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20140529 Command Line Tuesday--The Introductory.md
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GOLinux
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麻雀虽小五脏俱全，4MLinux现在才仅55MB
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================================================================================
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**4MLinux是一个已经发展到版本9.0 Beta版的小型Linux发行版，专注于计算机的4MS，即维护（用于系统救援的Live CD）、多媒体（像是播放DVD）、迷你服务器（使用inetd守护进程）和Mystery (Linux小游戏)。**
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4MLinux是世界上最小的，能够为用户提供一个桌面环境和一些应用，可以日常应用的发行版。
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大多数mini版本的Linux发行版通常从一开始就不提供这样的大量的应用程序，特别是在只有55MB大小的情况下。
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“这个版本的亮点是维护（MBR和GPT分区软件，4MLinux备份脚本9.0，ClamAV0.98.3）、多媒体（MPlayer SVN-r37146，FFmpeg Git-2014-04-10），迷你服务器（FTP，HTTP，SSH，SFTP）和Mystery（一组小游戏）。“
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开发者在博客里说:“4MLinux的X Window基于X.Org Server 1.15.1、Mesa 10.1.3,、JWM 2.2.2 和 FOX toolkit 1.6.49。4MLinux还支持全自动安装的'vanilla'版本的LibreOffice4.2.4、Java RE 7u55和VirtualBox 4.3.12。ISO映像的大小约为55 MB”
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正如你所看到的，大部分提供的包都是很新的，如VirtualBox、LibreOffice、Mesa、ffmpeg、ClamAV等等。如果你有关于这个版本不太有信心，可以随时用虚拟机尝试它。
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有趣的是用户可以在X Server 启动前切入启动进程并使用命令行，这是一个不错的做法。
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开发者在完成了主要的更新后将开始发布所有的其它分支版本，比如完整版、游戏版、服务器版、媒体版、救援版等等。请记住，你可以从一个非常简单的软件的帮助下，从主面板选择并安装这些Linux分支版。
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用户还会发现，大部分你所需要的应用程序都可以在仓库找到，而4MLinux发行版可以通过下载相应的软件包来执行上面的任务。
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完整的更新说明可在官方找到 [说明][1].
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### 下载4MLinux 9.0 Beta: ###
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- [4MLinux 8.2 (ISO)][2][iso] [53.90 MB]
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- [4MLinux 9.0 Beta (ISO)][3][iso] [53 MB]
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请记住，目前9.0还是一个开发版，它不应该在生产机器上安装。它的目的仅用于测试目的。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946.shtml
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译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://4mlinux-releases.blogspot.ro/2014/05/4mlinux-90-beta-released.html
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[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/8.0/updates/8.2/livecd/4MLinux-8.2.iso/download
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[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/9.0/livecd/4MLinux-9.0.iso/download
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在Surface Pro 3上运行Ubuntu – 虽不完美但很有戏
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================================================================================
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微软从5月21日起接受Surface Pro 3平板PC的预订，没过多久Linux爱好者们就在其上尝试了Ubuntu 14.04。结果是十分有戏的！Surface pro 3宣称其拥有还不错的[硬件配置][1]，当它的所有的硬件都被支持后，对任何Linux用户而言在上面运行 Ubuntu 无疑是一件令人感到振奋的事情。
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最明智的第一步无疑是对Surface pro 3的系统镜像做个备份。根据上面安装系统版本的不同，其备份镜像的大小也不一定相同，但这一过程无疑都很快。不过，恢复Windows 8.1的时候还另外需要一个驱动器来帮助恢复镜像，因为一旦安装了Linux，原本的修复和还原功能将会消失。
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要在Surface上安装Ubuntu，插入一个Ubuntu的可启动U盘，同时按住音量减键和电源键，直到Surface的标志出现，然后放开这两个键。一旦从USB启动之后，你就能看到熟悉的Ubuntu安装界面（有实时会话[live session]和安装选项）。后续Ubuntu安装步骤和一般的安装相同。
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安装完成后大部分组件都能达到开箱即用的状态。WiFi能够正常工作，但只能检测到2.4GHz的网络。Type Cover上的触控板工作正常，但键盘不能工作。在辅助设置中的虚拟键盘可以用来输入，但在Ubuntu中还是缺少一些功能特性。最佳的选择是连接一个USB键盘。随附的手写笔能够像鼠标一样工作，点击下去相当于鼠标左键单击，但蓝牙不能开箱即用，手写笔上的按钮也不起作用。在Ubuntu上手写笔的功能实现上，在压感上可能会有点小问题。尽管系统流畅反应迅速，但没有了Type Cover的体验无论如何也算不上最佳。就像键盘一样，dock（译注：Surface的扩展底座）可能也做不到开箱即用。相比于Ubuntu，触控和WiFi同样可以开箱即用的KDE的Plasma Active（译注：KDE专为触控设备打造的用户界面）会是个更好的选择。另外，最新版的Kubuntu在Surface Pro 3上安装时还存在一些问题。
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如果这部设备能够获得开发者足够的关注的话，到Surface Pro 3在各个销售点开售的时候，大部分问题应该能够得到解决。 这里是这次试验时录下的Ubuntu运行在Surface Pro 3上的简短[视频][2]。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/27870
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译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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[1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3
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[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4
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@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
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GNOME在线账户应用3.13.2中添加了对照片和地图的支持
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================================================================================
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**GNOME开发者宣布最新版的GNOME在线账户（3.13.2）现已发布，并带来数个新特性。**
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GNOME的3.13.x分支的仅限用于开发，它最终会发展成为稳定的3.14版本，但那还有很长的路要走。在此之前，开发者们可以自由地改动和添加新特性。
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这个分支之前的数个版本带来了一些十分有趣的改动。其它的一些改变包括，开发者们从软件中移除了对Windows和Twitter账户的支持。
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通过[更新日志][1]得知，对照片应用的支持已经添加，一个对过时的GNOME_COMMON_INIT的调用已经被移除，UI进行了调整使得在线账户能够在对话框中使用标题栏，为了防止timerfd（译注：timerfd是Linux为用户程序提供的一个定时器接口）的泄漏，报警逻辑已被简化，以及添加了对Facebook地图应用的支持。
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另外，对一个微小的内存泄漏问题进行了修复，默认的凭据缓存将不再泄漏，Flickr账户连接现使用SSL加密使其更加安全。
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**下载 GNOME在线账户 3.13.2 源代码包：**
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- [tar.xz (3.12.2 Stable)][2][sources] [1.20 MB]
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- [tar.xz (3.13.2 Development)][3][sources] [1.30 MB]
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请记住这是一个开发版本，不应将其安装在生产环境的机器上。该下载请仅作为测试目的安装。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249.shtml
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||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
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[1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.news
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[2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.12/gnome-online-accounts-3.12.2.tar.xz
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[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.tar.xz
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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在VirtualBox中的Linux客户机系统间共享磁盘
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如何在VirtualBox中的Linux客户机系统间共享磁盘
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================================================================================
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在本教程中，让我来给你们展示一下如何在VirtualBox中的两个Linux客户机系统间共享一个磁盘。
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@ -42,6 +42,6 @@
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via: http://www.unixmen.com/share-disks-virtualbox-linux-guest-os/
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
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如何修复Ubuntu/Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误
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================================================================================
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一名It’s FOSS的普通读者Chetan Jain今天联系了我，并询问道：我要怎样修复Ubuntu 14.04中无法添加PPA源的错误。Chetan在尝试安装[TLP (一个用于减少过热发生的电源管理工具)][1]的时候遇到了这个错误：
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chetan@Inspiron-3521:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp
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Cannot add PPA: ‘ppa:linrunner/tlp’.
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Please check that the PPA name or format is correct.
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如果你在Ubuntu或Mint上添加PPA源时遇到了类似的情况，别担心。这是PPA源的一个常见情况（一般很少发生）之一，很容易就能够得到解决。
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### 修复Ubuntu 14.04和Linux Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误 ###
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发生这种错误主要有两种原因。一种是您电脑中的CA证书已经损坏，或者是您的网络设置了一个代理。
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首先让我们重新安装一下CA证书：
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sudo apt-get install --reinstall ca-certificates
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如果上面的命令不起作用，可能是网络使用了一个代理设置。要略过代理设置，使用sudo命令并加上参数E，就像下面这样：
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sudo -E add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp
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这样PPA源应该就能正常工作了。Chetan的情况通过第二种方法解决了。我希望这个快速指南同样能够帮助您摆脱PPA源错误。欢迎您提出任何问题或是建议来帮助我们改进。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-add-ppa-error-ubuntu-1404-linux-mint/
|
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|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
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[1]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-overheating-issue-battery-life-ubuntu-1304/
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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Linux 中 findmnt 命令检查已挂载的文件系统的8个实例
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findmnt 命令的八个应用实例
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================================================================================
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### 已挂载的文件系统和设备 ###
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linux 中更常用的检查已挂载的文件系统的是 mount 命令，不仅用于列出已挂载的设备，而且可以在需要的时候挂载和卸载。这有一个叫做 findmnt 的超赞命令，它可以用于快速查看挂载位置和选项。
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linux 中常用的检查已挂载的文件系统的是 mount 命令，不仅用于列出已挂载的设备，而且可以在需要的时候挂载和卸载。另外还有一个叫做 findmnt 的超赞命令，它可以用于快速查看挂载位置和选项。
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### 安装findmnt ###
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@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Findmnt 可以打印出只基于类型的特定的文件系统，例如 ext4，
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/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd systemd cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,name=systemd
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/run/user/1000/gvfs gvfsd-fuse fuse.gvfsd-fuse rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000
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看起来非常整洁
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看起来非常整洁（译注，亲爱的读者你也这样觉得么？）。
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#### 7. 通过源设备查找 ####
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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Ubuntu 14.04 最棒的图标主题
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五个 Ubuntu 14.04 最佳图标集
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================================================================================
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还在苦苦寻找方法来让你的 Ubuntu 14.04 更加漂亮吗？那就赶紧给你的系统换套图标吧！如果你还没发现哪些图标主题很棒，不用着急，我已经整理了一些适用于**Ubuntu 14.04的最佳图标集**。不过在欣赏这些图标集之前，我还是先向你介绍一下如何应用图标主题吧。
|
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还在苦苦折腾让你的 Ubuntu 14.04 更加漂亮的方法吗？那就赶紧给你的系统换套图标吧！如果你还没发现哪些图标主题很棒，不用着急，我已经整理了一些适用于**Ubuntu 14.04的最佳图标集**。不过在欣赏这些图标集之前，我还是先向你介绍一下如何应用图标主题吧。
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### 如何在 Ubuntu 系统中应用新图标集： ###
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@ -2,21 +2,21 @@
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================================================================================
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||||
[安装Ubuntu 14.04之后，先要做的几件事情][1]中其中一项是安装Adobe Flash Player。一般来说，如果安装了[Ubuntu Restricted Extras][2]，Flash Player应该可以工作而且你应该能够在网上观看在线视频，比如You Tube等网站上。
|
||||
|
||||
这不是Chromium和Ubuntu 14.04结合使用的原因。当你用其他的网页浏览器比如火狐、Chrome时，你可以轻松地播放You Tube等网站视频，在Chromium中你将会看到Adobe Flash player缺失插件的通知：
|
||||
其实这不是因为Chromium是在Ubuntu 14.04上使用才出现的问题。当你用其他的网页浏览器比如火狐、Chrome时，你可以轻松地播放You Tube等网站视频，但在Chromium中你将会看到Adobe Flash player缺失插件的通知：
|
||||
|
||||
**Adobe Flash Player is required to display some elements on this page. Install plug-in..**
|
||||
> **Adobe Flash Player is required to display some elements on this page. Install plug-in..**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 只有在Chromium中出现flash player问题的原因： ###
|
||||
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||||
只有在Chromium中发生这个问题的原因是，之前Chromium使用Netscape Plugin API构架来支持Flash，从Ubuntu 14.04开始，[Chromium将会停止使用Netscape Plugin API][3]。今后，你将要面对Chromium中Adobe Flash Player的问题。
|
||||
只有在Chromium中发生这个问题的原因是，之前Chromium使用Netscape Plugin API构架来支持Flash，从Ubuntu 14.04开始，[Chromium将会停止使用Netscape Plugin API][3]。因此，我们才遇到Chromium的Adobe Flash Player的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，为什么这个问题没有发生在其他浏览器上？答案是，因为它们使用 Flash Player 11.2。
|
||||
那么，为什么这个问题没有发生在其他浏览器上？答案是，因为它们使用 Flash Player 11.2。
|
||||
|
||||
### 修复Chromium上Adobe Flash Player的问题： ###
|
||||
|
||||
修复这个问题，我们将使用Pepper Flash Player，一个来自Google更安全更稳定的版本的Flash Player。在Ubuntu 14.04的源里有[Adobe Flash Player Pepper 安装器][4]。这个安装器下载Google Chrome，提取出Pepper Flash Player然后建立给Chromium使用。
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||||
修复这个问题，我们应该使用Pepper Flash Player，一个来自Google更安全更稳定的版本的Flash Player。在Ubuntu 14.04的源里有[Adobe Flash Player Pepper 安装器][4]。这个安装器会下载Google Chrome，提取出Pepper Flash Player然后设置给Chromium使用。
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||||
要在Ubuntu 14.04安装Pepper Flash Player，打开一个终端，使用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-flash-player-issue-chromium-in-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ Ubuntu 14.04下升级GNOME至3.12
|
||||
|
||||
**如果您的系统最近已升级至Ubuntu GNOME 14.04 LTS版本，那么拥有稳定独立的GNOME Shell无疑是您最佳的选择**
|
||||
|
||||
但我认为你们中的保守用户宁愿倾向于选择默认向新手提供的稳定版本。你真想要了解如何在Ubuntu14.04升级GNOME至3.12吗？
|
||||
但我认为比较保守的用户会倾向于选择默认向新手提供的稳定版本。你真想要了解如何在Ubuntu14.04升级GNOME至3.12吗？
|
||||
|
||||
### 好的，接下来我将向你介绍如何完成。首先，我们需要先探查一下来龙去脉 ###
|
||||
好的，接下来我将向你介绍如何完成。首先，我们需要先了解下来龙去脉。
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽管上个月发布的版本在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS版本之前已经逐步趋于稳定，却仍不能从14.04包中直接安装，这是为什么呢?
|
||||
#### 默认采用GNOME 3.10的原因 ####
|
||||
|
||||
简单来说在开发周期中它出现太晚以至于没有充足的时间来对它进行审查，测试并确保它已经更新至LTS命令发布支持的标准及用户期望。默认至旧版发布的3.10是有意义的，因为有专门的周期来确保测试遍历。
|
||||
GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽管其上个月发布的版本在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS版本之前已经逐步趋于稳定，却仍不能从14.04包中直接安装，这是为什么呢?
|
||||
|
||||
简单来说在开发周期中它出现太晚以至于没有充足的时间来对它进行审查、测试并确保它已经更新至LTS命令发布支持的标准及用户期望。默认至旧版发布的3.10是有意义的，因为有专门的计划来确保测试完整。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，正因为这样**不建议升级GNOME至3.12**。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -18,13 +20,13 @@ GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何在Ubuntu 14.04升级GNOME至3.12###
|
||||
|
||||
### 确保你正在运行的GNOME版本是3.10 ###
|
||||
#### 确保你正在运行的GNOME版本是3.10 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为确保正确遵循本向导，需要在最新版本的Ubuntu(14.04 LTS)或Ubuntu GNOME下继续操作.如果不是最新版本的话，请停止操作；你需要升级后再继续。如果不这样做，接下来将会有一系列复杂又麻烦的事情需要解决。
|
||||
为确保正确遵循本向导，需要在最新版本的Ubuntu(14.04 LTS)或Ubuntu GNOME下继续操作。如果不是最新版本的话，请停止操作；你需要升级后再继续。如果不这样做，接下来将会有一系列复杂又麻烦的事情需要解决。
|
||||
|
||||
若你运行的是Ubuntu常规版本（例如统一版），那么需要在开始以下步骤前从Ubuntu软件中心获取GNOME 3.10。
|
||||
若你运行的是Ubuntu常规版本（例如带有Unity），那么需要在开始以下步骤前从Ubuntu软件中心安装GNOME 3.10。
|
||||
|
||||
按以下给出的链接选项准备好安装程序。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,17 +34,17 @@ GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽
|
||||
|
||||
#### 增加GNOME 3.12 PPA ####
|
||||
|
||||
起初人们预想的是GNOME 3.12将会通过标准GNOME PPA团队，遵循可信版本发布实施。但3个星期过去了，这并未发生。这是因为向系统写入它时包含少量小的3.10包，并且这跟最新发布的版本没有任何关联。
|
||||
起初人们预想的是GNOME 3.12将会由标准GNOME Team PPA随着 14.04 LTS 发布。但3个星期过去了，却什么都没有。这是因为一些小的3.10软件包仍然没有跟着发布最新的3.12的包。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，[GNOME团队PPA工作台][2]确实涵盖了升级用到的各种3.12版本包。开发者强调说，增加存档需要‘运行流畅’的桌面，但现在包含的包并未‘准备好为大众所使用’。
|
||||
然而，[GNOME Team Staging PPA][2]确实涵盖了升级用到的各种3.12版本包。开发者强调说，增加这个存档会让桌面系统‘运行流畅’，但现在包含的包并未‘准备好为大众所使用’。
|
||||
|
||||
这儿假设您是一个PPA清理工具的行家，以上的一切都已明了，请继续向下。首先，让我们核对并安装已发布的更新：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||||
|
||||
点击enter键后等待安装包程序。
|
||||
按下回车键后等待安装包程序。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦完成此过程或再没有任何挂起的更新，就可以增加GNOME 3团队PPA工作台了。为实现这项操作，打开新的命令行窗口输入以下命令：
|
||||
一旦完成此过程或再没有任何挂起的更新，就可以增加 GNOME Team Staging PPA了。为实现这项操作，打开新的命令行窗口输入以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
|
||||
|
||||
@ -52,37 +54,33 @@ GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽
|
||||
|
||||
#### 附加内容 ####
|
||||
|
||||
为体验真实的GNOME环境也许你想获取一些新的GNOME应用，例如[偏振光IRC客户端、GNOME地图和GNOME网页浏览器][3]。安装这三个应用需要运行如下的命令：
|
||||
为体验真实的GNOME环境也许你想获取一些新的GNOME应用，例如[Polari IRC客户端、GNOME地图和GNOME网页浏览器][3]。安装这三个应用需要运行如下的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install epiphany-browser gnome-maps polari -y
|
||||
|
||||
After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot!
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install epiphany-browser gnome-maps polari -y
|
||||
|
||||
After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot!
|
||||
在这些都安装完成之后，你就可以安全的重启了！
|
||||
|
||||
### 善后服务 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 登陆 ####
|
||||
#### 登录 ####
|
||||
|
||||
如果来自Unity,Xfce或别的桌面环境不要忘记登陆前从登陆页面选择GNOME会话窗口。
|
||||
如果你之前使用Unity,Xfce或别的桌面环境，不要忘记登录前从登录界面选择GNOME会话。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 回顾 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对我自己来说，Ubuntu 14.04下运行GNOME 3.12很流畅。升级后没有出现任何诸如性能下降的问题，尽管我确实见到过在打开活动窗口时的奇怪罕见的视觉故障，并且在一个应用下发生的间歇性阴影消失现象。但随着错误不断消除这些都不是大问题。
|
||||
对我自己来说，Ubuntu 14.04下运行GNOME 3.12很流畅。升级后没有出现任何诸如性能下降的问题，尽管我确实见到过在打开活动窗口时的奇怪罕见的显示故障，并且在一个应用下发生的间歇性阴影消失现象。但随着错误不断消除这些都不是大问题。
|
||||
|
||||
3.12版本的性能等同于GNOME3.10；应用的打开方式交互性强且体验并没有明显下降。
|
||||
|
||||
所有新的GNOME影音应用在PPA上并没有现成的包，这让人有点失望。当然有理由解释这点(很可能需要更新版本的流转化器)。此外仍要注意的是一些GNOME扩展包升级后不能继续工作。
|
||||
所有新的GNOME影音应用在PPA上并没有现成的包，这让人有点失望。当然有理由解释这点(很可能需要新版本的视频解码器)。此外仍要注意的是一些GNOME扩展包在升级后不能继续工作。
|
||||
|
||||
当然3.12因为测试不足，其中存在错误不可避免。若用户要求稳定性（或者希望保持系统工作时的高度统一和完整），可以继续支持已通过测试的GNOME 3.10版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### 从GNOME 3.12 降至3.10版本 ###
|
||||
|
||||
但是如果想要体验闪闪亮的新功能及最新发布的GNOME应用，那就试一试PPA平台吧。如果遇到了错误可以随时使用PPA降级至稳定版本。
|
||||
但是如果想要体验闪闪亮的新功能及最新发布的GNOME应用，那就试一试PPA平台吧。如果遇到了错误可以随时使用PPA清理工具来降级至稳定版本。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
|
||||
|
||||
@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot!
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/upgrade-gnome-3-12-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/icybreaker) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
当前，完全硬件虚拟化技术（KVM、Xen、Hyper-V 等）能在一个物理主机上很好地运行多个互相独立的操作系统，但这也带来一些问题：性能不佳，资源浪费，系统反应迟缓等。有时候对用户来说，完全的硬件虚拟化并不是最好的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
一种替代方案是使用轻量级虚拟化技术 —— 所谓的 [Linux Container 容器][1] (LXC)，它提供的是系统级虚拟化。与跑虚拟机相比，LXC 可以在一个轻量级沙箱容器里面跑多个 Linux 操作系统。当你需要设置一些易于克隆的开发环境、测试环境，或想在安全沙盒里安装应用时，LXC 就非常有用了。
|
||||
一种替代方案是使用轻量级虚拟化技术 —— 所谓的 [LinuX Container 容器][1] (LXC)，它提供的是系统级虚拟化。与跑虚拟机相比，LXC 可以在一个轻量级沙箱容器里面跑多个 Linux 操作系统。当你需要设置一些易于克隆的开发环境、测试环境，或想在安全沙盒里安装应用时，LXC 就非常有用了。
|
||||
|
||||
[Docker][2] 是一个开源工具，可以让用户方便地布署 Linux Container 容器。Docker 很快变成了 container 技术的非官方标准，从而被 [Ubuntu][3] 和 [Red Hat][4]等众多发行版吸收进去。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/default/docker.io
|
||||
|
||||
> DOCKER="/usr/bin/docker.io"
|
||||
DOCKER="/usr/bin/docker.io"
|
||||
|
||||
重启 Docker 服务：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Docker 使用 Linux 桥接技术与其他容器通信，以及连通外网。安
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/manage-linux-containers-docker-ubuntu.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
|
||||
如何在终端为网页截取一个完整长度的截图
|
||||
如何在终端下截取一个完整长度的网页截图
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个名叫 **Tsamis Konstantinos** 的访客所发的帖子。他是一个 Linux 和开源软件的狂热用户，也是 Unixmen 的常客。你可以通过他的邮箱 **tsamis73@gmail.com** 联系他：
|
||||
|
||||
与其记笔记或是把看到的内容发送给其他人，我们更经常通过截屏来帮助我们记忆。
|
||||
但是通常情况下，如果一个网页超出了屏幕高度，我们就得用多张截图去截取其全部内容。
|
||||
@ -19,7 +18,7 @@
|
||||
$ sudo yum install gnome-web-photo
|
||||
|
||||
但是对于 CentOS 和其他 RedHat 分支的用户，请注意 `gnome-web-photo` 依赖 GTK+ 3.0 这个软件包。
|
||||
也就是说 `gnome-web-photo` 是和 CentOS/RHEL 6 自带的 GNOME 2 不相兼容的。
|
||||
也就是说 `gnome-web-photo` 是和 **CentOS/RHEL 6 自带的 GNOME 2 不相兼容的**。
|
||||
|
||||
要为一个网页截图：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -45,7 +44,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
$ gnome-web-photo -t 0 --mode=print http://www.unixmen.com output.pdf
|
||||
|
||||
注意这个应用并不兼容 **.jpg** 格式。
|
||||
注意这个应用并不支持 **.jpg** 格式。
|
||||
|
||||
这个应用应该对各类用户都有所帮助。我经常对网页进行缩略图和完整长度的截图，希望对你也有所帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux Mint 17 中安装 Spotify
|
||||
在Ubuntu/Mint中安装 Spotify
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Spotify 是一个现今非常流行的流媒体音乐服务。不仅可以在网页上访问其服务，而且可以在 linux 中安装其桌面客户端。这个客户端增加了额外的功能，比如监听本地音乐和同步本地音乐到Spotify 服务器、iPhone 、iPod等其它移动设备。
|
||||
Spotify 是一个现今非常流行的流媒体音乐服务。不仅可以在网页上访问其服务，而且可以在 linux 中安装其桌面客户端。这个客户端增加了额外的功能，比如听播放本地音乐和同步本地音乐到Spotify 服务器、或同步本地音乐到iPhone 、iPod等其它移动设备。
|
||||
|
||||
在本文将讨论如何快速 **在 Ubuntu 14.04 安装 Spotify ** 以及其它基于 Debian 的发行版，如 Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Bodhi 等等。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Spotify 是一个现今非常流行的流媒体音乐服务。不仅可以在网
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/install-spotify-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[liushui312](https://github.com/liushui312) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
Steam Machines 今年没戏了
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
游戏社区急于期盼 Valve 发布的基于 Linux 的 Steam Machines(译注：一个基于Linux的游戏机)，但是看起来这个混合游戏机会推迟到明年发布了。
|
||||
|
||||
Valve 并不是一个守时的公司，看起来即将到来的 Steam Machines （延迟）发布正好符合公司的风格。但是大家都在讨论的 Steam Machines 到底是个什么东西？
|
||||
|
||||
一年半前该公司宣布推出 Steam Linux的客户端；数月前 Valve 发布了SteamOS，它是基于 Debian 的一个游戏机和PC混合的 Linux 发行版。该产品将和 PlayStation 4 和 Xbox 共同争夺家庭市场。
|
||||
|
||||
唯一的不同是 Valve 对这个游戏机架构有些不同的想法。他们想使得游戏机可以使用大量第三方公司开发的组件升级，而这些组件符合统一的标准。
|
||||
|
||||
为了使得游戏体验更好，Valve 正致力于开发新一代的游戏机，将刷新用户在游戏机上玩游戏的体验，尤其是第一人称射击和策略游戏。不幸的是，如你所见，这是个艰巨的任务，2014年发布的目标已经无法达成了。
|
||||
|
||||
“我们正在使用一个无线原型控制器进行现场测试，测试用户包含铁杆玩家、业内人士和休闲玩家。我们收到了海量的反馈，这意味着我们的控制器会开发的更好。当然也搞的我们忙于修改所有的改进。现在来看，我们正在计划2015年发布产品而不是2014年。”
|
||||
|
||||
“我们和大家一样非常期望 Steam Machines 能尽快拿到手。但是我们首要保证的是一旦你拿到手，你将得到前所未有的游戏体验。希望大家能和我们一起耐心等待。在那之前，我们将继续发布更新如果我们有更多信息的话，” Valve [发言人说][1]在 Steam Universe 社区里谈到。
|
||||
|
||||
这可能意味着需要解决掉一些问题，但是 Steam 控制器远没有完成。很可能他们的 SteamOS 操作系统并没有准备好应付这么艰巨的任务。驱动程序也有些问题需要较长的时间去修复。
|
||||
|
||||
AMD的支持太差了，Valve 确实是想使得 Steam Machines 项目成为一个有竞争力项目。最大的问题可能是价格，到时候会很高，将会比 PS4 和 Xbox 高多了。
|
||||
|
||||
Valve 和合作的厂商需要更多时间去降低成本，提高产品和软硬件的质量。他们也需要更多的游戏进驻，所以将 Linux domination of the world 推迟了六个月，推迟到2015年，这也许不是件坏事。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821
|
||||
@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
|
||||
[zzlyzq translated]
|
||||
Linux命令findmnt-寻找挂载的文件系统
|
||||
findmnt-寻找挂载的文件系统
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
命令findmnt用来查找在Linux下已经被挂载的文件系统。该命令会从/etc/fstab,/etc/mtab或者/proc/self/mountinfo中寻找特定的文件系统。
|
||||
命令findmnt用来查找在Linux下已经被挂载的文件系统。该命令会从/etc/fstab、/etc/mtab或者/proc/self/mountinfo中寻找指定的文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何安装findmnt ###
|
||||
|
||||
findmnt命令来自于util-linux-ng软件包，现在改名为util-linux。该软件包中还包括其他一些工具，比如hwclock。从kernel.org ftp页面安装findmnt[下载util-linux][1]。
|
||||
findmnt命令来自于util-linux-ng软件包，这个包现在改名为util-linux。该软件包中还包括其他一些工具，比如hwclock等。从kernel.org ftp页面[下载util-linux][1]以安装findmnt。
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何在Fedora下安装findmnt ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ Fedora用户可以通过下面的命令安装该软件包：
|
||||
|
||||
### Findmnt默认选项 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果没有提供特定的挂载点或者设备，该命令默认会列出所有已经被挂载的文件系统。
|
||||
如果没有提供特定的挂载点或者设备，该命令默认会以优美的树形结构列出所有已经被挂载的文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
$ findmnt
|
||||
|
||||
@ -31,16 +30,15 @@ findmnt可以被用来监控/proc/self/mountinfo文件的变化。轮询模式
|
||||
|
||||
$ findmnt --poll
|
||||
|
||||
/proc/self/mountinfo文件的任何变化会自动的在终端中进行更新。一开始你不会发现终端中的输出有任何变化，如果此时你拔掉闪存再插入，变化就会出现在终端中。
|
||||
/proc/self/mountinfo文件的任何变化会自动的在终端中进行更新。一开始你不会发现终端中的输出有任何变化，如果此时你拔掉U盘再插入，变化就会出现在终端中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
轮询模式的时间可以通过**--timeout**或者**--first-only**选项进行限制。
|
||||
|
||||
轮询停止的时间可以通过**--timeout**或者**--first-only**选项进行限制。
|
||||
|
||||
### 超时选项 ###
|
||||
|
||||
该选项可以与--pool一起使用来限制轮询模式的时间。**超时单位是毫秒**。超时后，findmnt不会再监控/proc/self/mountinfo文件的变化。
|
||||
该选项可以与--pool一起使用来限制轮询模式的时间。**超时单位是毫秒**。超过此时间后，findmnt不会再监控/proc/self/mountinfo文件的变化。
|
||||
|
||||
$ findmnt --poll --timeout 6000
|
||||
|
||||
@ -98,14 +96,15 @@ findmnt命令也可以用来模仿df命令的输出。你可以参考如下的
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论 ###
|
||||
### 结语 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你可以按照你的需要尝试不同的findmnt选项。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/powerful-findmnt-command/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -3,27 +3,27 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) 是一个非常优秀的操作系统，但是与其他发行版一样，它的初始化配置对用户来说并不是最优的配置。这样设置有许多原因，但我们可以自己做一些配置来极大地提升你的Ubuntu操作体验。**
|
||||
**Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) 是一个非常优秀的操作系统，但是与其他发行版一样，它的初始化配置对用户来说并不是最优的配置。虽然这样有许多原因，但我们可以自己做一些配置来极大地提升你的Ubuntu操作体验。**
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 Ubuntu 是一款非常优秀的操作系统，而且其14.04的最新版本也是Canonical迄今为止制作的最精心版本，许多用户这一系统中仍存在许多需要改善的方面。确实，如果你希望获得完整的操作体验，你需要进行一些设置修改。
|
||||
Ubuntu 是一款非常优秀的操作系统，而且其14.04的最新版本也是Canonical迄今为止制作的最精心版本，但是对于许多用户来说，这一系统中仍存在许多需要改善的方面。确实，如果你希望获得完整的操作体验，你需要进行一些设置修改。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，当你第一次启动这一系统时，你需要打开“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)，确认在第一个选项“Ubuntu Software”中所有的子选项都被选中。因为如果你想获得所有重要的包，你需要这些软件库被激活。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)软件库
|
||||
|
||||
第二个修改是安装Ubuntu Restricted Extras. 这样会突出许多由于法律原因而无法与操作系统绑定的重要软件包，如Adobe公司的Flash与Microsoft的字体。自己安装这些软件是没有任何问题的，但开发者不能默认地包含这些软件。打开一个终端，输入如下命令：
|
||||
第二个修改是安装Ubuntu Restricted Extras. 这样可以安装许多由于法律原因而无法与操作系统绑定的重要软件包，如Adobe公司的Flash与Microsoft的字体。自己安装这些软件是没有任何问题的，但开发者不能默认地包含这些软件。打开一个终端，输入如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras
|
||||
|
||||
安装完成后，你需要删掉系统默认的messenger：Empathy. 它是GNOME的一部分，而且是一个非常有限的并有bugs的解决方案。你需要安装Pidgin来替换。根据如下命令进行安装：
|
||||
安装完成后，你需要删掉系统默认的即时消息软件：Empathy. 它是GNOME的一部分，而且是一个非常有限的并有bugs的解决方案。你需要安装Pidgin来替换。根据如下命令进行安装：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get remove empathy
|
||||
sudo apt-get install pidgin
|
||||
sudo apt-get install pidgin-plugin-pack
|
||||
|
||||
现在，如果你已经完成了对messager的处理，你需要安装视频卡(video card)的驱动。如果你有Intel的GPU，你不需要做任何事情，但是如果你的GPU是NVIDIA或者AMD的，你可能需要相应公司的驱动，这样可以为你提供更好的游戏性能。再次打开“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)，点击最后一个选项：额外驱动(Additional Drivers)，选择你需要的驱动。这需要一定时间，请耐心等待。然后重启。
|
||||
现在，如果你已经完成了对即时消息软件的处理，你需要安装视频卡(video card)的驱动。如果你有Intel的GPU，你不需要做任何事情，但是如果你的GPU是NVIDIA或者AMD的，你可能需要相应公司的驱动，这样可以在游戏中为你提供更好的性能。再次打开“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)，点击最后一个选项：额外驱动(Additional Drivers)，选择你需要的驱动。这需要一定时间，请耐心等待。然后重启。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)驱动
|
||||
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS中关闭在线搜索
|
||||
|
||||
最后，你可能也想稍微定制一下桌面。在桌面点击鼠标右键，选择改变桌面背景。你会发现一个名为“Launcher图标大小”的滚动条。你可以激活这个滚动条，修改结果也可以实时看到。在“行为”选项中，你也可以发现一个选项来选择在应用窗口中显示菜单，而不是在Unity的顶部条那显示。
|
||||
最后，你可能也想稍微定制一下桌面。在桌面点击鼠标右键，选择改变桌面背景。你会发现一个名为“启动器图标大小”的滚动条。你可以激活这个滚动条，修改结果也可以实时看到。在“行为”选项中，你也可以发现一个选项来选择在应用窗口中显示菜单，而不是在Unity的顶部条那显示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
改变菜单的显示方式
|
||||
@ -46,6 +46,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS中的主要程序变化的总结
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
过去几周我们已经讨论过 Ubuntu 的第一个LTS新版本在过去两年内在操作系统方面的主要更新。今天我们将要列出 Ubuntu 应用程序商店中自从上一个 LTS 版本以来主要的应用程序更新。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -7,28 +7,33 @@ Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新
|
||||
除了大量桌面应用程序更新(下一节讨论)外，两年以来大量的其他程序和工具都有了非常不错的更新。以下讨论其中的一部分：
|
||||
|
||||
- **Xen 4.4**
|
||||
对于 Ubuntu 内置 Xen 这是一个重大更新。最显著的变化就是它不再支持纯32位的 CPU 了(虽然还继续支持32位操作系统)。这不应该是一个大问题，因为过去六年以来大多数CPU都是64位的。但是这意味着那些还在老服务器或笔记本上使用 Ubuntu 的人需要知道 Xen 将不再支持他们的CPU了。
|
||||
对于 Ubuntu 内置的 Xen 这是一个重大更新。最显著的变化就是它不再支持纯32位的 CPU 了（虽然还继续支持32位操作系统）。这不应该是一个大问题，因为过去六年以来大多数CPU都是64位的。但是这意味着那些还在老服务器或笔记本上使用 Ubuntu 的人需要知道 Xen 将不再支持他们的CPU了。
|
||||
|
||||
- **QEMU 2.0** 紧接着 Xen 后面介绍 QEMU ，因为为了适应 Xen，QEMU做了些调整。最主要的影响是在 KVM 中创建的虚拟机无法从以前的 Ubuntu 12.04 迁移到这个版本，并且快照也无法恢复。另外，加入了对 arm64 的二进制虚拟。
|
||||
- **MySQL** 尽管默认安装的是 MySQL 5.5，但是也可以从标准库中安装 Percona, MariaDB 或者 MySQL 5.6。惊喜的是，不想其他的软件发布库，Ubuntu 并没有将数据库换成MariaDB ，继续默认安装。估计是和甲骨文维持了比较好的关系。
|
||||
- **QEMU 2.0**
|
||||
紧接着 Xen 后面介绍 QEMU ，因为为了适应 Xen，QEMU做了些调整。最主要的影响是在 KVM 中创建的虚拟机无法从以前的 Ubuntu 12.04 迁移到这个版本，并且快照也无法恢复。另外，加入了对 arm64 的二进制虚拟。
|
||||
|
||||
- **Apache 2.4 and PHP 5.5** 有点意外的是 Apache 升级到了2.4版本，毕竟2.2版本已经稳定使用了太久了。但我还是乐意看到 Apache 发布了桌面版。PHP 早在 12.04 LTS 就可以升级到 PHP 5.5 ，新版系统将其默认安装了。注意：如果你使用的是一些老板 CMS 平台 (cough, cough – DRUPAL), 在升级过程中可能得做一些调整，具体请参考文档。
|
||||
- **MySQL**
|
||||
尽管默认安装的是 MySQL 5.5，但是也可以从标准库中安装 Percona, MariaDB 或者 MySQL 5.6。令人意外的是，不像其他的主流发行版，Ubuntu 并没有将数据库换成MariaDB ，继续默认安装 MySQL。我猜测估计是和甲骨文维持了比较好的关系。
|
||||
|
||||
- **Apache 2.4 和 PHP 5.5**
|
||||
有点意外的是 Apache 升级到了2.4版本，毕竟2.2版本已经稳定使用了太久了。但我还是很高兴地看到主流发行版能够跟上新的版本。PHP 早在 12.04 LTS 就可以升级到 PHP 5.5 了，不过新版系统则已经默认安装 PHP 5.5 了。注意：如果你使用的是一些老板 CMS 平台 (嗯嗯，比如DRUPAL), 在升级过程中可能得做一些调整，具体请参考文档。
|
||||
|
||||
### 软件中心：桌面应用程序升级 ###
|
||||
|
||||
简单来说，软件中心的主要几个软件都有许多重大更新(比较距离上个版本已经有两年的时间了)。最明显的软件更新如下：
|
||||
简单来说，软件中心的主要几个软件都有许多重大更新(毕竟距离上个版本已经有两年的时间了)。最明显的软件更新如下：
|
||||
|
||||
- Google Chrome 33
|
||||
- Firefox 28
|
||||
- Nautilus 3.10
|
||||
- The Gimp – 2.8
|
||||
- KDE 4.13 (我觉得是最好的桌面软件)
|
||||
- KDE 4.13 (我觉得是最好的桌面环境)
|
||||
|
||||
上面虽然没提，办公套件已经预装了 LibreOffice 4.2.3.3 ，看起来棒极了，不信自己看：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
总结
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
总之，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 成功的从 12.04 平滑过渡过来了。除非你运气太差，使用了最新版本的 NVidia 显卡(使用 780GTX 或 Titan芯片的 Linux 专用驱动并没有集成到系统中)。
|
||||
|
||||
以下的几篇文章中，我将深入了解有关显示器和显卡的更多的技术细节(高分辨率显示器更好)，同时对 Mir(Xwindows 桌面替换软件) 做一个早期预览测试(当然是在虚拟机环境中)。如果你还有其他想知道的，在评论栏里留言，我们下周见！
|
||||
@ -38,6 +43,6 @@ Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新
|
||||
|
||||
via:https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-major-application-updates/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
为什么 Linux 的 htop 命令优于 top 命令
|
||||
为什么 Linux 的 htop 命令完胜 top 命令
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在 Linux 系统中，top 命令用来显示系统中正在运行的进程的实时状态，它显示了一些非常有用的信息，比如 CPU 利用情况、内存消耗情况，以及每个进程情况等。但是，你知道吗？还有另外一个命令行工具 'htop'，它与传统的 top 命令功能一样，但它有更加强大的功能及能显示更多的信息。这篇文章，我们会用实例来讨论这个 'htop' 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -12,11 +12,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 首先明白它的输出 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**htop 命令**以典型的格式来显示信息。下面是 HTOP 的输出快照:
|
||||
**htop 命令**以直观的格式来显示信息。下面是 HTOP 的输出快照:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你观察窗口的左上角部分，你会看到显示的是 CPU 负载、内存消耗及交换空间的实时信息，右上角包含的是任务、平均负载及系统运行时间的信息。
|
||||
如果你观察窗口的左上角部分，你会看到显示的是 CPU 负载、内存消耗及交换空间的实时信息，右上角包含的是任务、线程、平均负载及系统运行时间的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
平均负载部分提供了三个数字，这仅仅表示的是过去的5分钟、10分钟和15分钟系统的平均负载而已，在单核的系统中，平均负载为1表示的是百分之百的 CPU 利用率。最后，运行时间 （uptime）标示的数字是从系统启动起到当前的运行总时间。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 用 F2 键编辑配置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
该 HTOP 命令提供了许多自定义选项，你所要做的就是从主窗口中按下 F2 键。
|
||||
htop 命令提供了许多自定义选项，你所要做的就是从主窗口中按下 F2 键。
|
||||
|
||||
下面所示的是可用的自定义选项:
|
||||
|
||||
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 通过 F9 键发送信号 ###
|
||||
|
||||
HTOP 命令提供了某种功能，通过此功能您可以很容易地在 HTOP 窗口内给一个进程发送任意的信号。您需要做的就是按下 F9 键。
|
||||
htop 命令可以让你很容易地在 htop 窗口内给一个进程发送任意的信号。按下 F9 键即可。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ HTOP 命令提供了某种功能，通过此功能您可以很容易地在 HTOP
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 显示进程的树状视图 ###
|
||||
|
||||
HTOP 命令也提供了进程的树状视图查看功能。您需要做的就是按下 F5 键。
|
||||
htop 命令也提供了进程的树状视图查看功能。按下 F5 键切换。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是 htop 显示树形视图信息的例子:
|
||||
|
||||
@ -52,17 +52,17 @@ HTOP 命令也提供了进程的树状视图查看功能。您需要做的就是
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 通过 F3 键搜索进程 ###
|
||||
|
||||
HTOP 命令提供了易用的方式来搜索进程。您需要做就是按下 F3 键，一个文本框就会出现在窗口底部。
|
||||
htop 命令提供了易用的方式来搜索进程。按下 F3 键，一个文本框就会出现在窗口底部。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是例子:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如您所见，一条名为‘搜索’的文本提示框在窗口底部出现了，您可以在这儿输出进程的名字然后回车搜索。如果找到，它会在列出的进程列表里选中此进程。
|
||||
如您所见，一条名为‘搜索’的文本提示框出现在窗口底部，您可以在这儿输入进程的名字然后回车搜索。如果找到，它会在列出的进程列表里高亮选中此进程。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 通过空格键来设置颜色标注进程条目 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在系统中运行着的实时进程视图中，要追踪某个进程是个大问题。因为整个列表在不停的刷新着，进程的排列顺序也在变动着。为了这个问题， HTOP 提供了一个很简单的解决方案：颜色标注。是的，你可以标注一个进程条目，它会以不同的颜色显示，因此要追踪它就变得容易了。
|
||||
在系统中运行着的实时进程视图中，要追踪某个进程是个大问题。因为整个列表在不停的刷新着，进程的排列顺序也在变动着。为了这个问题， htop 提供了一个很简单的解决方案：颜色标注。是的，你可以标注一个进程条目，它会以不同的颜色显示，因此要追踪它就变得容易了。
|
||||
|
||||
要标注某个进程条目，需要做的就是选中此条目，然后按下‘空格’键。例如，在下面的截图示例中，我已经颜色标注了三个进程条目:
|
||||
|
||||
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ HTOP 命令提供了易用的方式来搜索进程。您需要做就是按下 F3
|
||||
|
||||
- **-s 选项** : 按指定的列排序。例如，**htop -s PID** 命令会按 PID 列的大小排序来显示。
|
||||
- **-u 选项** : 显示指定的用户的进程信息列表。例如，**htop -u himanshu** 命令会只显示出用户名为 himanshu 的相关进程。
|
||||
- **-d 选项** : 设置刷新的延迟时间。例如，**htop -d 100** 命令会使输出在1秒后才会刷新（参数 -d 可以考虑是十分之一秒的时间）。
|
||||
- **-d 选项** : 设置刷新的延迟时间。例如，**htop -d 100** 命令会使输出在1秒后才会刷新（参数 -d 的单位是10微秒）。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
|
||||
2q1w2007翻译中
|
||||
4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**4MLinux, a mini Linux distribution that is focused on the 4Ms of computing, Maintenance (system rescue Live CD), Multimedia (e.g., playing video DVDs), Miniserver (using the inetd daemon), and Mystery (Linux games), has advanced to version 9.0 Beta.**
|
||||
|
||||
4MLinux is one of the smallest distributions in the world that are still able to provide users with a desktop environment and a number of applications that can make this OS something to be used on a daily basis.
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the minimalistic Linux operating systems don't usually provide such a plethora of applications right from the start, especially if we keep in mind that the distro only weighs a little over 55MB.
|
||||
|
||||
“The main features in this release are maintenance (MBR and GPT partitioning software, 4MLinux Backup Scripts 9.0, ClamAV 0.98.3), multimedia (MPlayer SVN-r37146, FFmpeg Git-2014-04-10), a mini server (FTP, HTTP, SSH, SFTP), and mystery (a set of small games).”
|
||||
|
||||
“The X Window System is based on X.Org Server 1.15.1, Mesa 10.1.3, JWM 2.2.2, and the FOX toolkit 1.6.49. Fully automatic installation of the ‘vanilla’ versions of LibreOffice 4.2.4, Java RE 7u55, and VirtualBox 4.3.12 is also supported. The size of the ISO image is about 55 MB,” said the developer on his blog.
