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@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (11 ways to list and sort files on Linux)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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11 ways to list and sort files on Linux
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======
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Linux commands can provide details on files and show options for customizing file listings, but can also reach as deeply into a file system as you care to look.
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Thinkstock
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There are many ways to list files and display information about them on Linux systems. This post reviews a number of commands that provide details on files and provides options for customizing your file listings to meet your needs.
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Most of the commands list files within individual directories while others reach as deeply into a file system as you care to look.
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The primary command for listing files is, of course, **ls**. This command, however, has an extensive number of options for finding and listing just the files you want to see. Plus, there's always **find** for helping with very specific file searches.
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### Listing files by name
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The easiest way to list files by name is simply to list them using the **ls** command. Listing files by name (alphanumeric order) is, after all, the default. You can choose the **ls** (no details) or **ls -l** (lots of details) to determine your view.
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```
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$ ls | head -6
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8pgs.pdf
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Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf
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alien.pdf
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Annual_Meeting_Agenda-20190602.pdf
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bigfile.bz2
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bin
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$ ls -l | head -6
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 10886 Mar 22 2019 8pgs.pdf
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 284003 May 11 2019 Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 38282 Jan 24 2019 alien.pdf
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 97358 May 19 2019 Annual_Meeting_20190602.pdf
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 18115234 Apr 16 17:36 bigfile.bz2
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drwxrwxr-x 4 shs shs 8052736 Jul 10 13:17 bin
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```
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Pipe the output of **ls** to the **more** command if you want to review your listing a screenful at a time.
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### Listing files in reverse name order
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To reverse the listing of files by name, add the **-r** (reverse) option. This will be like turning the normal listing upside down.
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```
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$ ls -r
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$ ls -lr
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```
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### Listing files by file extension
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The **ls** command doesn’t analyze file types by content, but works with file names. There is, however, a command option that can list files by extension. If you add the **-X** option, **ls** will sort files by name within each extension category. For example, it will list files without extensions first (in alphanumeric order) followed by files with extensions like .1, .bz2, .c and so on.
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### Listing directories only
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By default, the **ls** command will show both files and directories. If you want to list _only_ directories, you can use the **-d** option. You will get a listing like this one:
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```
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$ ls -d */
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1/ backups/ modules/ projects/ templates/
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2/ html/ patches/ public/ videos/
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bin/ new/ private/ save/
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```
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### Listing files by size
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If you want to list files in size order, add the **-S** option. Note, however, that this won't actually show you the sizes (along with other file details) unless you also add the **-l** (long listing) option. When listing files by size, it's generally helpful to see that the command is doing what you asked. Notice that the default is to show the largest files first. Add the **-r** option to reverse this (i.e., **ls -lSr**).
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```
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$ ls -lS
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total 959492
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 357679381 Sep 19 2019 sav-linux-free-9.tgz
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 103270400 Apr 16 17:38 bigfile
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 79117862 Oct 5 2019 Nessus-8.7.1-ubuntu1110_amd64.deb
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```
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### Listing files by owner
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If you want to list files by owner (e.g., in a shared directory), you can pass the output of the **ls** command to **sort** and pick out the owner column by adding **-k3** to sort on the third field.
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```
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$ ls -l | sort -k3 | more
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total 56
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 dory shs 0 Aug 23 12:27 tasklist
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drwx------ 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 17:12 tracker-extract-files.121
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srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Aug 21 17:12 ntf_listenerc0c6b8b4567
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drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 21 17:12 hsperfdata_root
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^
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```
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In fact, you can sort on any field this way (e.g., year). Just be careful to add an “n” – **-k5n** – if you’re sorting on a field which is numeric or you'll be sorting in alphanumeric order. This sorting technique is useful for sorting file contents as well, not just listing files.
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### Listing files by age
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Use the **-t** option to list files in order of age – how new they are. Add the **-r** option to get the most recently updated files showing up last in the list. I use this alias to show me a list of the files that I’ve most recently updated:
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```
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$ alias recent='ls -ltr | tail -8'
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```
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Note that file change and modification times are different. The **-c** (change) and **-t** (modification) options will not always give the same results. If you change permissions on a file and nothing else, **-c** will put that files at the top of the **ls** output while **-t** will not. If you’re curious about the difference, look at the output of the **stat** command.
