed:
yum-plugin-downloadonly.noarch 0:1.1.30-14.el6
Complete!
现在你就可以从软件仓库里只下载软件包而不安装了,命令如下:
# yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly
默认情况下软件包会被下载到**/var/cache/yum/<arch\>**目录但是你可以添加额外选项将其下载到指定位置
# yum install httpd-devel -downloadonly -downloaddir=/opt
假如你有一个rpm软件包但是没有它所依赖的软件包你不知道到哪去得到它所依赖的软件包你仍然可以通过yum安装这个rpm软件包并从软件仓库里得到它所依赖的软件包让我们安装刚刚下载的httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 RPM软件包
# yum localinstall /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
Setting up Local Package Process
Examining /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
Marking /opt/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Resolving Dependencies
-> Running transaction check
--> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be installed
-> Processing Dependency: apr-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: apr-util-devel for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
-> Running transaction check
--> Package apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 will be installed
--> Package apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 will be installed
-> Processing Dependency: openldap-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: expat-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: db4-devel for package: apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64
-> Running transaction check
--> Package db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed
-> Processing Dependency: db4-cxx = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-18.el6_4 for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: libdb_cxx-4.7.so()(64bit) for package: db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64
--> Package expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2 will be installed
--> Package openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 will be installed
-> Processing Dependency: cyrus-sasl-devel >= 2.1 for package: openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64
-> Running transaction check
--> Package cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 will be installed
--> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated
-> Processing Dependency: db4 = 4.7.25-17.el6 for package: db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64
--> Package db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update
--> Package db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be installed
-> Running transaction check
--> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-17.el6 will be updated
--> Package db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 will be an update
-> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================
Installing:
httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 /httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k
Installing for dependencies:
apr-devel x86_64 1.3.9-5.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 176 k
apr-util-devel x86_64 1.3.9-3.el6_0.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 69 k
cyrus-sasl-devel x86_64 2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 302 k
db4-cxx x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 588 k
db4-devel x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 6.6 M
expat-devel x86_64 2.0.1-11.el6_2 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 120 k
openldap-devel x86_64 2.4.23-32.el6_4.1 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 1.1 M
Updating for dependencies:
db4 x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 563 k
db4-utils x86_64 4.7.25-18.el6_4 rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 130 k
Transaction Summary
=======================================================================
Install 8 Package(s)
Upgrade 2 Package(s)
Total size: 10 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Updating : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 1/12
Installing : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 2/12
Installing : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 3/12
Installing : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12
Installing : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 5/12
Installing : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 6/12
Installing : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 7/12
Installing : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 8/12
Installing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 9/12
Updating : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12
Cleanup : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12
Cleanup : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12
Verifying : apr-devel-1.3.9-5.el6_2.x86_64 1/12
Verifying : cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.23-13.el6_3.1.x86_64 2/12
Verifying : apr-util-devel-1.3.9-3.el6_0.1.x86_64 3/12
Verifying : db4-cxx-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 4/12
Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 5/12
Verifying : openldap-devel-2.4.23-32.el6_4.1.x86_64 6/12
Verifying : expat-devel-2.0.1-11.el6_2.x86_64 7/12
Verifying : db4-devel-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 8/12
Verifying : db4-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 9/12
Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-18.el6_4.x86_64 10/12
Verifying : db4-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 11/12
Verifying : db4-utils-4.7.25-17.el6.x86_64 12/12
Installed:
httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4
Dependency Installed:
apr-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-5.el6_2 apr-util-devel.x86_64 0:1.3.9-3.el6_0.1
cyrus-sasl-devel.x86_64 0:2.1.23-13.el6_3.1 db4-cxx.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4
db4-devel.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 expat-devel.x86_64 0:2.0.1-11.el6_2
openldap-devel.x86_64 0:2.4.23-32.el6_4.1
Dependency Updated:
db4.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4 db4-utils.x86_64 0:4.7.25-18.el6_4
Complete!
###使用yum卸载软件包
使用 **yum remove** 卸载软件包。举例如下:
# yum remove httpd
Failed to set locale, defaulting to C
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
-> Running transaction check
--> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased
-> Processing Dependency: httpd-mmn = 20051115 for package: php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64
-> Processing Dependency: httpd = 2.2.15-29.el6_4 for package: httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64
-> Running transaction check
--> Package httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 will be erased
--> Package php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4 will be erased
-> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
========================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
========================================================================
Removing:
httpd x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 2.9 M
Removing for dependencies:
httpd-devel x86_64 2.2.15-29.el6_4 @/httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 526 k
php x86_64 5.3.3-23.el6_4 @rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases 3.5 M
Transaction Summary
==========================================================================
Remove 3 Package(s)
Installed size: 7.0 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3
Erasing : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 2/3
Erasing : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 3/3
Verifying : httpd-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 1/3
Verifying : httpd-devel-2.2.15-29.el6_4.x86_64 2/3
Verifying : php-5.3.3-23.el6_4.x86_64 3/3
Removed:
httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4
Dependency Removed:
httpd-devel.x86_64 0:2.2.15-29.el6_4 php.x86_64 0:5.3.3-23.el6_4
Complete!
###列出所有安装的软件包
假如你要列出你系统上安装的所有软件包,你可以使用**yum list installed**命令。这条命令结合grep命令是非常有用的可以用来检查某个特定的软件包是否已被安装。这与使用rpm -qa命令询问已经安装的软件包相似。
# yum list installed
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
Installed Packages
ConsoleKit.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
ConsoleKit-libs.x86_64 0.4.1-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
MAKEDEV.x86_64 3.24-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
PyYAML.x86_64 3.10-3.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux-Release_Notes-6-en-US.noarch
4-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
SDL.x86_64 1.2.14-3.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
abrt.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
abrt-addon-python.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
abrt-cli.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
abrt-libs.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
abrt-tui.x86_64 2.0.8-15.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
acl.x86_64 2.2.49-6.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
acpid.x86_64 1.0.10-2.1.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
aic94xx-firmware.noarch 30-2.el6 @koji-override-0/$releasever
.
.
Output Truncated.
###列出可用的软件库,通过它们可以查询、安装和更新软件包
# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: amazon-id, downloadonly, rhui-lb, security
repo id repo name status
rhui-REGION-client-config-server-6 Red Hat Update Infrastructure 2.0 Client Configuration Server 6 4
rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 (RPMs) 10994
rhui-REGION-rhel-server-releases-optional Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6 Optional (RPMs) 6250
repolist: 17248
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/package-management-yum-redhat-linux/
译者:[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对:[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出