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, most of the packages provided are very new, like VirtualBox, LibreOffice, Mesa, Ffmpeg, ClamAV, and so on. If you have any doubts about this release, you can always start it in a virtual machine and take it for a spin.
|
||||
|
||||
What's interesting is the fact that users can stop the booting process right before the X Server kicks in and use the system in command line, which is actually a nice change of pace.
|
||||
|
||||
The developer will now start to release all the other distributions that he is building around this major update, like Allinone, Gaming, Server, Media, Rescue, and so on. Keep in mind that you can install any of these Linux distros from the main launcher with the help of a very simple piece of software.
|
||||
|
||||
Users will also find that most of the applications that you need are available in the repositories and that the 4MLinux distro can be turned into any of the flavors mentioned above just by downloading the appropriate packages.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of changes and updates can be found in the official [announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
### Download 4MLinux 9.0 Beta: ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [4MLinux 8.2 (ISO)][2][iso] [53.90 MB]
|
||||
- [4MLinux 9.0 Beta (ISO)][3][iso] [53 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that this is a development version and it should NOT be installed on production machines. It is intended for testing purposes only.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://4mlinux-releases.blogspot.ro/2014/05/4mlinux-90-beta-released.html
|
||||
[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/8.0/updates/8.2/livecd/4MLinux-8.2.iso/download
|
||||
[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/9.0/livecd/4MLinux-9.0.iso/download
|
||||
@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
|
||||
alim0x translating
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The GNOME developers announce that the latest version of GNOME Online Accounts, 3.13.2, is now out and comes with quite a few new features.**
|
||||
|
||||
The 3.13.x branch of GNOME is strictly for development and it will eventually evolve into the stable 3.14, but that's a long way ahead. Until then, the developers are free to implement changes and new features.
|
||||
|
||||
The previous version in this branch brought some very interesting changes and the devs removed Windows and Twitter support from the software, among other changes.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the [changelog][1], support has been added for photos, a deprecated call to GNOME_COMMON_INIT has been removed, the UI has been adjusted so that the Online Accounts can use a header bar in the dialog, the alarm logic has been simplified in order to stop timerfd leaks, and support for maps has been added.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, a small memory leak fix has been implemented, the default credentials cache is no longer leaked, and SSL is now used for Flickr for more security.
|
||||
|
||||
**Download GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 sources:**
|
||||
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.12.2 Stable)][2][sources] [1.20 MB]
|
||||
- [tar.xz (3.13.2 Development)][3][sources] [1.30 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that this is a development version and it should NOT be installed on production machines. It is intended for testing purposes only.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.news
|
||||
[2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.12/gnome-online-accounts-3.12.2.tar.xz
|
||||
[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.tar.xz
|
||||
@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
|
||||
##Translating by shipsw##
|
||||
Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The gaming community is anxious to get their hands on the new Linux-based Steam Machines from Valve, but it seems that the launch of this console hybrid is being delayed until next year.
|
||||
|
||||
Valve is not a company known for its punctuality and it looks like the upcoming Steam Machines will definitely fit the profile. But what are these Steam Machines everyone is talking about?
|
||||
|
||||
The company announced only a year and a half ago that they were launching the Steam for Linux client, and a few months ago Valve released SteamOS, a Linux distribution based on Debian that will power a console / PC hybrid. It will try to rival the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in the living room.
|
||||
|
||||
The only difference is that Valve is thinking about this console model a little bit differently. They want to have a console that can be upgraded with new parts and that is built by numerous third-party companies according to a set of specifications, which are not very constraining.
|
||||
|
||||
To make things even better, Valve is working on a new controller that will revolutionize the way people play games on the consoles, especially for first-person shooters and strategies. Unfortunately, as you can see, this is a lot of work and the proposed 2014 goal is no longer viable.
|
||||
|
||||
“We’re now using wireless prototype controllers to conduct live playtests, with everyone from industry professionals to die-hard gamers to casual gamers. It's generating a ton of useful feedback, and it means we'll be able to make the controller a lot better. Of course, it's also keeping us pretty busy making all those improvements. Realistically, we're now looking at a release window of 2015, not 2014.”
|
||||
|
||||
“Obviously we're just as eager as you are to get a Steam Machine in your hands. But our number one priority is making sure that when you do, you'll be getting the best gaming experience possible. We hope you'll be patient with us while we get there. Until then, we’ll continue to post updates as we have more stories to share,” [said][1] a Valve representative in the Steam Universe discussion group.
|
||||
|
||||
This can indicate a number of problems that need to be solved, beside the fact that the Steam controller is nowhere near ready. It's very possible that their operating system, SteamOS, is not prepared to take on such a huge task. There are still problems with the drivers and it will take a long time to fix them.
|
||||
|
||||
The AMD support is rather poor and Valve really wants the Steam Machines project to be a powerful competition. The biggest problem is probably the price, which is high at the moment, as it surpasses PS4 and Xbox One by a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
Valve and the companies that are building the consoles probably need more time to get the prices down and to improve the final quality of the product, hardware and software-wise. They also need more games under their belt, so postponing the Linux domination of the world by another six months, into 2015, may not be such a bad thing.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821
|
||||
@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
|
||||
CNprober 翻译中<travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541>
|
||||
|
||||
A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is Everywhere, at home, offices, colleges, labs and space stations. But it was not the dominant force in the past it is now, it all started as a hobby by a Finish student. Linux has evolved from a hobby into a computing revolution. We present you with the most complete historical timeline of Linux Evolution on the web spanning over 23 years.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1991 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**25 August** : The 21 year old Finnish student Linus Benedict Torvalds announced his work on a free operating system in the comp.os.minix Usenet newsgroup.
|
||||
|
||||
**1 September** : Linux 0.01 was released on the net.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1992 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5 January** : The Linux kernel was relicensed under the GNU GPL with the [v0.12 release][1]. The initial license forbade commercial use. After the change the distribution and sale of possibly modified and unmodified versions of Linux became possible, provided that all those copies be released under the same license and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code. In a [later interview][2] Linus made the following statement about the license change:
|
||||
|
||||
" Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did."
|
||||
|
||||
**29 January** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum posted [LINUX is obsolete][3] to the comp.os.minix mailing list. The debate, which is considered a flame war by some people, was about Linux and kernel architecture in general. Tanenbaum argued that microkernels are superior to monolithic kernels and that therefore Linux is obsolete.
|
||||
|
||||
**5 April** : The first Linux newsgroup, comp.os.linux, is proposed and started by Ari Lemmke.
|
||||
|
||||
**21 May** : Peter MacDonald announces SLS, the first standalone Linux install. It was installable by floppy disk and included such cutting-edge features as TCP-IP networking support and the X Window System. At least 10MB of space on disk was recommended.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1993 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**17 June** : Slackware was released by Patrick Volkerding. [Slackware][4] is considered to be the first broadly successful Linux distribution and is still in use today.
|
||||
|
||||
**16 August** : Ian Murdock (the ian in Debian) released the 1st version of the Debian Linux distribution. Debian is one of the most influential Linux distros, being the basis of MEPIS, Mint, Ubuntu and many others.
|
||||
|
||||
**19 August** : Matt Welsh’s Linux Installation and Getting Started, version 1 is released. This is the first book on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1994 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**14 March** : [Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel][5] was released. It supported single-processor i386-based computer systems. Within the 3 years of its existence the kernel code base had grown to 176,250 lines of code.
|
||||
|
||||
**26 March** : The first issue of Linux Journal is published. This issue featured an interview with Linus Torvalds and articles written by Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A.
|
||||
|
||||
**15 August** : William R. Della Croce, Jr. files for the trademark “Linux” and it is registered in September. Della Croce has no known involvement in the Linux community yet sends letters out to prominent Linux companies demanding money for use of the trademark “Linux”. In 1997 the matter was settled by the assignment of the mark to Linus Torvalds on behalf of all Petitioners and Linux users.
|
||||
|
||||
**3 November** : Red Hat co-founder Marc Ewing announced the availability of the Red Hat Software Linux on CD-ROM, a commercial product that shipped for a retail price of $49.95 and included 30 days of installation support. Red Hat became the [first $1 billion open source company][6] in 2012.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1995 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**4 April** : Linux Expo, the first Linux-specific tradeshow and conference series, launches and becomes the most popular and well-attended annual Linux show for the next several years. The price for entry into the exhibit hall and a pass to the conferences was $4. After three years Red Hat takes over organization and becomes the major sponsor.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1996 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**9 May** : The Tux mascot was created by Larry Ewing in 1996 after an initial suggestion made by Alan Cox and further refined by Linus Torvalds on the Linux kernel mailing list. The concept of the Linux mascot being a penguin came from Linus Torvalds, who claims to have contracted penguinitis after being gently nibbled by a penguin.
|
||||
|
||||
**9 June** : [Version 2.0 of the Linux Kernel][7] was released. It was a significant improvement over the earlier versions being the first stable kernel to support multiple processors in a single system (SMP) and more processor types. Linux becomes a serious alternative for many companies. You can read an in advance [review of Linux Version 2.0][8] that was published in August 1996 in the Linux Journal to learn more about the improvements.
|
||||
|
||||
**14 October** : Matthias Ettrich founded the KDE project in 1996 as he was troubled by the inconsistency of applications running on the Unix desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1997 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**9 January** : Bliss, first “Linux Virus” was discovered. Bliss does not circumvent the security of the system, it relies on people with privilege to do something dumb and reminds users to install digitally signed software from trustworthy sites only and to check signatures before installing.
|
||||
|
||||
“In fact it’s probably easier to write a virus for Linux because it’s open source and the code is available. So we will be seeing more Linux viruses as the OS becomes more common and popular.” —Wishful thinking from McAfee.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1998 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1 May** : The Google search engine was launched. Not only is it one of the best search engines around, but it’s based on Linux and features a Linux-specific search page.
|
||||
|
||||
**4 December** : A report from IDC says that Linux shipments rose by more than 200% in 1998, and its market share rose by more than 150%. Linux has a 17% market share and a growth rate unmatched by any other system on the market.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1999 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**9 February** : Linux and BSD users unite for “Windows Refund Day”. They visit Microsoft, hoping to return the unused Windows licenses that they were forced to acquire when they purchased a computer system bundled with the OS.
|
||||
|
||||
**3 March** : Another influential desktop environment arrives in the Linux World, [the GNOME desktop][9]. GNOME is the default desktop environment in several major Linux distributions like Debian, Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2000 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**4 February** : The latest IDC report suggests that Linux now ranks as the “second-most-popular operating system for server computers”, with 25% of the server operating system sales in 1999. Windows NT is first with 38% and NetWare ranks third with 19%.
|
||||
|
||||
**11 March** : Motorola Computer Group announces the release of its HA Linux distribution. This distribution is aimed at telecommunications applications that require very high amounts of uptime; it includes hot-swap capability and is available for the i386 and PowerPC architectures.
|
||||
|
||||
**23 March** : Ericsson announces its “Screen Phone HS210” product—a Linux-based telephone with a touchscreen that can be used for e-mail, web browsing, etc. Ericsson and Opera Software also announce that Ericsson’s (Linux-based) HS210 Screen Phone will incorporate the Opera web browser.
|
||||
|
||||
**30 September** : Knoppix was one of the first Linux live distributions when initially released by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2001 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**3 January** : The US National Security Agency (NSA) releases SELinux under the GPL. SELinux offers an additional layer of security checks in addition to the standard UNIX-like permissions system.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2003 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6 March** : The SCO Group (SCO) announced that they were suing IBM for $1 billion, claiming that IBM transferred SCO trade secrets into Linux. Later SCO began numerous legal claims and threats against many of the major names in the computer industry, including HP, Microsoft, Novell, Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems and Red Hat. The jury case was decided on 30 March 2010 in Novell’s favour
|
||||
|
||||
### 2004 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**20 October** : [Ubuntu][10] came into life with the unusual version number 4.10, referring to its release date in October 2004 and the odd code name Warty Warthog. Ubuntu’s development is led by Canonical Ltd., a company owned by Mark Shuttleworth. While not being a major contributor to the kernel, Ubuntu plays an important part in the adoption of Linux on desktops and laptops.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2007 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6 June** : ASUS announced two Eee PC models at Computex Taipei 2007: the 701 and 1001. The 1st Eee PCs came pre-installed with Xandros Linux, a lightweigt distribution optimized for small displays based on Debian.
|
||||
|
||||
**8 August** : Linux Foundation was founded in 2007 by the merger of the [Open Source Development Labs][11] (OSDL) and the [Free Standards Group][12] (FSG). The Linux Foundation sponsors the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds and is supported by leading Linux and open source companies, including prominent technology corporations such as Fujitsu, HP,IBM, Intel, NEC, Oracle, Qualcomm, Samsungand developers from around the world.
|
||||
|
||||
**5 November** : Instead of announcing a Gphone as speculated beforehand, [Google announced][13] the Open Handset Alliance and [Android][14] calling it "the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices".
|
||||
|
||||
### 2009 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**29 January** : In January 2009 the New York Times stated: “More than 10 million people are estimated to run Ubuntu today”.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2011 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**11 May** : Google announced the Chromebook at the Google I/O conference 2011. Chromebooks are laptops running the so-called cloud operating system Chrome OS, that is based on the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
**21 June** : Linus Torvalds announces the release of Linux 3.0.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2013 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**13 December** : Valve Corporation announces its Linux-based operating system SteamOS for video game consoles.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12
|
||||
[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist
|
||||
[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate
|
||||
[4]:http://www.slackware.com/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616
|
||||
[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group
|
||||
[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html
|
||||
[14]:http://www.android.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
Hey,guys, this is mine. GOLinux ...
|
||||
Command Line Tuesdays – The Introductory
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Hi Geekos!**
|
||||
|
||||
Today we’re introducing a new series, called ‘Command Line Tuesdays‘. Why command line Tuesdays? Because in this series, everyday computer enthusiasts like yours truly, will try to step a little out of bounds of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) Culture, which is today synonymous to ‘making stuff easier for the masses‘.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, if you visited any of the GNU/Linux related community forums, you’ve probably read, and this is an assumption, a very fiery debate over which is actually easier. Using GUI for everything, or simply learning and enjoying the Command-line Interface (CLI).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Terminal
|
||||
|
||||
There are many arguments for or against the use of GUI tools. One of the most commonly referred pros is that we’ve been brought up in the point-and-click computing paradigm, so it’s basically a form of a language, or culture if you may, in which we interact with our machine. The patterns are mostly recurring, with big button clicking doing everything we need it to do.
|
||||
|
||||
On the other side, one of the most interesting comments I’ve read about the pros of command-line was: you can simply do more via the command-line much quicker, easier and faster than when using GUI tools. But there’s a catch: you have to learn the commands. Yes, learn them, as if learning a poem.
|
||||
Now, since to us, the semi-indoctrinated clueless users, it all sounds like some useless geek overreaching and overdoing, let me humanize it with a fable:
|
||||
|
||||
### The Fable ###
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve been using Linux for more then 3 years now. I’m a 27 year old literature major, who never held much of an interest in technology of any sort. I didn’t even own a computer until I was in high-school, so let’s say somewhere around 17. That’s barely ten years of computer usage. The only three programs I ever ran were BS Player, Winamp and Football Manager, with occasional usage of MS Word. Three and bit years ago, a colleague at a precarious job I was performing at the time was talking to another coworker, saying there’s a new edition of something which immediately occupied my attention, as it looked different. It was Ubuntu’s Natty Narwhal, I think. After discussing it with him, he pointed out the usual pros we gospel to the newcomers, no antivirus necessary, faster boot, better security, software center blah blah blah, and the peak of it: Free and Open Source (FOSS) philosophy behind it. And he did it in a very non-invasive, non fanboyish manner.
|
||||
|
||||
I decided to give it a go, and I never turned back since then. How I got into openSUSE around the 11.4 release, shortly after trying out Ubuntu for the first time is going to have to fit in another time, and how I find it to be the perfect sweet spot is a whole different story. The point is, I finally entered the Linux realm. It was fun, it was different, it made my computer run better, it was more stable. I barely had issues with it (seems I not-knowingly purchased fairly orthodox hardware). It seems that Linux came really far regarding the desktop, so I barely had to use the terminal. But let’s just say it was one of the most dreadful, terrifying and horrific tools to use in Linux. If there wasn’t a GUI for a specific operation, I immediately became nervous as I didn’t know what I was getting into when copy/pasting commands from the forums.
|
||||
After time, things changed. As opposed to other consumer-oriented systems, what happened to me was maybe somewhat of a human reverse-engineering. Instead of me consuming the system, I feel that in three years, the system consumed me. I learned how to search for basic issues, file bug reports, properly ask questions on forums. With every issue I had, I learned how to be better at providing the information needed for someone more competent to help me with my problem.
|
||||
|
||||
A short while ago, my girlfriend commented how she can’t believe I’m using my computer mostly for the sake of using the computer, rather than doing anything else. ‘You use it only for your music collection and Linux thingies, Nenad. Gaawd.’ It made me think, and think hard. Linux, specifically the openSUSE distro has become a hobby of mine. Not at an expert level, by any means, which is reasonable since it isn’t my area of expertise. But I know enough to get around, fix minor issues, play around with some configuration files etc. But what I came to know, is that with my increasing playing and tinkering around the system, I really need to get familiar with CLI. I learned that I’m playing around without knowing of the basics under the hood. What for crying out loud is ETC?!?!? What’s BIN? Why is there .sh at the end? Why is this file here, and this file there? Why do I have to click through gazillion of folders to find the right file to modify? Then I read you can easily list all the files somewhere with a single command. It became interesting. I suddenly felt an urge to try it out.
|
||||
|
||||
### So Let’s Do It! ###
|
||||
|
||||
…and here we are. As a new openSUSE news contributor, I’ll try to contribute in a way I see productive for what I suppose is a large portion of the community. It’s time to plant the banner and start learning the command-line together. If philosophy is what attracted you to Linux and openSUSE, like me, it got you this far. Now it’s time to take a step further.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Look, I know there’s a bunch of you like me out there. I know you maybe don’t see the point in all that 90′s geeky black-screen-green-letters-quick-typing-make-everything-go-boom thing. But it’s useful in many aspects. We’ll learn in a fun and communal way which directories are for what, what files are located where, most commonly used terminal commands. It will make our lives easier when we learn to perform tasks through the console, make it even more rewarding when we run into issues. It will also make the lives of bug-squashers easier when they receive proper information from our end, and it will make our hobby infinitely more fun.
|
||||
I mean, for crying out loud, you’ve already made a transition to a phase where Dilbert and xkcd are actually funny. It’s time for the terminal!
|
||||
|
||||
P.S.:
|
||||
|
||||
Reference material that will be used: William Shotts – The Linux Command Line and a short tutorial on most commonly used commands by a Croatian hacker Velimir Baksa aka Lutherus. Requirements on your part:
|
||||
- An hour or two of spare time weekly
|
||||
– A pint of cold beer or any other beverage
|
||||
– Someone already pointed out that using [Gedit][1], or a manual notepad (you know, pen and paper hehe) would be good for easier learning.
|
||||
|
||||
The book by Mr Shotts is exquisite. But there’s probably an issue of time/will-power etc. This way, I’ll try to humanize the lessons a bit more, take some time off your hands, and what’s most important – I count on us learning together, helping each other together (Comments and Forums, people!!) and tying a close-knit openSUSE community! This time next week (it will be June already!), we’ll learn our first commands. And remember…
|
||||
|
||||
**…have a lot of fun!**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/05/27/command-line-tuesdays-the-introductory/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://software.opensuse.org/package/gedit
|
||||
@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
|
||||
What is a good terminal emulator on Linux?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
A good terminal emulator is a sufficient reason to choose Linux over Windows or Mac. Any power user of Linux would agree on that. By accessing the shell, a user can easily perform tasks that would be impossible, or too repetitive to perform from a graphical environment. But the choice of your terminal emulator is important since it can be the single application that you use the most. I will try to give you a well furnished list of good terminal emulators on Linux, from the classics, to the most exotic, but always efficient and original.
|
||||
|
||||
If you deem a terminal application not cited here worthy, please let us know in the comments. There are a lot of them out there, and most are completely worthy of your attention.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Gnome-terminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Let's start with the "classical" terminals, and for Gnome, Gnome-terminal is as classical as it gets. It supports different user profiles, tabs, text re-sizing, transparent background, and a high degree of customization. As its name suggests, it fits in perfectly in a Gnome environment.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Konsole ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Also a big name, Konsole is pretty much the equivalent of Gnome-terminal for KDE environments. One of the few additions is that Konsole supports a split-view mode as well as directory bookmarking.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. (Xfce) Terminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xfce users also have their own terminal with xfce4-terminal. The idea is to get a product similar to Gnome-terminal in appearance, but much lighter in terms of resources needed. The result is very customizable, but without user profile functionality or transparent background.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. LXTerminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
[][1]
|
||||
|
||||
To finish with the most famous terminals for desktop environment, LXTerminal is designed for LXDE environments. As you can imagine, it is even lighter and faster than xfce-terminal, leaving behind complex customization and advanced options, just to keep the tabs.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Terminator ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now let's get to the Rolls-Royce of terminal emulators. Terminator is one of the most complete software out there. It includes tab, split-view horizontal and vertical, screen captures, user profiles, plugins, and layout manager. Probably more options than you will ever need. The downside is the weight, and the heavy resource consumption. Up to you what you sacrifice.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Tilda ###
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
There is also a completely different style of terminal, the so called "drop-down" type. If you like to have your terminal always at the stroke of a key, you might enjoy the next three software options. First, Tilda is the epitome of the drop-down terminal. It is environment free and pretty light. You can set the degree of transparency or even a different background, and then choose from which side of the screen it should appear. Past that, do not expect anything too complex like tabs or split-view. Tilda only does one thing: appear quickly when you need it.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Guake ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For those of you who like the concept of Tilda, but prefer something more integrated with Gnome, you should try Guake. Concerning the functionalities, they are more or less similar to Tilda. The difference between the two is mostly cosmetic.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Yakuake ###
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
But KDE users are not forgotten either, with Yakuake, which is basically the alternative to Guake for KDE environments. It proposes the same things as Guake, in addition to a tabbed interface and users profiles.
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Terra ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
And for power users, who liked Terminator and want it as a drop-down, I propose you Terra which is the best of both worlds. In between Guake and Terminator, Terra supports split-view and tabs while being a drop-down.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. rxvt ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If your goal is to be as lightweight as possible, and that you want something close to xterm, then rxvt is for you. With no tabs, no customization, no split-view, no anything, rxvt is the must when it comes to ultra-lightweight. If sometimes you need the bare minimum, then rxvt is for you.
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. Sakura ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As lesser known terminal emulator, Sakura is based on GTK but does not require a full Gnome installation. Unlike rxvt, Sakura has a few extras, like tabs and color customization, but tries to keep it simple and basic. So if you want the basics in a lightweight environment-free software, Sakura is probably where to turn to.
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Terminology ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most exotic terminal out there is Terminology. Originally designed for Enlightenment, it proposes the classical functions that we kept seeing so far, and also throws in a few more that I have not seen before. Among them, the possibility to stream media straight from the terminal, and even thumbnails for file listing.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/good-terminal-emulator-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100905020/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14284203351/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100857589/
|
||||
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> The upcoming end of support for Adobe Flash in the open source Chromium browser for Linux is actually a good thing for the Linux world.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Flash, the ubiquitous media framework for the Web, soon will no longer work for Linux users of the [Chromium][1] browser, the open source version of [Google Chrome][2]. Is it time for the Linux world to panic? Not at all.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's what's happening: Soon, the means by which Flash support was traditionally implemented in Chromium, via a plugin originally designed for Netscape, will [no longer work][3]. Instead, Flash support will come in the form of a new API called Pepper, which Google has created for Chrome.
|
||||
|
||||
For Linux users, the problem is that Pepper is available only for Chrome, not its open source cousin, Chromium. And while it may be possible technically to make Pepper work in Chromium, doing so will require more know-how than the average Linux user possesses.
|
||||
|
||||
That's bad news for the Linux world, where almost half of Linux users run Chromium, according to [one source][4]. And for other browsers, Flash support on Linux ended with Flash version 11.2, which still works well enough for now, but which may cease to be effective in the future. This is all to say that soon, neither Chromium, nor Firefox, nor any of their offshoots or open source betters likely will be able to display Flash-based content effectively.
|
||||
|
||||
But so far, few people are actually panicking about this, as indeed they shouldn't. In many ways, vanishing Flash support for Linux is actually a good thing, because it will only help to hasten the disappearance of Flash altogether. After all, as Jim Lynch [noted][5] over at IT World, Apple iOS has never had Flash support, and that hasn't dampened the massive popularity of iPads or iPhones. This is particularly true as technologies such as HTML5 are making Flash unnecessary for delivering Web content.
|
||||
|
||||
This is a case, then, in which denying support for a particular software package to the Linux community actually will benefit the community—and the IT world more generally—in the long run. That rarely happens, but when it comes to Flash, disappearing support for Linux can only prove to be a good thing.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-no-flash-support-linux-good-open-source
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.chromium.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#.
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#.
|
||||
[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
zpl1025, so loooooooooooooooog...........
|
||||
Raspberry Pi's Eben Upton: How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Inside the mind that prototyped a $35 computer for tinkerers.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
|
||||
linuhap翻译中
|
||||
Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In a few days, Canonical, the company behind Ubuntu Linux, will bid farewell to its longtime community manager. [Jono Bacon][1], who has long been one of the most familiar faces in the Ubuntu world, is moving to a new position at the [XPRIZE Foundation][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Bacon, who joined Canonical in 2006, [reported on his blog][3] that he decided to leave Canonical after receiving an offer from XPRIZE, which [describes itself][4] as "an innovation engine" and "catalyst for the benefit of humanity." He will work at XPRIZE as senior director of Community, bringing to bear the skills he acquired helping to coordinate the Ubuntu community over the last eight years.
|
||||
|
||||
Although Bacon was not directly responsible for the business or development side of things at Canonical, his departure is significant for the Ubuntu and open source worlds, where executive titles have tended to matter less than actual community involvement. Alongside Ubuntu founder and former Canonical CEO [Mark Shuttleworth][5], Bacon was one of the leading figures in the Ubuntu ecosystem since the project's earlier days.
|
||||
|
||||
Bacon was arguably even more influential in shaping many aspects of Ubuntu than Jane Silber, who has been Canonical's CEO since 2010, but whose public presence has generally been limited.
|
||||
|
||||
The team Bacon led—which includes Daniel Holbach, David Planella, Michael Hall, Nicholas Skaggs and Alan Pope—will continue his community leadership work at Canonical after his departure, he said. It is not yet clear, however, whether Canonical will be filling the community manager position he leaves behind.
|
||||
|
||||
Perhaps Canonical shouldn't. In many ways, maintaining an official community leader is at odds with the open source ethos, which tends to celebrate decentralized, user-driven community organization. Few Ubuntu fans are likely to panic at the news of Bacon's change of jobs.
|
||||
|
||||
Still, Bacon has helped to guide the Ubuntu community through a slew of crises—from Canonical's [failed attempt][6] to style the Ubuntu Software Center as a store, to [friction with the Fedora crowd][7], to [controversy][8] over the Amazon.com search features built into modern Ubuntu. He has left a mark on the Ubuntu ecosystem, and it won't be quite the same without him.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/052214/ubuntu-linux-community-manager-jono-bacon-leaves-canonical
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.jonobacon.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.xprize.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.jonobacon.org/2014/05/19/goodbye-canonical-hello-xprize/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.xprize.org/about/who-we-are
|
||||
[5]:http://markshuttleworth.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-software-store-will-your-kids-try-it
|
||||
[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/tensions-between-ubuntu-fedora-mount-over-new-website
|
||||
[8]:http://thevarguy.com/var-guy/controversy-erupts-over-amazon-search-ubuntu-1210
|
||||
@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Bacula** is an open source network backup solution that permits you to backup and restore the data’s from a local or group of remote networked computers. It is very easy in terms of installation and configuration with many advanced storage management features.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, let us see how to install and configure Bacula on Ubuntu 14.04 server. My test box IP address is **192.168.1.250/24**, and hostname is **server.unixmen.local**. Well, now let me get us into the tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Bacula ###
|
||||
|
||||
Bacula uses an SQL database to manage its information. We can use either MySQL or PostgreSQL database. In this tutorial, I use MySQL server.
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the following command to install MySQL server.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get upgrade
|
||||
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
|
||||
|
||||
During MySQL installation, you’ll be asked to set the database administrator password. Enter the password and click Ok.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Re-enter the password:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let us install bacula using the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install bacula-server bacula-client
|
||||
|
||||
By default, Bacula uses Postfix MTA. During installation, you’ll be asked to configure Postfix.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select Internet Site and click Ok.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter server fully qualified name(FQDN):
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now, select Yes to configure database for Bacula with dbconfig-common.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the MySQL database administrator password:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Set password for bacula-director-mysql to register with the database server. If left blank, a random password will be generated.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Re-enter the password:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Create Backup and Restore Directories ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let us backup and restore directories.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo mkdir -p /mybackup/backup /mybackup/restore
|
||||
|
||||
Set permissions and ownership to the above directories:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chown -R bacula:bacula /mybackup/
|
||||
sudo chown -R 700 /mybackup/
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure Bacula ###
|
||||
|
||||
Bacula has many configuration files which we have to configure.
|
||||
|
||||
**Update Bacula Director configuration:**
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Find the following section, and update the restore path. In our case,** /mybackup/restore** is my restore location.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Job {
|
||||
Name = "RestoreFiles"
|
||||
Type = Restore
|
||||
Client=server-fd
|
||||
FileSet="Full Set"
|
||||
Storage = File
|
||||
Pool = Default
|
||||
Messages = Standard
|
||||
Where = /mybackup/restore
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Scroll down to “list of files to be backed up” section, and set the path of the directory to backup. For this tutorial, I want to backup the “**/home/sk**” directory. So, I included this directory path in the “File” parameter.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
# By default this is defined to point to the Bacula binary
|
||||
# directory to give a reasonable FileSet to backup to
|
||||
# disk storage during initial testing.
|
||||
#
|
||||
File = /home/sk
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Scroll down further, fins the section **Exclude** section. Set the list of directories to be excluded from the backup. Here, I excluded the backup folder **/mybackup** directory from being backed up.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
# If you backup the root directory, the following two excluded
|
||||
# files can be useful
|
||||
#
|
||||
Exclude {
|
||||
File = /var/lib/bacula
|
||||
File = /nonexistant/path/to/file/archive/dir
|
||||
File = /proc
|
||||
File = /tmp
|
||||
File = /.journal
|
||||
File = /.fsck
|
||||
File = /mybackup
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Save and close file.
|
||||
|
||||
**Update Bacula Storage Daemon settings:**
|
||||
|
||||
Edit **/etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf**,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Set the backup folder location. i.e **/mybackup/backup** in our case.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Device {
|
||||
Name = FileStorage
|
||||
Media Type = File
|
||||
Archive Device = /mybackup/backup
|
||||
LabelMedia = yes; # lets Bacula label unlabeled media
|
||||
Random Access = Yes;
|
||||
AutomaticMount = yes; # when device opened, read it
|
||||
RemovableMedia = no;
|
||||
AlwaysOpen = no;
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Now, check if all the configurations are valid as shown below. If the commands displays nothing, the configuration changes are valid.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo bacula-dir -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf
|
||||
sudo bacula-sd -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Once you done all the changes, restart all bacula services.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-director restart
|
||||
sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-fd restart
|
||||
sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-sd restart
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Now, bacula has been installed and configured successfully.
|
||||
|
||||
### Manage Bacula Using Webmin ###
|
||||
|
||||
Managing and working with Bacula via command line is bit difficult. So let use a graphical system administration tool called “webmin” to ease our tasks.
|
||||
|
||||
Follow the below link to install Webmin on Ubuntu 14.04.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install Webmin on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS][1]
|
||||
注：此链接文章在另一篇里，如果也翻译发布了，那么可以更改这个链接地址
|
||||
|
||||
Now, go to the Webmin interface using URL https://ip-address:10000. Go to the System tab on the left pane and click on the Module configuration link. If it not found under system, search it from the unused modules section.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select MySQL in the database section. Enter the MySQL database administrator password, and click Save button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Now you’ll be able to configure Bacula from webmin easily. Start adding backup clients, volumes and schedule the jobs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-backup-server-using-bacula-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
|
||||
Translating by CHINAANSHE
|
||||
|
||||
How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MacBook Pros come with some very nice hardware, but some people want more. Some people want Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you’d like a more open and customizable operating system or simply need to dual-boot in order to access certain software, you might want Linux on your MacBook. The thing is, MacBook Pros are also pretty closed-down pieces of hardware that make installing other operating systems difficult – Linux more so than Windows. Boot Camp won’t help you with Linux, even though it doesn’t mean it’s impossible. Here’s how to do it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina? ###
|
||||
|
||||
The reasoning for installing Linux on a MacBook Pro might seem a bit strange at first – isn’t OS X one of the main reasons to get a Mac? That might be true, but another great reason to get a Mac is the hardware. They offer excellent performance, superb battery life, and long durability. For the ones with a Retina display, you’re also wanting a HiDPI experience for ultra-crisp photos and text.
|
||||
|
||||
But if you don’t like Mac OS X, or simply need to use Linux, you may want to put another operating system on that Mac hardware. Linux is lean, open, and highly customizable. Who says that you can’t bring the two together in a happy marriage? Well, Apple might have a word to say about that, but you probably don’t care anyways.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: For the purposes of this tutorial, we’ll be using Ubuntu, the [most popular Linux distribution][1], as our preferred choice. You’re free to choose a different distribution, but you can then only follow these steps are generic guidelines and not exact instructions. We claim no responsibility for any damage that is done to your system. Additionally, this tutorial assumes that you want to dual-boot between Linux and Mac OS X. It’s recommended to keep Mac OS X on the hard drive so that you can update the firmware if needed — something you cannot do in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Before we even start with the first step, make sure that your computer is backed up in case anything goes wrong. How you do this is up to you, so feel free to use Time Machine, CrashPlan, or whatever else you might prefer.