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```
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$ stat ckacct
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File: ckacct
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Size: 200 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
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Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 829041 Links: 1
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Access: (0750/-rwxr-x---) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs)
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Access: 2020-08-20 16:10:11.063015008 -0400
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Modify: 2020-08-17 07:26:34.579922297 -0400 <== content changes
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Change: 2020-08-24 09:36:51.699775940 -0400 <== content or permissions changes
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Birth: -
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```
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### Listing files by group
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To sort files by the associated groups, you can pass the output from a long listing to the **sort** command and tell it to sort on column 4.
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```
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$ ls -l | sort -k4
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```
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### Listing files by access date
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To list files by access date (most recently accessed first), use the **-ltu** options. The "u" enforces the "by access date" listing order.
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```
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$ ls -ltu
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total 959500
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-rwxr-x--- 1 shs shs 200 Aug 24 09:42 ckacct <== most recently used
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1335 Aug 23 17:45 lte
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```
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### Listing multiple files on a single line
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Sometimes a condensed file listing is more appropriate for the task at hand. The **ls** command even has options for that. To list files on as few lines as possible, you can use **\--format=comma** to separate file names with commas as in this command:
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```
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$ ls --format=comma
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1, 10, 11, 12, 124, 13, 14, 15, 16pgs-landscape.pdf, 16pgs.pdf, 17, 18, 19,
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192.168.0.4, 2, 20, 2018-12-23_OoS_2.pdf, 2018-12-23_OoS.pdf, 20190512_OoS.pdf,
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'2019_HOHO_application working.pdf' …
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```
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Prefer white space? Use **\--format=across** instead.
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```
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$ ls --format=across z*
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z zip zipfiles zipfiles1.bat zipfiles2.bat
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zipfiles3.bat zipfiles4.bat zipfiles.bat zoom_amd64.deb zoomap.pdf
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zoom-mtg
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```
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### Adding depth to your searches
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While **ls** generally lists files in a single directory, you can choose instead to recursively list files by using the **-R** options, delving into the entire depth of directories:
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```
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$ ls -R zzzzz | grep -v "^$"
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zzzzz:
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zzzz
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zzzzz/zzzz:
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zzz
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zzzzz/zzzz/zzz:
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zz
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zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz:
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z
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zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz/z:
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sleeping
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```
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Alternately, you can use a **find** command with a limited or unlimited depth specification. In this command, we instruct the **find** command to look in only three levels of directories:
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```
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$ find zzzzz -maxdepth 3
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zzzzz
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zzzzz/zzzz
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zzzzz/zzzz/zzz
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zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz
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```
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### Choosing ls vs find
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When you need to list files that meet a very selective list of requirements, the **find** command is probably a better tool to use than **ls**.
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Unlike **ls**, the **find** command looks as deeply as possible unless you constrain it. It also has many other options and an **-exec** command that allows you to take some specific action once you find the files you’re looking for.
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### Wrap-Up
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The **ls** command has a lot of options for listing files. Check them out. You might find some that you’ll love.
