ictlyh Translating Linux History: 24 Years Step by Step ================================================================================ 注：youtube 视频 ### Pre-history ### Linux success would not be possible without [C programming language][1] and [GNU Project][2] – Environment of Linux. ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/00-1.jpg) Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie [Ken Thompson][1] and [Dennis Ritchie][2] was created the Unix Operation System in 1969-1970. Later was released the new [C programming language][3] – high-level and portable PL. Linux kernel written in C with some assembly code. ![Richard Matthew Stallman](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/00-2.jpg) Richard Matthew Stallman [Richard Matthew Stallman][4] started in 1984 the [GNU Project][5]. One of biggest goals — free Unix-like operation system and totally ### 1991 – The Beginning ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1991-1.jpg) Linus Torvalds, 1991 [Linus Torvalds][5] begin Linux kernel development in Helsinki, Finland – witten programm for hes hardware – Intel 80386 CPU. Hi also use Minix and GNU C compiler. Here is historical message from Linus Torvalds to Minix newsgroup: > From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds) > Newsgroups: comp.os.minix > Subject: What would you like to see most in minix? > Summary: small poll for my new operating system > Message-ID: > Date: 25 Aug 91 20:57:08 GMT > Organization: University of Helsinki > > > Hello everybody out there using minix - > > I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and > professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing > since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on > things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat > (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) > among other things). > > I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. > This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and > I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions > are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) > > Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi) After this Linux has supported by worldwide volunteers and professional specialists. Name “Linux” was defined by Linus coworker Ari Lemmke – just named directory of project on University Server. ### 1992 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1992-1.jpg) Version 0.12 of Linux Kernel released under GPLv2. ### 1993 ### ![Slackware 1.0 ](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1993-1.png) First release of Slackware – the oldest Linux Distro with the same leader – Patrick Volkerding. Linux kernel have ~100 Developers. ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1993-2.png) Debian Debian – one of largest Linux-community also created in 1991. ### 1994 ### Linux 1.0 released and first GUI is available – thanks to XFree86 project. ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1994-1.png) Red Hat Linux Released Red Hat Linux 1.0 ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1994-2.png) S.u.S.E Linux and [S.u.S.E. Linux][6] 1.0. ### 1995 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1995-1.png) Red Hat Inc. Bob Young and Marc Ewing merged their local business to [Red Hat Software][7]. Linux ported to many of hardware platforms. ### 1996 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1996-1.png) ### Tux ### Tux Penguin – official mascot of Linux. Idea of Linus Torvalds – after visit to National Zoo & Aquarium in Canberra. Linux 2.0 released and support symmetric multiprocessing. Begin of KDE development. ### 1997 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1997-1.jpg) Miguel de Icaza Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena begin development of GNOME – free desktop environment with application. Linus Torvalds win in Linux’s Trademark conflict and Linux becomes the registered trademark of Linus. ### 1998 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1998-1.jpg) The Cathedral and the Bazaar [The Cathedral and the Bazaar][8] essay by Eric S. Raymond is published – highly recommend to read. Linux support from big companies: IBM, Oracle, Compaq. ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/1998-2.png) Mandrake Linux First release of Mandrake Linux – Red Hat Linux-based distro with K Desktop Environment. ### 1999 ### ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/KDE_1.1.jpg) First major KDE release. ### 2000 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2000-1.jpg) Dell support Linux – first big hardware vendor ### 2001 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2001-1.jpg) Revolution OS Documentary film “Revolution OS” – 20 years of GNU, Linux, Open Source, Free Software history with iterview of best hackers of Linux and Open Source World. ### 2002 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2002-1.jpg) BitKeeper Linux now use BitKeeper – proprietary software for distributed version control. ### 2003 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2003-1.png) SUSE Novell buy SuSE Linux AG for $210M. Since 2003 also started epic battle SCO Group vs IBM and Linux community for the Unix copyrights. ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2003-2.png) Fedora First Release of Fedora Linux from Red Hat and Linux Community. ### 2004 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2004-1.png) X.ORG Foundation The XFree86 team is dropped and join to [X.Org Foundation][9], development of X be faster. ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2004-2.jpg) Ubuntu 4.10 – First Release ### 2005 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2005-1.png) openSUSE Beginning of [openSUSE][10] – free version of enterprise Novell’s OS. OpenOffice.org started support of OpenDocument standards. ### 2006 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2006-1.png) New Linux distribution – Oracle Linux based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Microsoft and Novell begin cooperation in IT and both patents protection. ### 2007 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2007-1.jpg) Dell Linux Laptop First laptops with preinstalled Linux from Dell. ### 2008 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2008-1.jpg) KDE 4.0 KDE 4 released in non-stable condition and many users migrate to GNOME. ### 2009 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2009-1.jpg) Red Hat Red Hat’s Linux-based success – $2.62 billion market capitalization. In 2009 Microsoft sumbitted first patch to Linux kernel under GPLv2 license. ### 2010 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2010-1.png) Novell -> Attachmate Novell was sold to The Attachmate Group, Inc. for $2.2 billion. SUSE and Novell – two independs products in new company. First release of [systemd][11] and begin of Linux system revolution. ### 2011 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2011-1.png) Unity Desktop in 2011 Ubuntu Unity released – a lot of criticizm from users. ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2011-2.png) GNOME 3.0, 2011 GNOME 3.0 release – “unholy mess” by Linus Torvalds and also a lot of negative critics. Linux kernel 3.0 released. ### 2012 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2012-1.png) 15 million lines of code Linux kernel have a 15 million lines of code. Microsoft is one of top Linux contributors. ### 2013 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2013-1.png) Kali Linux 1.0 released – Debian-based Linux distro for penetration testing and digital forensics. Also in 2014 Centos with code developers joined to Red Hat Inc. ### 2014 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2014-1.jpg) Lennart Poettering and Kay Sievers systemd – default in Ubuntu and all top Linux distribution. Ubuntu have 22 000 000 users. Big Android progress – 75% of all mobile devices. ### 2015 ### ![](https://github.com/paulcarroty/Articles/raw/master/Linux_24/2015-1.jpg) Linux kernel 4.0 released. Mandriva was liquidated, but have a lot of forks – Mageia is most popular. Written from Linux with love. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://tlhp.cf/linux-history/ 作者：[Pavlo Rudyi][a] 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://tlhp.cf/author/paul/ [1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) [2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project [3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson [4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie [5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds [6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_distributions [7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat [8]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar [9]:http://www.x.org/ [10]:https://en.opensuse.org/Main_Page [11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd