如何在 Ubuntu 系统中添加一个辅助 IP 地址 ====== Linux 管理员应该意识到这一点,因为这是一项例行任务。很多人想知道为什么我们需要在服务器中添加多个 IP 地址,以及为什么我们需要将它添加到单块网卡中?我说的对吗? 你可能也会有类似的问题:在 Linux 中如何为单块网卡分配多个 IP 地址?在本文中,你可以得到答案。 当我们对一个新服务器进行设置时,理想情况下它将有一个 IP 地址,即服务器主 IP 地址,它与服务器主机名对应。 我们不应在服务器主 IP 地址上托管任何应用程序,这是不可取的。如果要在服务器上托管任何应用程序,我们应该为此添加辅助 IP。 这是业界的最佳实践,它允许用户安装 SSL 证书。大多数系统都配有单块网卡,这足以添加额外的 IP 地址。 **建议阅读:** - [在 Linux 命令行中 9 种方法检查公共 IP 地址][1] - [在 Linux 终端中 3 种简单的方式来检查 DNS(域名服务器)记录][2] - [在 Linux 上使用 Dig 命令检查 DNS(域名服务器)记录][3] - [在 Linux 上使用 Nslookup 命令检查 DNS(域名服务器)记录][4] - [在 Linux 上使用 Host 命令检查 DNS(域名服务器)记录][5] 我们可以在同一个接口上添加 IP 地址,或者在同一设备上创建子接口,然后在其中添加 IP。默认情况下,一直到 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS,接口给名称为 `ethX (eth0)`,但是从 Ubuntu 15.10 之后网络接口名称已从 `ethX` 更改为 `enXXXXX`(对于服务器是 ens33,桌面版是 enp0s3)。 在本文中,我们将教你如何在 Ubuntu 上执行此操作,并且衍生到其它发行版(to 校正:这句自己加的)。 **注意:**别在 DNS 详细信息后添加 IP 地址。如果是这样,DNS 将无法正常工作。 ### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加临时辅助 IP 地址 在系统中添加 IP 地址之前,运行以下任一命令即可验证服务器主 IP 地址: ``` # ifconfig 或 # ip addr # ip addr eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36 inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:902 (902.0 B) TX bytes:16423 (16.4 KB) eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:80 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:146 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:8698 (8.6 KB) TX bytes:17047 (17.0 KB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1 RX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB) TX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB) ``` 如我所见,服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.150`,我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.151` 作为辅助 IP,使用以下方法完成: ``` # ip addr add 192.168.56.151/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev eth0 label eth0:1 ``` 输入以下命令以检查新添加的 IP 地址。如果你重新启动服务器,那么新添加的 IP 地址会消失,因为我们的 IP 是临时添加的。 ``` # ip addr 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:98:b7:36 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.56.150/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet 192.168.56.151/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary eth0:1 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth1: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever ``` ### 如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址 要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址,只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需的 IP 详细信息。 ``` # vi /etc/network/interfaces ``` ``` # vi /etc/network/interfaces # The loopback network interface auto lo iface lo inet loopback # The primary network interface auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.56.150 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.56.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255 gateway 192.168.56.1 auto eth0:1 iface eth0:1 inet static address 192.168.56.151 netmask 255.255.255.0 ``` 保存并关闭文件,然后重启网络接口服务。 ``` # service networking restart 或 # ifdown eth0:1 && ifup eth0:1 ``` 验证新添加的 IP 地址: ``` # ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36 inet addr:192.168.56.150 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:962 (962.0 B) TX bytes:11905 (11.9 KB) eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36 inet addr:192.168.56.151 Bcast:192.168.56.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 inet addr:10.0.3.15 Bcast:10.0.3.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:4924 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:3185 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:4037636 (4.0 MB) TX bytes:422516 (422.5 KB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) ``` ### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中临时添加辅助 IP 地址 正如本文开头所述,网络接口名称从 Ubuntu 15.10 就开始从 ‘ethX’ 更改为 ‘enXXXX’ (enp0s3),所以,替换你的接口名称。 在执行此操作之前,先检查系统上的 IP 信息: ``` # ifconfig 或 # ip addr enp0s3: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet 192.168.56.201 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 7 bytes 420 (420.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 294 bytes 24747 (24.7 KB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 enp0s8: flags=4163 mtu 1500 inet 10.0.3.15 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.0.3.255 inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20 ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 1 bytes 590 (590.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 97 bytes 10209 (10.2 KB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 lo: flags=73 mtu 65536 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0 inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10 loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback) RX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 325 bytes 24046 (24.0 KB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 ``` 如我所见,服务器主 IP 地址是 `192.168.56.201`,所以,我将下一个 IP `192.168.56.202` 作为辅助 IP,使用以下命令完成。 ``` # ip addr add 192.168.56.202/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev enp0s3 ``` 运行以下命令来检查是否已分配了新的 IP。当你重启机器时,它会消失。 ``` # ip addr 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8 valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever ``` ### 如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址 要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址,只需编辑 `/etc/network/interfaces` 文件并添加所需 IP 的详细信息。 我们不应该在 `dns-nameservers` 行之后添加辅助 IP 地址,因为它不会起作用,应该以下面的格式添加 IP 详情。 此外,我们不需要添加子接口(我们之前在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中的做法): ``` # vi /etc/network/interfaces # interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8) auto lo iface lo inet loopback # The primary network interface auto enp0s3 iface enp0s3 inet static address 192.168.56.201 netmask 255.255.255.0 iface enp0s3 inet static address 192.168.56.202 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.56.1 network 192.168.56.0 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 dns-search 2daygeek.local ``` 保存并关闭文件,然后重启网络接口服务: ``` # systemctl restart networking 或 # ifdown enp0s3 && ifup enp0s3 ``` 运行以下命令来检查是否已经分配了新的 IP: ``` # ip addr 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: enp0s3: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: enp0s8: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8 valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever ``` 让我来 ping 一下新 IP 地址: ``` # ping 192.168.56.202 -c 4 PING 192.168.56.202 (192.168.56.202) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.087 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms --- 192.168.56.202 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3068ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.019/0.045/0.087/0.026 ms ``` -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-add-additional-ip-secondary-ip-in-ubuntu-debian-system/ 作者:[Prakash Subramanian][a] 选题:[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven) 校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [a]:https://www.2daygeek.com/author/prakash/ [1]:https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-server-public-ip-address-linux/ [2]:https://www.2daygeek.com/check-find-dns-records-of-domain-in-linux-terminal/ [3]:https://www.2daygeek.com/dig-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/ [4]:https://www.2daygeek.com/nslookup-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/ [5]:https://www.2daygeek.com/host-command-check-find-dns-records-lookup-linux/