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Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][1] and [LinkedIn][2] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html
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作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
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[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
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@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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||||
[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (11 ways to list and sort files on Linux)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html)
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[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
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把 Linux 上的文件列表和排序玩出花来
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======
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> Linux 命令可以提供文件的详细信息，也可以自定义显示的文件列表，甚至可以深入到文件系统的目录中，只要你愿意看。
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在 Linux 系统上，有许多方法可以列出文件并显示它们的信息。这篇文章回顾了一些提供文件细节的命令，并提供了自定义文件列表的选项，以满足你的需求。
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大多数命令都会列出单个目录中的文件，而其他命令则可以深入到文件系统的目录中，只要你愿意看。
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当然，最主要的文件列表命令是 `ls`。然而，这个命令有大量的选项，可以只查找和列出你想看的文件。另外，还有 `find` 可以帮助你进行非常具体的文件搜索。
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### 按名称列出文件
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最简单的方法是使用 `ls` 命令按名称列出文件。毕竟，按名称（字母数字顺序）列出文件是默认的。你可以选择 `ls`（无细节）或 `ls -l`（大量细节）来决定你看到什么。
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|
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```
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$ ls | head -6
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8pgs.pdf
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Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf
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alien.pdf
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Annual_Meeting_Agenda-20190602.pdf
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bigfile.bz2
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bin
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$ ls -l | head -6
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 10886 Mar 22 2019 8pgs.pdf
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 284003 May 11 2019 Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf
|
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 38282 Jan 24 2019 alien.pdf
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 97358 May 19 2019 Annual_Meeting_20190602.pdf
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 18115234 Apr 16 17:36 bigfile.bz2
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drwxrwxr-x 4 shs shs 8052736 Jul 10 13:17 bin
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```
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如果你想一次查看一屏的列表，可以将 `ls` 的输出用管道送到 `more` 命令中。
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### 按相反的名字顺序排列文件
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要按名称反转文件列表，请添加 `-r`（<ruby>反转<rt>Reverse</rt></ruby>）选项。这就像把正常的列表倒过来一样。
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```
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$ ls -r
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$ ls -lr
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```
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### 按文件扩展名列出文件
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`ls` 命令不会按内容分析文件类型，它只会处理文件名。不过，有一个命令选项可以按扩展名列出文件。如果你添加了 `-X` （<ruby>扩展名<rt>eXtension</rt></ruby>）选项，`ls` 将在每个扩展名类别中按名称对文件进行排序。例如，它将首先列出没有扩展名的文件（按字母数字顺序），然后是扩展名为 `.1`、`.bz2`、`.c` 等的文件。
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### 只列出目录
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默认情况下，`ls` 命令将同时显示文件和目录。如果你想只列出目录，你可以使用 `-d`（<ruby>目录<rt>Directory</rt></ruby>）选项。你会得到一个像这样的列表：
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```
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$ ls -d */
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1/ backups/ modules/ projects/ templates/
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2/ html/ patches/ public/ videos/
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bin/ new/ private/ save/
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```
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### 按大小排列文件
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如果你想按大小顺序列出文件，请添加 `-S`（<ruby>大小<rt>Size</rt></ruby>）选项。但请注意，这实际上不会显示文件的大小（以及其他文件的细节），除非你还添加 `-l`（<ruby>长列表<rt>Long listing</rt></ruby>）选项。当按大小列出文件时，一般来说，看到命令在按你的要求做事情是很有帮助的。注意，默认情况下是先显示最大的文件。添加 `-r` 选项可以反过来（即 `ls -lSr`）。
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```
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$ ls -lS
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total 959492
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 357679381 Sep 19 2019 sav-linux-free-9.tgz
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 103270400 Apr 16 17:38 bigfile
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 79117862 Oct 5 2019 Nessus-8.7.1-ubuntu1110_amd64.deb
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```
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### 按属主列出文件