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
First, you’ll want to get a [copy of the Ubuntu desktop ISO image][2]. Be sure to choose the 64-bit desktop flavor, and not the image made for Macs. The regular image can boot up in BIOS and EFI modes, while the Mac image can only boot up in BIOS mode. This was done on purpose for some Macs, but we want to be able to boot it up in EFI mode.
|
||||
|
||||
### Write to USB Drive ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next, grab a USB flash drive that is at least 2GB large – we’ll use this to boot up the Ubuntu installer on. To make this drive you can follow [the official Ubuntu steps][3], or [use the dedicated GUI tool for the job][4].
|
||||
|
||||
### Resize Partitions ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nce you’ve done that, you can get your MacBook Pro ready for the installation. Open up the Disk Utility, click on your hard drive on the left side, and then choose the Partitions tab. Resize the Mac partition to whatever size you’d like it to be — we’ll use the newly created free space to install Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
### Boot Up Ubuntu Image ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After that’s completed, plug in the USB flash drive you prepared and restart your MacBook Pro. Be sure to hold down the Options button from when the screen blanks out for a second to when you see a screen with various boot options. Choose the EFI option (the left one in case you see two of them) to boot up your Ubuntu USB flash drive.
|
||||
|
||||
When prompted to choose between “Try Ubuntu” and “Install Ubuntu”, choose “Try Ubuntu” because we’ll need to perform a step after the installer completes but before you restart the system.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installer ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once the Ubuntu desktop loads, start the installer and go through it normally until you reach the partitioning step. If you cannot access WiFi, it’s because Ubuntu currently doesn’t recognize your WiFi chipset. Don’t worry – we don’t need to have Internet access right now, and it’ll detect the right driver to use whenever you boot up into your new installation later on.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you come to the partitioning step, choose to “Do something else”. Then, make sure that the small partition that’s ~128MB large is recognized as an EFI boot partition (you can check by clicking on it and choosing Options; additionally, that should be /dev/sda1). Next, you can create an ext4 partition in the new space and have the path “/” be mounted to it. You can also create multiple partitions here if you prefer that and know what you’re doing.
|
||||
|
||||
Before you continue to the next step, make sure that the bootloader installation location says /dev/sda1, as you want GRUB to be installed into that partition. Then, finish off the installation like normal.
|
||||
|
||||
### EFI Boot Fix ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When the installer completes, don’t restart just yet! We still need to do one more thing so that we’ll be able to use GRUB. Run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install efibootmgr
|
||||
|
||||
This will temporarily install a configuration tool for EFI boot setups. Next, run
|
||||
|
||||
sudo efibootmgr
|
||||
|
||||
This will print out the current boot configuration to your screen. In this, you should be able to see “ubuntu” and “Boot0000*”. Currently, the EFI system will point to Boot0080*, which skips GRUB and goes directly to Mac OS X. To fix this, run the command
|
||||
|
||||
sudo efibootmgr -o 0,80`
|
||||
|
||||
Now you can restart!
|
||||
|
||||
Congratulations! Your Ubuntu installation should now be working! However, there are a few tweaks that you can perform to have a better experience.
|
||||
|
||||
### Various Tweaks ###
|
||||
|
||||
First, you’ll need to make a quick change to a GRUB setting so that the SSD won’t occasionally freeze. Type
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/default/grub
|
||||
|
||||
in a terminal, and then find the line with **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX** and change it to **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="libata.force=noncq"**. Hit CTRL+X to save, and Y then Enter to confirm. Then, you’ll want to type
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/grub.d/40_custom
|
||||
|
||||
into the terminal, which will open up a new file. In it, type this exactly:
|
||||
|
||||
menuentry "Mac OS X" {
|
||||
exit
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
This will allow you to boot into your Mac OS X installation (the 32-bit and 64-bit entries in GRUB do not work). Do the same thing to save and exit, then type in
|
||||
|
||||
sudo update-grub
|
||||
|
||||
for the changes to go into effect. Finally, restart your system for good measure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, everything is ridiculously small on the Retina display. To fix this, System Settings –> Display and change the scaling factor to something larger. On the Retina screen, everything will look extremely tiny and it will make your life much more difficult if you don’t change it to something you like.
|
||||
|
||||
You may also find that it’s difficult to grab the edges of a window for resizing. This can also be changed. Type
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano /usr/share/themes/Ambiance/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml
|
||||
|
||||
into a terminal, and then change these values appropriately:
|
||||
|
||||
<distance name="left_width" value="4"/>
|
||||
<distance name="right_width" value="4"/>
|
||||
<distance name="bottom_height" value="4"/>
|
||||
|
||||
If that’s not big enough, you can also change those values to “6″ instead.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, if you experience any washed out colors, you can grab the display color profile from Mac OS X and use it in Ubuntu. Mount your Mac OS X drive and navigate to
|
||||
|
||||
/Library/ColorSync/Profiles/Displays/Color LCD-xxxxxx.icc
|
||||
|
||||
where xxxxxx is some random string (there should only be one file anyways, but this string gets randomized). Copy it into your Ubuntu home folder, and then go to System Settings –> Color and choose Add New Profile and choose the profile you saved in your home folder.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Congratulations! You now have a great working Linux installation on your MacBook Pro Retina! Feel free to make additional tweaks to [make Ubuntu feel more like home][5]. I’m sure that these instructions can be applied to other Mac systems, but each new release has its own pitfalls and advantages. If you use a different machine, it’s a good idea to look up some documentation first, such as [this][6] for Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, feel free to check out [other great Linux distros][7] that you can install to your Mac!
|
||||
|
||||
Have you installed Linux on a Mac? What problems did you encounter and how did you solve it? Let us know in the comments!
|
||||
|
||||
Image Credits: [K?rlis Dambr?ns][8] Via Flickr
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/install-linux-macbook-pro/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/windows-xp-users-switch-ubuntu-14-04-lts-trusty-tahr/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-mac-osx
|
||||
[4]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-boot-a-linux-live-usb-stick-on-your-mac/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/11-tweaks-perform-ubuntu-installation/
|
||||
[6]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro
|
||||
[7]:http://www.makeuseof.com/pages/best-linux-distributions
|
||||
[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/janitors/10037346335
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
CNprober 翻译完成<travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541>
|
||||
|
||||
一份完整的Linux发展年表
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们周围到处都有Linux的身影，家，公司，大学，实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的业余爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个业余爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux23年发展的历史年表。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1991 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**8月25号** : 21岁的芬兰学生Linus Benedict Torvalds 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上宣布了它正在写一个免费的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
**9月1号** : Linux 0.01在网上发布。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1992 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或者未修改版的Linux变成可能，只要你将这些拷贝和完整的相应的源代码也以相同的GPL许可证发布。在后来的一次[采访][2]中,Linus对许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）：
|
||||
|
||||
" Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did."
|
||||
|
||||
**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。这次被一些人认为是跑题的网络口水战的争论总的来说是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。
|
||||
|
||||
**4月5号** : 第一个Linux新闻组，comp.os.linux由Ari Lemmke提议和开通。
|
||||
|
||||
**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window视窗系统。它建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1993 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6月17号** : Slackware Linux由Patrick Volkerding发布。[Slackware][4]被认为是第一个取得广泛成功的Linux发行版，而且它现在还在使用。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其他发行版的鼻祖。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月19号** : Matt Welsh写的《Linux Installation and Getting Started》第1版出版，这是第一本关于Linux的书。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1994 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**3月14号** : [Linux内核V1.0][5]发布。它支持基于i386单处理器的计算机系统。这3年来，内核代码增长到了176,250行。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月26号** : 第一期《Linux Journal》杂志发行。这一期杂志的特点是记录了一次对Linus Torvalds的采访和一些Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A写的文章。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月15号** : Willian R. Della Croce, Jr. 申请了“Linux”商标，9月进行了注册。Della Croce在不知道Linux社区财政窘迫的前提下，向煊赫的“Linux公司”写了一封信，要求他们为“Linux”商标使用支付费用。这次风波以将商标转让给代表所有请愿者和Linux使用者的Linus Torvalds而告终，时间是1997年。
|
||||
|
||||
**11月3号** : Red Hat的共同创始人Marc Ewing宣布可以以49.95美元的零售价格获得Red Hat Software Linux的CD-ROM和30天的安装支持。2012年Red Hat成为[第一家10亿美元的开源公司][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1995 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**4月4号** : 开展了第一个专门针对Linux的贸易展和会议系列，名字叫Linux Expo。这成为接下来几年中，最流行和备受关注的年度Linux盛会。贸易展和会议的入场券价格是4美元。3年后，Red Hat接管了这个展会，也是主要的赞助商。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1996 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5月9号** : 在最初Alan Cox的提议和Linus Torvalds的细化下，Larry Ewing1996年创造了现在看到的这个叫做Tux的吉祥物。选定企鹅作为Linux吉祥物的主意来自Linus Torvalds，他说自己被一只企鹅轻轻的咬了一口之后就具有了企鹅的特征。（这是要变成企鹅侠吗？估计是原作者调皮了？--译注）
|
||||
|
||||
**6月9号** : [Linux内核V2.0][7]发布。相比更早的版本这是一个意义重大的提升，这是第一个在单系统中支持多处理器的稳定内核版本，也支持更多的处理器类型。Linux从此以后成了很多公司一个郑重选择的对象。你可以阅读1996年8月在Linux Journal上发布的[回顾Linux V2.0][8]文章了解更多的关于这方面的提升。
|
||||
|
||||
**10月14号** : 1996年Mattias Ettrich发起了KDE项目，因为他深受Unix桌面系统下应用程序的不一致之苦。(在此之前Unix和Linux都没有一个统一的桌面系统，编写桌面软件非常复杂--译注)
|
||||
|
||||
### 1997 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月9号** : 第一个“Linux病毒”Bliss被发现了。Bliss不危害系统的安全，他依赖于人们用特权干蠢事来感染系统，然后提醒用户只安装从可靠站点下载的可以验证数字签名的软件，并且安装之前一定要先验证签名(很多地方把这个算作第2个Linux病毒，因为之前还有一个更加“绿色”的病毒--译注)。
|
||||
“事实上，在Linux上写一个病毒可能会更加的简单，因为Linux是开源的，所有的源代码都是可以获取的。所以，随着Linux变得更加通用和流行的时候，我们将看到更多的Linux病毒。”--来自McAfee的畅想。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1998 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5月1号** : Google搜索引擎面世。它不仅仅是世界上最好的搜索引擎之一，更是基于Linux的，它的特征是有一个Linux的搜索页面。
|
||||
|
||||
**12月4号** : 一份来自IDC的报告称1998年Linux的出货量至少上升了200%，市场占有率上升至少150%。Linux的市场占有率为17%，并且以一个其他操作系统无法企及的速度增长着。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1999 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**2月9号** : Linux和BSD使用者们发起了“Windows退款日”。他们联合起来造访了微软公司，希望退还他们在买电脑时绑定购买Windows许可证的钱，这些许可证他们从来没有用过。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月3号** : 另一个颇具影响力的桌面系统进入了Linux的世界，就是[GNOME桌面系统][9]。在很多主要的Linux发行版比如Debian，Fedora，RedHad Enterprise Linux和SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop中，GNOME是默认的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2000 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**2月4号** : 最新的IDC报告表明Linux现在排在“最受欢迎的服务器操作系统的第2位”，1999年服务器系统销售量占总量的25%。Windows NT38%位列第1，NetWare19%排在第3位。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月11号** : 摩托罗拉公司宣布发行HA Linux。这个发行版专注于通信应用领域，对系统不关机连续运行时间要求非常高。它还包括了热交换能力和支持i386和PowerPC架构。
|
||||
|
||||
**3月23号** : 爱立信公布了“Screen Phone HS210”，这是一款基于Linux的触屏手机，具备邮件和网页浏览等功能。爱立信和Opera Software公司同时宣布这款手机将会安装Opera的网页浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
**10月30号** : 第一个Linux live发行版由Linux咨询顾问Klaus Knopper发布，名字叫做Knoppix。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2001 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月3号** : 美国NAS（美国国家安全局）以GPL许可证发布了SELinux。SELinux提供了标准Unix权限管理系统以外的另一层安全检查。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2003 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**3月6号** : SCO Group公司宣布他们正在发起对IBM高达10亿美元的诉讼，他们声称IBM把SCO的商业机密整合到了Linux中。之后SCO公司发起了一系列的法律诉讼案，这威胁到了很多计算机行业的巨头包括惠普，微软，Novell，Silicon Graphics，Sun Microsystems和RedHat。这次案件在Novell公司的支持下于2010年3月30号判决完。(著名的SCO-Linux争议，SCO声称拥有System V的部分源码所有权，IBM将这部分源码整合到Linux中侵犯了SCO著作权。最后联邦法院裁定Novell才是Unix商标的合法拥有者。--译注)
|
