如何记录 Linux 的系统运行时间的统计信息 ===== Linux/Unix 系统管理员对服务器的系统运行时间有一种奇怪的痴迷。这里有一个关于这个主题的 xkcd 漫画，一个好的系统管理员是一股不可阻挡的力量，他伫立在你家猫咪博客的服务器之前，对抗黑暗势力。 [![Fig.01: Devotion to Duty https://xkcd.com/705/][1]][1] 我们可以使用 `uptime` 命令或 [w 命令][2] 或 `top` 命令来判断 Linux 系统运行了多久。我可以使用 `tuptime` 工具保留每次重新启动的运行时间，以[获得系统运行时间的历史和统计报告][3]。 这就像 `uptime` 命令一样，但输出结果更令人印象深刻。最近我发现了另一种称为 `uptimed` 的工具，用于记录关于机器的系统运行时间和统计信息。让我们看看如何使用 Linux 操作系统上的 `uptimed` 和 `uprecords` 来获得运行时间的记录统计信息。 查找系统运行时间非常简单，只需在基于 Linux 的系统上键入以下命令即可： ``` $ uptime -p up 2 weeks, 4 days, 7 hours, 28 minutes ``` 要保留有关 `uptime` 的历史统计信息，请使用 [tuptime][3] 或 `uptimed` 工具。 ### 安装 uptimed 安装 `uptimed` 的最简单的方式是通过你的软件包管理器，比如 apt/apt-get/yum 这些你的 Linux 发行版的朋友。 #### 在 Debian/Ubuntu Linux 上安装 uptimed 键入以下 [apt 命令][4]/[apt-get 命令][5]： ``` $ sudo apt-get install uptimed ``` 示例输出： ``` Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following additional packages will be installed: libuptimed0 The following NEW packages will be installed: libuptimed0 uptimed 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded. Need to get 40.7 kB of archives. After this operation, 228 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y Get:1 http://mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libuptimed0 amd64 1:0.3.17-4 [9,050 B] Get:2 http://mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 uptimed amd64 1:0.3.17-4 [31.6 kB] Fetched 40.7 kB in 0s (2,738 kB/s) Preconfiguring packages ... Selecting previously unselected package libuptimed0. (Reading database ... 39163 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to unpack .../libuptimed0_1%3a0.3.17-4_amd64.deb ... Unpacking libuptimed0 (1:0.3.17-4) ... Selecting previously unselected package uptimed. Preparing to unpack .../uptimed_1%3a0.3.17-4_amd64.deb ... Unpacking uptimed (1:0.3.17-4) ... Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21) ... Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ... Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ... Setting up libuptimed0 (1:0.3.17-4) ... Setting up uptimed (1:0.3.17-4) ... Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ... Processing triggers for systemd (229-4ubuntu21) ... Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-19) ... ``` #### 在 CentOS/RHEL/Fedora/Oracle/Scientific Linux 上安装 uptimed 首先 [在 CentOS/RHEL 使用 EPEL 仓库][6]： ``` $ sudo yum -y install epel-release ``` 然后，键入以下 [yum 命令][7]： ``` $ sudo yum install uptimed ``` 示例输出： ``` Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: centos.excellmedia.net * epel: ftp.cuhk.edu.hk * extras: centos.excellmedia.net * updates: centos.excellmedia.net Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package uptimed.x86_64 0:0.4.0-6.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================== Installing: uptimed x86_64 0.4.0-6.el7 epel 47 k Transaction Summary =============================================================================== Install 1 Package Total download size: 47 k Installed size: 98 k Is this ok [y/d/N]: y Downloading packages: uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64.rpm | 47 kB 00:01 Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : uptimed-0.4.0-6.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed: uptimed.x86_64 0:0.4.0-6.el7 Complete! ``` 如果你正在使用 Fedora Linux，运行以下 `dnf` 命令： ``` $ sudo dnf install uptimed ``` #### 在 Arch Linux 上安装 uptimed 键入以下 `pacman` 命令： ``` $ sudo pacman -S uptimed ``` #### 在 Gentoo Linux 上安装 uptimed 键入以下 `emerge` 命令： ``` $ sudo emerge --ask uptimed ``` ### 如何配置 uptimed 使用文本编辑器编辑 `/etc/uptimed.conf` 文件，例如 `vim` 命令： ``` $ sudo vim /etc/uptimed.conf ``` 最少设置一个 email 地址来发送记录。假定有个兼容 sendmail 的 MTA 安装在 `/usr/lib/sendmail`。 ``` EMAIL=vivek@server1.cyberciti.biz ``` 保存并关闭文件。 ### 如何在系统启动时启动 uptimed 服务？ 使用 `systemctl` 命令启动 `uptimed` 服务： ``` $ sudo systemctl enable uptimed ``` ### 我该如何 启动/停止/重启 或者查看 uptimed 服务的状态？ ``` $ sudo systemctl start uptimed ## start it ## $ sudo systemctl stop uptimed ## stop it ## $ sudo systemctl restart uptimed ## restart it ## $ sudo systemctl status uptimed ## view status ## ``` 示例输出： ``` ● uptimed.service - uptime record daemon Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/uptimed.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Thu 2017-11-09 17:49:14 UTC; 18min ago Main PID: 11137 (uptimed) CGroup: /system.slice/uptimed.service └─11137 /usr/sbin/uptimed -f Nov 09 17:49:14 gfs04 systemd[1]: Started uptime record daemon. ``` ### 如何查看 uptime 记录 只需键入以下命令即可查看 `uptimed(8)` 程序的统计信息： ``` $ uprecords ``` 示例输出： [![Fig.02: uprecords in action][9]][9] `uprecords` 有一些选项： ``` $ uprecords -? ``` 示例输出： ``` usage: uprecords [OPTION]... -? this help -a do not print ansi codes -b sort by boottime -B reverse sort by boottime -k sort by sysinfo -K reverse sort by sysinfo -d print downtime seen before every uptimes instead of system -c do not show current entry if not in top entries -f run continously in a loop -s do not print extra statistics -w wide output (more than 80 cols per line) -i INTERVAL use INTERVAL seconds for loop instead of 5, implies -f -m COUNT show a maximum of top COUNT entries instead of 10 -M show next milestone -v version information ``` ### 结论 这是一个极好的小工具，可以显示服务器正常运行时间的记录，以证明机器正常运行时间和你的业务连续性。在相关说明中，你可以看到官方的 [XKCD 系统管理员 T恤][10] 因为漫画被制作成衬衫，其中包括背面的新插图。 [![Fig.03: Sysadmin XKCD shirt features the original comic on the front and a new illustration on the back.][11]][11] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/see-records-statistics-about-a-linux-servers-uptime/ 作者：[Vivek Gite][a] 译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz [1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/cms/2017/11/devotion_to_duty.png [2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-w-command-examples-syntax-usage-2/ (See Linux/Unix w command examples for more info) [3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/howto-see-historical-statistical-uptime-on-linux-server/ [4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-lts-debian-linux-apt-command-examples/ (See Linux/Unix apt command examples for more info) [5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html (See Linux/Unix apt-get command examples for more info) [6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/installing-rhel-epel-repo-on-centos-redhat-7-x/ [7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ (See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info) [8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection [9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/cms/2017/11/uprecord-screenshot.jpg [10]:https://store.xkcd.com/collections/apparel/products/sysadmin [11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/cms/2017/11/sysadmin_shirt_5_1024x1024.jpg