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如果你想按属主列出文件（例如，在一个共享目录中），你可以把 `ls` 命令的输出传给 `sort`，并通过添加 `-k3` 来按第三个字段排序，从而挑出属主一栏。
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```
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$ ls -l | sort -k3 | more
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total 56
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||||
-rw-rw-r-- 1 dory shs 0 Aug 23 12:27 tasklist
|
||||
drwx------ 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 17:12 tracker-extract-files.121
|
||||
srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Aug 21 17:12 ntf_listenerc0c6b8b4567
|
||||
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 21 17:12 hsperfdata_root
|
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^
|
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|
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```
|
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|
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事实上，你可以用这种方式对任何字段进行排序（例如，年份）。只是要注意，如果你要对一个数字字段进行排序，则要加上一个 `n`，如 `-k5n`，否则你将按字母数字顺序进行排序。这种排序技术对于文件内容的排序也很有用，而不仅仅是用于列出文件。
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### 按年份排列文件
|
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使用 `-t`（<ruby>修改时间<rt>Time modified</rt></ruby>）选项按年份顺序列出文件 —— 它们的新旧程度。添加 `-r` 选项，让最近更新的文件在列表中最后显示。我使用这个别名来显示我最近更新的文件列表。
|
||||
|
||||
```
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||||
$ alias recent='ls -ltr | tail -8'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，文件的更改时间和修改时间是不同的。`-c`（<ruby>更改时间<rt>time Changed</rt></ruby>）和 `-t`（修改时间）选项的结果并不总是相同。如果你改变了一个文件的权限，而没有改变其他内容，`-c` 会把这个文件放在 `ls` 输出的顶部，而 `-t` 则不会。如果你想知道其中的区别，可以看看 `stat` 命令的输出。
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|
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```
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$ stat ckacct
|
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File: ckacct
|
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Size: 200 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
|
||||
Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 829041 Links: 1
|
||||
Access: (0750/-rwxr-x---) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs)
|
||||
Access: 2020-08-20 16:10:11.063015008 -0400
|
||||
Modify: 2020-08-17 07:26:34.579922297 -0400 <== content changes
|
||||
Change: 2020-08-24 09:36:51.699775940 -0400 <== content or permissions changes
|
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Birth: -
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```
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### 按组别列出文件
|
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|
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要按关联的组别对文件进行排序，你可以将一个长列表的输出传给 `sort` 命令，并告诉它在第 4 列进行排序。
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```
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$ ls -l | sort -k4
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```
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### 按访问日期列出文件
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要按访问日期（最近访问的日期在前）列出文件，使用 `-ltu` 选项。`u` 强制“按访问日期”排列顺序。
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```
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$ ls -ltu
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total 959500
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-rwxr-x--- 1 shs shs 200 Aug 24 09:42 ckacct <== most recently used
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1335 Aug 23 17:45 lte
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||||
```
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### 单行列出多个文件
|
||||
|
||||
有时，精简的文件列表更适合手头的任务。`ls` 命令甚至有这方面的选项。为了在尽可能少的行上列出文件，你可以使用 `--format=comma` 来用逗号分隔文件名，就像这个命令一样：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls --format=comma
|
||||
1, 10, 11, 12, 124, 13, 14, 15, 16pgs-landscape.pdf, 16pgs.pdf, 17, 18, 19,
|
||||
192.168.0.4, 2, 20, 2018-12-23_OoS_2.pdf, 2018-12-23_OoS.pdf, 20190512_OoS.pdf,
|
||||
'2019_HOHO_application working.pdf' …
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
喜欢用空格？使用 `--format=across` 代替。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls --format=across z*
|
||||
z zip zipfiles zipfiles1.bat zipfiles2.bat
|
||||
zipfiles3.bat zipfiles4.bat zipfiles.bat zoom_amd64.deb zoomap.pdf
|
||||
zoom-mtg
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 增加搜索的深度
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 `ls` 一般只列出单个目录中的文件，但你可以选择使用 `-R` 选项（<ruby>递归<rt>Recursively</rt></ruby>）地列出文件，深入到整个目录的深处。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls -R zzzzz | grep -v "^$"
|
||||
zzzzz:
|
||||
zzzz
|
||||
zzzzz/zzzz:
|
||||
zzz
|
||||
zzzzz/zzzz/zzz:
|
||||
zz
|
||||
zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz:
|
||||
z
|
||||
zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz/z:
|
||||
sleeping
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
另外，你也可以使用 `find` 命令，对深度进行限制或不限制。在这个命令中，我们指示 `find` 命令只在三个层次的目录中查找：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ find zzzzz -maxdepth 3
|
||||
zzzzz
|
||||
zzzzz/zzzz
|
||||
zzzzz/zzzz/zzz
|
||||
zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 选择 ls 还是 find
|
||||
|
||||
当你需要列出符合具体要求的文件时，`find` 命令可能是比 `ls` 更好的工具。
|
||||
|
||||
与 `ls` 不同的是，`find` 命令会尽可能地深入查找，除非你限制它。它还有许多其他选项和一个 `-exec` 子命令，允许在找到你要找的文件后采取一些特定的行动。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
`ls` 命令有很多用于列出文件的选项。了解一下它们。你可能会发现一些你会喜欢的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user