||||
|
||||
### 2004 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2007 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**6月6号** : 华硕在2007的台北电脑展上展出了两款“易PC”（Eee PC）：701和1001.第1批易PC预装的是Xandros Linux，这是一个基于Debian，轻量级的为适应小屏幕进行过优化的Linux发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
**8月8号** : 2007年Linux基金会由[开源发展实验室(OSDL)][11]和[自由标准组织(FSG)][12]联合成立。这个基金会目的是赞助Linux创始人Linus的工作。基金会得到了主要的Linux和开源公司，包括富士通，HP，IBM，Intel，NEC，Oracle，Qualcomm，三星和来自世界各地的开发者的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
**11月5号** : 与之前大家推测的发布Gphone不同，[Google宣布][13]组建开放手机联盟(Open Handset Alliance)和发布[Android][14]，这个被称为“第一个真正开放的综合移动设备平台”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2009 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1月29号** : 2009年1月纽约时报称“现在预计有超过10亿人在运行Ubuntu系统”。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2011 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5月11号** : 2011年Google I/O大会发布了Chrombook。这是一款运行着所谓的云操作系统Chrome OS的笔记本。Chome OS也是基于Linux内核的。
|
||||
|
||||
**6月21号** : Linus Torvalds 发布了Linux3.0版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2013 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**12月13号** : Valve公司发布基于Linux的StreamOS操作系统，这是一个视频游戏控制台系统。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[love\\_daisy\\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12
|
||||
[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist
|
||||
[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate
|
||||
[4]:http://www.slackware.com/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616
|
||||
[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs
|
||||
[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group
|
||||
[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html
|
||||
[14]:http://www.android.com/
|
||||
@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
|
||||
在Surface Pro 3上运行Ubuntu – 尚不完美但很有戏
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
微软从5月21日起接受Surface Pro 3平板PC的预订，没过多久Linux爱好者们就在其上尝试了Ubuntu 14.04。结果是十分有希望的！Surface pro 3标榜拥有还不错的[硬件规格][1]，当所有的硬件都被支持后，对任何Linux用户而言在上面运行Ubuntu无疑是一件令人感到愉快的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
最明智的第一步无疑是对Surface pro 3的系统镜像做个备份。根据上面安装系统版本的不同镜像大小也不一定相同，但可以相信的是这一过程会很快完成。恢复Windows 8.1的时候还另外需要一个驱动器来恢复镜像，因为一旦安装了Linux，原本的修复和还原功能将会消失。
|
||||
|
||||
要在Surface上安装Ubuntu，连接一个Ubuntu的可启动U盘，同时按住音量减和电源键直到Surface的标志出现，然后放开这两个键。一旦从USB启动之后，你就能看到熟悉的Ubuntu安装界面（有实时会话（live session）和安装选项）。后续Ubuntu安装步骤和一般安装相同。
|
||||
|
||||
安装完成后大部分组件都能达到开箱即用的状态。WiFi能够正常工作，但只能检测到2.4GHz的网络。Type Cover上的触控板工作正常，但键盘不能工作。在辅助设置中的虚拟键盘可以用来输入，但在Ubuntu中还是缺少一些功能特性。最佳的选择是连接一个USB键盘。随附的笔能够像鼠标指针一样工作，点击下去相当于鼠标左键单击，但蓝牙不能开箱即用，笔上的按钮也不起作用。在Ubuntu的笔的功能实现上，在压感上可能会有点小问题。尽管系统流畅反应迅速，没有了type cover的体验无论如何也算不上最佳。就像键盘一样，dock（译注：Surface的扩展底座）可能也做不到开箱即用。相比于Ubuntu，触控和WiFi同样可以开箱即用的KDE的Plasma Active（译注：KDE专为触控设备打造的用户界面）会是个更好的选择。但是，最新版的Kubuntu在Surface Pro 3上安装时还存在一些问题。
|
||||
|
||||
如果这部设备能够获得开发者足够的关注的话，到Surface Pro 3在各个销售点开售的时候，大部分问题应该能够得到解决。 这里是这次试验时录下的Ubuntu运行在Surface Pro 3上的简短[视频][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/27870
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3
|
||||
[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
|
||||
Linux上有哪些好的终端模拟器?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
一个好的终端模拟器是一个很好的理由去选择Linux而不是Windows或者Mac。任何Linux的资深用户都会同意这点。通过访问shell，用户可以完成在图形环境下不可能或者太重复的任务。但是终端模拟器的选择是非常重要的，因为它会成为你使用最多的程序。我会尝试列出在Linux上好的终端模拟器的一份清单，从经典的到奇特的，但是它们都是有效率且原始的。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你认为存在好的终端程序在这里没有提到，请在评论区让我们知道。这里很多没有提到，大多数是值得你注意的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Gnome-terminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
让我们先从“经典”终端开始，对于Gnome而言，Gnome-terminal和Gnome一样经典。它支持不同的用户配置，标签，文本调整，背景转换，和高度的自定义。如它名字暗示的那样，它适用于Gnome环境。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Konsole ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
同样大名鼎鼎，Konsole在KDE环境下等同于Gnome-terminal。Konsole额外支持一点是分割视图和目录书签。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. (Xfce) terminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xfce用户同样有他们的Xfce4终端。这个项目的目的是得到一个Gnome-terminal在外观上相似的产品，但是在资源需求上会少很多。结果是非常可自定义化，但是没有用户配置功能或者透明背景。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. LXTerminal ###
|
||||
|
||||
[][1]
|
||||
|
||||
为了完成在桌面环境下的最著名终端，LXTerminal是为LXDE环境设计的。如你所想象的，它甚至比xfce-terminal更轻量快速，去除了复杂的自定义和高级选项，只保持了标签。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Terminator ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在让我们进入终端模拟器中的劳斯莱斯，Terminator是这里最完整的一款，它包括了标签、水平和垂直分割视图、屏幕捕捉、用户配置、插件、布局管理。可能还有一些你永远都不要的选项。它的缺点是大小，和大量的资源消耗。这些就是你会牺牲的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Tilda ###
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
这里还有一款完全不同的一款终端，它称为“下拉”式。如果你喜欢你的终端总是处于关键的行程，也许你会喜欢下面的三个软件选项。首先，Tilda是下拉式终端的缩影。它不依赖于环境并且非常轻量。你可以设置透明度或者甚至是不同的背景，接下来选中一边的屏幕会显示出来。除去这个，不要期待太复杂的比如标签或者分割视图。Tilda只做一件事：在你需要的时候快速显示出来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Guake ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于喜欢Tilda的概念，但是更喜欢与Gnome结合更紧密的东西，你应该试试Guake。考虑到功能，它多多少少与Tilda相似。两者之间最大的不同是Guake更美观。
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Yakuake ###
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
KDE也不会忘记的Yakuake，它通常是KDE环境下的Guake的替代品。它和Quake一样处理相同的事，除了标签化接口和用户配置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Terra ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于喜欢Terminator和下拉式的资深用户而言，我假设Terra是这两个世界中最好的。在Guake和Terminator之间，Terra在下拉式中支持分割视图和标签。
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. rxvt ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的目标是尽可能的轻量，你希望接近xterm，那么rxvt就是为你设计的。它没有标签和自定义，没有分割视图，没有任何东西，要极轻量就用rxvt。如果有时你只需要刚好够的功能，那么rxvt就是为你而生的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. Sakura ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作为一款并不有名的终端模拟器，Sakura基于GTK但是并不需要完整的Gnome安装。不像rxvt，Sakura有一些额外的功能，像标签和颜色自定义，但是它尝试保持简单和基础。因此如果你想要一款不针对特定环境的基础终端，Sakura可能是你想要的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Terminology ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这里面最奇异的终端是Terminology。它原本是为Enlightment设计的，它提出了目前我们看到的经典功能，并且还有我之前没有见过的功能。在这之中有，直接在终端中传输流媒体，甚至是文件列表略缩图。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/good-terminal-emulator-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100905020/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14284203351/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100857589/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
为什么Flash不支持Linux对开源比较好
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Linux中开源软件Chromium浏览器对Adobe Flash的支持即将结束，这实际上对Linux世界是件好事。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Flash，无处不在的网络媒体框架，很快将不能在linux的[Chromium][1]浏览器中使用,Chromium是开源版的[Google Chrome][2]浏览器。现在我们要为Linux世界恐慌了吗？答案是根本不用。
|
||||
|
||||
事情是这样的：Chromium对Flash支持的传统方法是通过使用最初设计用于Netscape浏览器的一个插件实现，很快，这个方法将[不能用][3]。Flash支持将使用新的叫做Pepper的API，这是Google为Chrome而制作的。
|
||||
|
||||
对于Linux用户，问题是Pepper只能用于Chrome，而不能用于其表兄弟Chromium。虽然在技术上可以使Pepper在Chromium上使用，但做到它需要你比一般Linux用户拥有更多的知识。
|
||||
|
||||
这对Linux世界来说是个坏消息，根据[该网站][4]可知，有近一半的Linux用户在使用Chromium。在Linux上对于其他的浏览器，Flash的支持以Flash 11.2版本结束，现在它仍然能够良好工作，但是将来可能不能够使用。这是说，不久，不论Chromium还是Firefox或者其他与他们相关的软件，可能将来还能够有效地显示基于Flash的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
但到目前为止，很少有人对此事感到恐慌，事实上他们确实不应该。从很多方面来说，Flash对Linux不再支持实际上是件好事，因为这将有助于加速Flash的完全消失。毕竟，就像Jim Lynch在IT World上[写的][5],苹果iOS从没有过Flash支持，但这并没有阻碍iPads或iPhones变得的极为流行。尤其是一些技术如HTML5使得在提供网络内容时不必使用Flash。
|
||||
|
||||
拒绝一个特定的软件包实际上对于Linux社区来说将很有利——有利于IT世界变得更普遍——从长远来看。这种情况很少见，但当发生在Flash上时，对Linux变得不支持的确是件好事。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-no-flash-support-linux-good-open-source
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.chromium.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#.
|
||||
[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#.
|
||||
[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux
|
||||
@ -2,44 +2,51 @@ Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“新手们，你们失望了？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。”
|
||||
>>>>>>> 51f3aeffb27a659d5154c500cf16bafe572a4007
|
||||
|
||||
**好**吧，Linux博客圈这里这周相对比较平静，给网民们一个拖了很久的机会集体喘口气吧，去享受一下龙舌兰、燕尾服、鸡尾酒带来的欢快吧，然后评估一下过去几周来发生的和自由开放软件相关的事件吧。
|
||||
|
||||
有些人错过了这些重大新闻：[IEEE][2]的[颁奖礼][1]，计算机世界的2014计算机先驱奖正是颁发给了李纳斯·托沃兹；Tails OS 1.0的[到来][3]；以及，也许是最令人激动的事情，位于西雅图的乐队[网猫][5][发布了][4]作为Linux内核模块的首张唱片。
|
||||
|
||||
“你是否曾经在听一张专辑的时候想过‘伙计，这听起来不错，但是我希望它能经常从用户空间过渡到内核空间去！’”网猫在Facebook上写道，“我们会全力支持你的。我们的专辑现在完全可以作为一个可加载的Linux内核模块来播放。”
|
||||
<<<<<<< HEAD
|
||||
Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting!
|
||||
=======
|
||||
Linux女孩曾经认为她自己已经完全进入Linux世界了，但是她现在却意识到她的想法是错误的。谢谢你们，网猫，是你们让生活一直这么有趣！
|
||||
>>>>>>> 51f3aeffb27a659d5154c500cf16bafe572a4007
|
||||
|
||||
### 'Command Line Secrets' ###
|
||||
### ‘命令行秘诀’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Speaking of interesting, there's nothing like a little shop talk around the bar to pass the time during a quiet week, and last week afforded a dose of that as well. Life is good here in the Linux blogosphere!
|
||||
说到有趣，没什么比围坐在吧台前谈论行业内的事情来度过平静的一周更带劲了，而上周搞了一次。Linux博客圈内的生活很惬意。
|
||||
|
||||
The forum was Linux Voice -- that shiny, new magazine alert readers may remember [launched late last year][6] -- and the topic was none other than [command line secrets][7].
|
||||
座谈会内容是Linux声音杂志——那本闪亮的新杂志让读者可以记得它是[去年年底发布的][6]——而谈话的主题恰恰就是[命令行秘诀][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Girl couldn't resist.
|
||||
Linux女孩要忍不住了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 'It Manages to Render Most Web Pages' ###
|
||||
### ‘它打算渲染大多数网页’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
"There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line," wrote the masterminds at Linux Voice. "It's the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer.
|
||||
“有很多使用命令行的真正的好理由，”Linux声音的策划者写道，“它是让你和计算机进行交互的强大而简明的方法“
|
||||
|
||||
"However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses," they added.
|
||||
“然而，我想花点时间来看看它里头一些更为晦涩的用法（有人会说毫无意义，不值得去做了）。“他们补充说。
|
||||
|
||||
Top of the magazine's list is the elinks Web browser: "It might not be as colorful as its more famous rivals, but it manages to render most Web pages," they explained. "As well has having geek-chic, it can come in handy when you just need to quickly check if a Web page is accessible from a computer you only have SSH access to."
|
||||
杂志列表顶端是elinks网页浏览器：“它可能看起来没有它的竞争对手那样光彩照人，但它打算渲染大多数网页。”他们解释道，“它也有着极客时尚，当你需要快速检查你是否能从只能通过SSH访问的计算机上去访问网页时，它就会派上用场了。“
|
||||
|
||||
The list goes on from there to include looking up definitions on Wikipedia, among other tips.
|
||||
列表从那里继续，包含了从维基百科上查阅一些定义等其它一些实用的小建议。
|
||||
|
||||
Down at the Broken Windows Lounge, patrons had plenty of suggestions of their own.
|
||||
从破窗休息室下来，老主顾们获得了大量他们自己的建议。
|
||||
|
||||
### 'Great for Maintenance' ###
|
||||
### '对维护很重要' ###
|
||||
|
||||
"Very nice tips on CL commands, very nice," enthused Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol, for example. "But they forgot [cowsay][8], which is great for having some laughs in the darkness of a terminal."
|
||||
“命令行命令的提示很不错，真的很不错。”比如，Google+博主亚历桑德鲁：埃伯索尔满怀热情地说，“但是他们忘了[cowsay][8]，它可以用来在黑漆漆的终端里博你一笑。“
|
||||
”命令行对于维护很重要。“他补充说，”大家可以使用bash脚本来自动化，只需按几个快捷键（或者只要一个就行）来完成复杂的任务。”
|
||||
|
||||
The command line "is great for maintenance," he added. "One can automate with bash scripts and make complex tasks with few (or just one) keystrokes."
|
||||
|
||||
Other command line secrets Ebersol would add to the original list are sl (steam locomotive), along with [these nuggets][9]:
|
||||
其它命令行秘诀，埃伯索尔会把它们放进原始列表的是sl（蒸汽机车），还有这些[这些金点子][9]：
|
||||
|
||||
* % cat "food in cans"
|
||||
cat: can't open food in cans
|
||||
@ -52,47 +59,46 @@ Other command line secrets Ebersol would add to the original list are sl (steam
|
||||
* % man: why did you get a divorce?
|
||||
man:: Too many arguments.
|
||||
|
||||
### 'The Most Precious Gem' ###
|
||||
### '最珍贵的精华' ###
|
||||
|
||||
"Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," blogger [Robert Pogson][10] told Linux Girl. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun."
|
||||
“命令行秘诀？根本没这玩样。”博主[罗伯特：伯格森][10]告诉Linux女孩道，”失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”
|
||||
|
||||
Pogson doesn't remember how long ago he discovered 'ssh,' but "it's the most precious gem of the FLOSS world," he said.
|
||||
伯格森记不得多久以前他发现了‘ssh’，但是“它是自由/开源软件世界中最珍贵的精华了。“他说。
|
||||
|
||||
"The awesome power of ssh is that the joy you have with typing commands on one computer can allow you a hundred times the joy on 100 computers," he added. "Of course, it's not fun to type passwords 100 times, so learn to use secure passwordless logins with ssh to make logging in remotely transparent."
|
||||
”ssh的强大力量在于，你可以在一台计算机上输入命令获得快乐，你更可以在100台计算机上干同样的事情来获得100倍的快乐。“他补充道，”当然，要输入100次命令可不是闹着玩的。所以，学习一下通过ssh安全地无密码登陆，可以让ssh的远程登陆透明化。“
|
||||
### '带着尊重来用吧' ###
|
||||
|
||||
### 'Use It With Respect' ###
|
||||
当然，”就像干任何快乐的事一样，有人会沉迷于搞破坏。“伯格森警告道，”作为root用户，你可以输入命令来删除所有的东西，或者把这一切搞乱。“
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, "just as with any pleasurable activity, one can be addicted to the point of destruction," Pogson warned. "As root, you can type commands to delete everything or otherwise mess things up.
