如何搜索一个包是否在你的 Linux 发行版中 ====== 如果你知道包名称,那么你可以直接安装所需的包。 在某些情况下,如果你不知道确切的包名称或者你想搜索某些包,那么你可以在发行版的包管理器的帮助下轻松搜索该包。搜索会自动包括已安装和可用的包。结果的格式取决于选项。如果你的查询没有输出任何信息,那么意味着没有匹配条件的包。这可以通过发行版的包管理器的各种选项来完成。我已经在本文中添加了所有可能的选项,你可以选择最好的和最合适你的选项。 或者,我们可以通过 `whohas` 命令实现这一点。它会从所有的主流发行版(例如 Debian、Ubuntu、 Fedora 等)中搜索,而不仅仅是你自己的系统发行版。 建议阅读: - [适用于 Linux 的命令行包管理器列表以及用法][1] - [Linux 包管理器的图形前端工具][2] ### 如何在 Debian/Ubuntu 中搜索一个包 我们可以使用 `apt`、`apt-cache` 和 `aptitude` 包管理器在基于 Debian 的发行版上查找给定的包。我为这个包管理器中包括了大量的选项。 我们可以在基于 Debian 的系统中使用三种方式完成此操作。 * `apt` 命令 * `apt-cache` 命令 * `aptitude` 命令 #### 如何使用 apt 命令搜索一个包 APT 代表高级包管理工具Advanced Packaging Tool(APT),它取代了 `apt-get`。它有功能丰富的命令行工具,包括所有功能包含在一个命令(`apt`)里,包括 `apt-cache`、`apt-search`、`dpkg`、`apt-cdrom`、`apt-config`、`apt-key` 等,还有其他几个独特的功能。 APT 是一个强大的命令行工具,它可以访问 libapt-pkg 底层库的所有特性,它可以用于安装、下载、删除、搜索和管理以及查询包的信息,另外它还包含一些较少使用的与包管理相关的命令行实用程序。 ``` $ apt -q list nano vlc Listing... nano/artful,now 2.8.6-3 amd64 [installed] vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64 ``` 或者,我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。 ``` $ apt search ^vlc Sorting... Done Full Text Search... Done vlc/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64 multimedia player and streamer vlc-bin/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64 binaries from VLC vlc-data/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all Common data for VLC vlc-l10n/artful,artful 2.2.6-6 all Translations for VLC vlc-plugin-access-extra/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64 multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins) vlc-plugin-base/artful 2.2.6-6 amd64 multimedia player and streamer (base plugins) ``` #### 如何使用 apt-cache 命令搜索一个包 `apt-cache` 会在 APT 的包缓存上执行各种操作。它会显示有关指定包的信息。`apt-cache` 不会改变系统的状态,但提供了从包的元数据中搜索和生成有趣输出的操作。 ``` $ apt-cache search nano | grep ^nano nano - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico nano-tiny - small, friendly text editor inspired by Pico - tiny build nanoblogger - Small weblog engine for the command line nanoblogger-extra - Nanoblogger plugins nanoc - static site generator written in Ruby nanoc-doc - static site generator written in Ruby - documentation nanomsg-utils - nanomsg utilities nanopolish - consensus caller for nanopore sequencing data ``` 或者,我们可以使用以下格式搜索指定的包。 ``` $ apt-cache policy vlc vlc: Installed: (none) Candidate: 2.2.6-6 Version table: 2.2.6-6 500 500 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu artful/universe amd64 Packages ``` 或者,我们可以使用以下格式搜索给定的包。 ``` $ apt-cache pkgnames vlc vlc-bin vlc-plugin-video-output vlc-plugin-sdl vlc-plugin-svg vlc-plugin-samba vlc-plugin-fluidsynth vlc-plugin-qt vlc-plugin-skins2 vlc-plugin-visualization vlc-l10n vlc-plugin-notify vlc-plugin-zvbi vlc-plugin-vlsub vlc-plugin-jack vlc-plugin-access-extra vlc vlc-data vlc-plugin-video-splitter vlc-plugin-base ``` #### 如何使用 aptitude 命令搜索一个包 `aptitude` 是一个基于文本的 Debian GNU/Linux 软件包系统的命令行界面。它允许用户查看包列表,并执行包管理任务,例如安装、升级和删除包,它可以从可视化界面或命令行执行操作。 ``` $ aptitude search ^vlc p vlc - multimedia player and streamer p vlc:i386 - multimedia player and streamer p vlc-bin - binaries from VLC p vlc-bin:i386 - binaries from VLC p vlc-data - Common data for VLC v vlc-data:i386 - p vlc-l10n - Translations for VLC v vlc-l10n:i386 - p vlc-plugin-access-extra - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins) p vlc-plugin-access-extra:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (extra access plugins) p vlc-plugin-base - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins) p vlc-plugin-base:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (base plugins) p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth - FluidSynth plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-fluidsynth:i386 - FluidSynth plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-jack - Jack audio plugins for VLC p vlc-plugin-jack:i386 - Jack audio plugins for VLC p vlc-plugin-notify - LibNotify plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-notify:i386 - LibNotify plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-qt - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin) p vlc-plugin-qt:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Qt plugin) p vlc-plugin-samba - Samba plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-samba:i386 - Samba plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-sdl - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-sdl:i386 - SDL video and audio output plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-skins2 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin) p vlc-plugin-skins2:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (Skins2 plugin) p vlc-plugin-svg - SVG plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-svg:i386 - SVG plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-video-output - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins) p vlc-plugin-video-output:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video output plugins) p vlc-plugin-video-splitter - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins) p vlc-plugin-video-splitter:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (video splitter plugins) p vlc-plugin-visualization - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins) p vlc-plugin-visualization:i386 - multimedia player and streamer (visualization plugins) p vlc-plugin-vlsub - VLC extension to download subtitles from opensubtitles.org p vlc-plugin-zvbi - VBI teletext plugin for VLC p vlc-plugin-zvbi:i386 ``` ### 如何在 RHEL/CentOS 中搜索一个包 Yum(Yellowdog Updater Modified)是 Linux 操作系统中的包管理器实用程序之一。Yum 命令用于在一些基于 RedHat 的 Linux 发行版上,它用来安装、更新、搜索和删除软件包。 ``` # yum search ftpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: centos.hyve.com * epel: mirrors.coreix.net * extras: centos.hyve.com * rpmforge: www.mirrorservice.org * updates: mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net ============================================================== N/S Matched: ftpd =============================================================== nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything. ``` 或者,我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同内容。 ``` # yum list ftpd ``` ### 如何在 Fedora 中搜索一个包 DNF 代表 Dandified yum。我们可以说 DNF 是下一代 yum 包管理器(Yum 的衍生品),它使用 hawkey/libsolv 库作为底层。Aleš Kozumplík 从 Fedora 18 开始开发 DNF,最终在 Fedora 22 中发布。 ``` # dnf search ftpd Last metadata expiration check performed 0:42:28 ago on Tue Jun 9 22:52:44 2018. ============================== N/S Matched: ftpd =============================== proftpd-utils.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Additional utilities pure-ftpd-selinux.x86_64 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD proftpd-devel.i686 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers proftpd-devel.x86_64 : ProFTPD - Tools and header files for developers proftpd-ldap.x86_64 : Module to add LDAP support to the ProFTPD FTP server proftpd-mysql.x86_64 : Module to add MySQL support to the ProFTPD FTP server proftpd-postgresql.x86_64 : Module to add PostgreSQL support to the ProFTPD FTP : server vsftpd.x86_64 : Very Secure Ftp Daemon proftpd.x86_64 : Flexible, stable and highly-configurable FTP server owfs-ftpd.x86_64 : FTP daemon providing access to 1-Wire networks perl-ftpd.noarch : Secure, extensible and configurable Perl FTP server pure-ftpd.x86_64 : Lightweight, fast and secure FTP server pyftpdlib.noarch : Python FTP server library nordugrid-arc-gridftpd.x86_64 : ARC gridftp server ``` 或者,我们可以使用以下命令搜索相同的内容。 ``` # dnf list proftpd Failed to synchronize cache for repo 'heikoada-terminix', disabling. Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:02 ago on Tue 26 Jun 2018 04:30:05 PM IST. Available Packages proftpd.x86_64 ``` ### 如何在 Arch Linux 中搜索一个包 pacman 代表包管理实用程序(pacman)。它是一个用于安装、构建、删除和管理 Arch Linux 软件包的命令行实用程序。pacman 使用 libalpm(Arch Linux Package Management(ALPM)库)作为底层来执行所有操作。 在本例中,我将要搜索 chromium 包。 ``` # pacman -Ss chromium extra/chromium 48.0.2564.116-1 The open-source project behind Google Chrome, an attempt at creating a safer, faster, and more stable browser extra/qt5-webengine 5.5.1-9 (qt qt5) Provides support for web applications using the Chromium browser project community/chromium-bsu 0.9.15.1-2 A fast paced top scrolling shooter community/chromium-chromevox latest-1 Causes the Chromium web browser to automatically install and update the ChromeVox screen reader extention. Note: This package does not contain the extension code. community/fcitx-mozc 2.17.2313.102-1 Fcitx Module of A Japanese Input Method for Chromium OS, Windows, Mac and Linux (the Open Source Edition of Google Japanese Input) ``` 默认情况下,`-s` 选项内置 ERE(扩展正则表达式)会导致很多不需要的结果。使用以下格式会仅匹配包名称。 ``` # pacman -Ss '^chromium-' ``` `pkgfile` 是一个用于在 Arch Linux 官方仓库的包中搜索文件的工具。 ``` # pkgfile chromium ``` ### 如何在 openSUSE 中搜索一个包 Zypper 是 SUSE 和 openSUSE 发行版的命令行包管理器。它用于安装、更新、搜索和删除包以及管理仓库,执行各种查询等。Zypper 命令行对接到 ZYpp 系统管理库(libzypp)。 ``` # zypper search ftp or # zypper se ftp Loading repository data... Reading installed packages... S | Name | Summary | Type --+----------------+-----------------------------------------+-------- | proftpd | Highly configurable GPL-licensed FTP -> | package | proftpd-devel | Development files for ProFTPD | package | proftpd-doc | Documentation for ProFTPD | package | proftpd-lang | Languages for package proftpd | package | proftpd-ldap | LDAP Module for ProFTPD | package | proftpd-mysql | MySQL Module for ProFTPD | package | proftpd-pgsql | PostgreSQL Module for ProFTPD | package | proftpd-radius | Radius Module for ProFTPD | package | proftpd-sqlite | SQLite Module for ProFTPD | package | pure-ftpd | A Lightweight, Fast, and Secure FTP S-> | package | vsftpd | Very Secure FTP Daemon - Written from-> | package ``` ### 如何使用 whohas 命令搜索一个包 `whohas` 命令是一个智能工具,从所有主流发行版中搜索指定包,如 Debian、Ubuntu、Gentoo、Arch、AUR、Mandriva、Fedora、Fink、FreeBSD 和 NetBSD。 ``` $ whohas nano Mandriva nano-debug 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/0b33dc73bca710749ad14bbc3a67e15a Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d9dfb2567681e09287b27e7ac6cdbc05 Mandriva nano-debug 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/3299516dbc1538cd27a876895f45aee4 Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.x http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/98421c894ee30a27d9bd578264625220 Mandriva nano 2.3.1-1mdv2010.2.i http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/cea07b5ef9aa05bac262fc7844dbd223 Mandriva nano 2.2.4-1mdv2010.1.s http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/d61f9341b8981e80424c39c3951067fa Mandriva spring-mod-nanoblobs 0.65-2mdv2010.0.sr http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/74bb369d4cbb4c8cfe6f6028e8562460 Mandriva nanoxml-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/287a4c37bc2a39c0f277b0020df47502 Mandriva nanoxml-manual-lite 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/17dc4f638e5e9964038d4d26c53cc9c6 Mandriva nanoxml-manual 2.2.3-4.1.4mdv2010 http://sophie.zarb.org/rpms/a1b5092cd01fc8bb78a0f3ca9b90370b Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano Gentoo nano 9999 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano Gentoo nano 2.9.8 http://packages.gentoo.org/package/app-editors/nano Gentoo nano 2.9.7 ``` 如果你希望只从当前发行版仓库中搜索指定包,使用以下格式: ``` $ whohas -d Ubuntu vlc Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/vlc Ubuntu vlc 2.1.6-0ubuntu14.04 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty-updates/vlc Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/vlc Ubuntu vlc 2.2.2-5ubuntu0.16. 1M all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial-updates/vlc Ubuntu vlc 2.2.6-6 40K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/vlc Ubuntu vlc 3.0.1-3build1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/vlc Ubuntu vlc 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 32K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic-updates/vlc Ubuntu vlc 3.0.3-1 33K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/vlc Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-2 55K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/trusty/browser-plugin-vlc Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/xenial/browser-plugin-vlc Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/browser-plugin-vlc Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/browser-plugin-vlc Ubuntu browser-plugin-vlc 2.0.6-4 47K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/cosmic/browser-plugin-vlc Ubuntu libvlc-bin 2.2.6-6 27K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/artful/libvlc-bin Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.1-3build1 17K all http://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/libvlc-bin Ubuntu libvlc-bin 3.0.2-0ubuntu0.1 17K all ``` -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-search-if-a-package-is-available-on-your-linux-distribution-or-not/ 作者:[Prakash Subramanian][a] 选题:[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) 校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/ [1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-command-line-package-manager-for-linux/ [2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/list-of-graphical-frontend-tool-for-linux-package-manager/