|
||||
”这是核心选择权，就像处理世界事务一样，在按下那个键之前一定要三思而后行，评估干这事所产生的结果，带着尊重和高尚的动机来使用它。“他补充道。
|
||||
|
||||
"This is the nuclear option, and just as world leaders should sit on their hands and think carefully before pushing the button, value this power and use it with respect and higher motivations," he added.
|
||||
”我曾经删除了一个文件系统，因为我的大拇指蹭到了空格键调出了一个命令。“伯格森总结道，”坦白地说，我只干过这样的事情一次。“
|
||||
|
||||
"I once deleted a file system because my thumb dragged the space bar into a command," Pogson concluded. "I only did that once. Honest."
|
||||
### '很强大' ###
|
||||
|
||||
### 'Very Powerful' ###
|
||||
Google+博主贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C不那么热情。
|
||||
|
||||
Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. was no less enthusiastic.
|
||||
“即使[GUI][11]工具更易用，在*nix领域，命令行仍然很强大。“他告诉Linux女孩，”甚至一些有能力的MacOS用户也用它们。”
|
||||
|
||||
"Even though the [GUI][11] tools are easier, in the *nix universe, the command line remains very powerful," he told Linux Girl. "Even some power MacOS users use them."
|
||||
对于贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C他自己而言，“我想要掌握的唯一一些命令是进程控制和杀死命令，想要使用ctrl+alt+退格键，因为我可以用来处理给我造成麻烦的那个进程，我还想要掌握tar.gz文件的管理——那玩样到现在还让我头痛。“他说。
|
||||
|
||||
As for Gonzalo Velasco C. himself, "the only commands I would like to master are the process control and killing, to use with ctrl+alt+backspace, so I can handle the one process that is giving me trouble, and the tar.gz files management -- that to this very day remains a pain for me," he said.
|
||||
#### '你正在做错事' ####
|
||||
|
||||
#### 'Ur Doing It Wrong' ####
|
||||
最后一点，但并非不重要，SoylentNews博主hairyfeet有一个完全不同的观点。
|
||||
|
||||
Last but not least, SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet had a different perspective altogether.
|
||||
“我只想谈一件事情来充实一下命令行界面这个报道：如果你不干IT，而且做着一些重复的事情，而这些事情只是很简单、很原始地去记录一些有用的事情，但你还在用命令行，那么‘你在走一条不归路’“hairyfeet告诉Linux女孩，”命令行界面没什么神奇——它只是1970年代以来的一个图形化界面！“
|
||||
|
||||
"The only thing I would add to a story about CLI is this: If you aren't working in IT and performing repetitive tasks where having an extremely simplistic, primitive way to script something is useful, and yet you are still using CLI, then 'ur doing it wrong,'" hairyfeet told Linux Girl. "A CLI isn't magic -- it's a GUI from the 1970s!"
|
||||
今天，有很多“有用的图形化界面，这要多亏了CPU频率和内存的增加，而不是一美元店里的廉价手表——我们甚至有IDE和脚本语言大大超过70年代那个复辟古董货，在广域网或者局域网上工作，并与操作系统最底层交互，一切都在变得更易用，这多亏了智能感应和自动完成这样的技术。“他解释说，”所以上天作证，如果你不是那3%的系统管理员，工作在以字节计数的世界里，你会把那一堆垃圾从陈年旧帐中翻出来？
|
||||
|
||||
Today there are "useful GUIs thanks to actually having more CPU and RAM than a dollar-store watch -- we even have IDEs and scripting languages that can run rings around that 70s throwback, work across the WAN or LAN and interact with the deepest levels of the OS, all while being easier to use thanks to technologies like intellisense and autocomplete," he explained. "So why in God's name, if you aren't one of the 3 percent who are administering systems where every single byte counts, would you be dragging that old pile of junk out of mothballs?"
|
||||
Hairyfeet的最佳命令行建议？“不要——被21世纪那些不切实际的想法所左右，学学怎样真正来使用语言和工具吧。“他总结道，”让命令行成为泡影，把软盘都扔进历史的垃圾桶吧。“
|
||||
|
||||
Hairyfeet's best CLI advice? "Don't -- join the rest of the planet in the 21st century and learn how to use real languages and tools," he concluded. "Let CLI join bubble memory and floppies on the dustbin of history."
|
||||
|
||||
> atherine Noyes is always on duty in her role as Linux Girl, whose cape she has worn since 2007. A mild-mannered journalist by day, she spends her evenings haunting the seedy bars and watering holes of the Linux blogosphere in search of the latest gossip. You can also find her on [Twitter][12] and [Google+][13].
|
||||
> 银汉鱼诺伊斯总是尽忠职守当好她的Linux女孩，那件斗篷她从2007穿到现在了。作为一个白天举止温和的女记者，她晚上像逛夜店一样，为了搜寻最新的小道消息，在Linux博客圈上灌水。你也能在 [Twitter][12]和[Google+][13]上找到她。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu Linux社区经理Jono Bacon离开Canonical公司
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
几天后，Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，将告别其任职长久的社区经理。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是Ubuntu世界里最熟悉的面孔，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。
|
||||
|
||||
Bacon于2006年加入Canonical，从[其博客可知][3]他是在决定在收到XPRIZE的录用通知后离开Canonical的，XPRIZE[自称][4]为“创新引擎”和“造福人类的催化剂”。他将会在XPRIZE就任社区主管，施展他在Ubuntu社区过去八年所获得的能力。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然Bacon在Canonical不是直接负责商业或者发展方面，但是他的离开对于Ubuntu和开源世界都是很重大的，在Ubuntu和开源世界里实际社区参与比行政头衔更重要。与Ubuntu的创始人和Canonical的前CEO [Mark Shuttleworth][5]一起，Bacon是自项目早期开始Ubuntu生态系统里的领军人物之一。
|
||||
|
||||
Bacon可以说在塑造Ubuntu的很多方面比Jane Silber更有影响力。Jane Silber自2010年一直是Canonical的CEO，但是他在公共场合的出面一般是很有限的。
|
||||
|
||||
Bacon带领的团队包括Daniel Holbach，David Planella，Michael Hall，Nicholas Skaggs和Alan Pope，Alan Pope将会接手他社区领袖的工作，他说。然而，尚不清楚的是Canonical是否会填补他留的社区经理的位子。
|
||||
|
||||
也许Canonical不应该。在很多方面，维持一个社区领袖与开源精神格格不入，开源精神往往庆祝的是分散的、用户驱动的社区组织。一些Ubuntu的粉丝可能会因Bacon离职的新闻而惊慌。
|
||||
|
||||
不过，Bacon帮助指导过Ubuntu社区度过一系列的危机——从Canonical尝试将Ubuntu软件中心设计为一个商店的失败，到与Fedora群体的摩擦，到关于将Amazon.com搜索特性植入到新的Ubuntu的争议。他在Ubuntu的生态系统上留下了印记，而没有他这将完全不同。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/052214/ubuntu-linux-community-manager-jono-bacon-leaves-canonical
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.jonobacon.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.xprize.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.jonobacon.org/2014/05/19/goodbye-canonical-hello-xprize/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.xprize.org/about/who-we-are
|
||||
[5]:http://markshuttleworth.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-software-store-will-your-kids-try-it
|
||||
[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/tensions-between-ubuntu-fedora-mount-over-new-website
|
||||
[8]:http://thevarguy.com/var-guy/controversy-erupts-over-amazon-search-ubuntu-1210
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu 14.04 上使用Bacula和Webmin设置备份服务器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Bacula**是一个开源网络备份解决方案,允许你在本地或者远程计算机组上备份或者还原数据。许多高级存储管理特性配置与安装是很容易的。
|
||||
|
||||
主机名是**server.unixmen.local**。现在让我们进入教程吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 Bacula ###
|
||||
|
||||
Bacula使用SQL数据库管理它的信息。我们可以使用MySQL或者PostgreSQL数据库。本篇教程中，我使用MySQL。
|
||||
|
||||
输入下面的命令安装MySQL服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get upgrade
|
||||
sudo apt-get install mysql-server
|
||||
|
||||
在安装MySQL的过程中，可能提示需要输入数据库管理员密码。输入密码后按下OK。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
重新输入密码：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在使用下面的命令安装bacula：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install bacula-server bacula-client
|
||||
|
||||
Bacula默认使用Postfix MTA。安装过程中，你会被要求配置Postfix。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择Internet站点并点击OK。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
输入服务器完整网域名称：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在输入yes用dbconfig-common来配置Bacula数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
输入MySQL数据库管理员密码：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
设置bacula-director-mysql密码注册数据库。如果空白，会生成一个随机密码。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
重新输入密码：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 创建备份与还原目录 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在，让我们创建备份与还原目录。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo mkdir -p /mybackup/backup /mybackup/restore
|
||||
|
||||
设置上面目录的权限与所属用户/组：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo chown -R bacula:bacula /mybackup/
|
||||
sudo chown -R 700 /mybackup/
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置 Bacula ###
|
||||
|
||||
Bacula有很多配置文件需要我们配置。
|
||||
|
||||
**更新 Bacula Director 配置:**
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf
|
||||
|
||||
找到下面的字段，并更新还原路径。本篇中，** /mybackup/restore**是我的还原位置。
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Job {
|
||||
Name = "RestoreFiles"
|
||||
Type = Restore
|
||||
Client=server-fd
|
||||
FileSet="Full Set"
|
||||
Storage = File
|
||||
Pool = Default
|
||||
Messages = Standard
|
||||
Where = /mybackup/restore
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
滚动到“list of files to be backed up”字段，并设置备份的目录。本篇教程中，我希望备份“**/home/sk**”目录。所以我包这个目录包含进了“File”参数中。
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
# By default this is defined to point to the Bacula binary
|
||||
# directory to give a reasonable FileSet to backup to
|
||||
# disk storage during initial testing.
|
||||
#
|
||||
File = /home/sk
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
继续向下滚动，找到**Exclude** 字段，设置排除在备份目录外的目录列表。这里，我排除了目录**/mybackup**。
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
# If you backup the root directory, the following two excluded
|
||||
# files can be useful
|
||||
#
|
||||
Exclude {
|
||||
File = /var/lib/bacula
|
||||
File = /nonexistant/path/to/file/archive/dir
|
||||
File = /proc
|
||||
File = /tmp
|
||||
File = /.journal
|
||||
File = /.fsck
|
||||
File = /mybackup
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
保存并关闭文件。
|
||||
|
||||
**更新 Bacula 存储守护进程设置:**
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 **/etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf**,
|
||||
|
||||
sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
设置备份目录位置，也就是本篇中的**/mybackup/backup**。
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Device {
|
||||
Name = FileStorage
|
||||
Media Type = File
|
||||
Archive Device = /mybackup/backup
|
||||
LabelMedia = yes; # lets Bacula label unlabeled media
|
||||
Random Access = Yes;
|
||||
AutomaticMount = yes; # when device opened, read it
|
||||
RemovableMedia = no;
|
||||
AlwaysOpen = no;
|
||||
}
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
现在如下检查是否所有的配置是有效的。如果下面的命令没有显示，那么配置就是有效的。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo bacula-dir -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf
|
||||
sudo bacula-sd -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你完成所有的设置，重启所有的bacula服务。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-director restart
|
||||
sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-fd restart
|
||||
sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-sd restart
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样。现在，bacula已经成功安装与配置了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用Webmin 管理 Bacula ###
|
||||
|
||||
使用命令行管理Bacula是有点困难的。所以我们使用一个图形化的管理工具“webmin”来简化我们的任务。
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的命令在Ubuntu 14.04上安装Webmin。
|
||||
|
||||
- [在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上安装Webmin][1]
|
||||
注：此链接文章在另一篇里，如果也翻译发布了，那么可以更改这个链接地址
|
||||
|
||||
现在使用URL https://ip-address:10000进入Webmin界面。在左边的窗格中进入系统标签并点击模块配置链接。如果在系统下没有找到它，在未使用模块一栏中查找。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在数据库一栏中选择MySQL数据库。输入MySQL管理员密码，并点击保存。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样。现在你可以在webmin中简单地配置Bacula了。开始加入备份客户端，磁盘卷和计划任务吧。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
干杯!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-backup-server-using-bacula-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
@ -1,58 +1,60 @@
|
||||
Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux
|
||||
使用`Nginx和Apache`安装RainLoop Webmail(一个网页邮件客户端)
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Rainloop is a free Open Source web application written in PHP which provides a fast modern web interface to access your emails on all major domain mail providers like Yahoo, Gmail, Outlook and many others as well as your own local mail servers, and, also, acts as a MUA (Mail User Agent) by accessing domain mail servers through IMAP and SMTP protocols.
|
||||
Rainloop是一个使用PHP编写的，开源免费的网页邮件客户端。他支持包括Google,Yahoo,OutLook在内的主流的邮件服务器，当然，他也支持你自己的本地邮件服务器。他主要的表现看起来像使用IMAP和SMTP协议的MUA(邮件客户端)。
|
||||
|
||||
#### RainLoop Demo ####
|
||||
#### RainLoop 示例 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Have a quick look at the demo page setup by the author at [http://demo.rainloop.net/][1].
|
||||
可以看一下作者编写的安装文档： [http://demo.rainloop.net/][1].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install RainLoop in Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
在Arch Linux上安装RainLoop
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have deployed Rainloop on your servers the only thing remaining to do is to access your Rainloop domain through a web browser and provide credentials for your enabled domain mail server.
|
||||
一旦在您的服务器部署上Rainloop，剩余要做的唯一的事情是通过Web浏览器访问您的Rainloop，并提供你正在使用的邮件服务器信息。
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial covers **Rainloop** webmail installation process on **Arch Linux** from both point of view configuration files for **Apache** and **Nginx**, using a virtual local domain configured through local hosts file, without a DNS server.
|
||||
本教程包含了在 **Arch Linux**上的**Rainloop** 网页客户端的安装流程，包括如何进行配置 **Apache** 或 **Nginx**, 当然本教程使用修改Hosts的方式，从而避免了DNS的访问。
|
||||
|
||||
If you also need references on installing Rainloop on **Debian** and **Red Hat** systems visit the previous RainLoop Webmail article at.
|
||||
|
||||
如果你还是需要一篇在**Debian** 和 **Red Hat** 安装 RainLoop Webmail 的教程，你可以看这篇文章：
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install RainLoop Webmail on Debian and Red Hat based Systems][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Requirements ###
|
||||
### 系统要求 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### For Nginx ####
|
||||
#### 对 Nginx ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install LEMP (Nginx, PHP, MySQL with MariaDB engine and PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][3]
|
||||
- [Create Virtual Hosts in Nginx Web Server][4]
|
||||
|
||||
#### For Apache ####
|
||||
#### 对 Apache ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, and PHP/PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1: Create Virtual Hosts for Nginx or Apache ###
|
||||
### Step 1:为 Nginx 或者 Apache 提供虚拟Host###
|
||||
|
||||
**1.** Assuming that you have configured your servers (**Nginx** or **Apache**) as described in upper presentations links, the first thing you need to do is to create a rudimentary **DNS** entry on local **hosts** file that points to **Arch Linux** system IP.
|
||||
**1.** 假设你已经配置您的服务器（**Nginx**或**Apache**），如上面介绍的链接描述的，你需要做的第一件事是在Hosts文件里创建一个指向**的Arch Linux*系统的IP。
|
||||
|
||||
On Linux system edit **/etc/hosts** file and include your Rainloop virtual domain after localhost entry.
|
||||
对与Linux系统，修改 **/etc/hosts** 文件并且在你得localhost下添加 Rainloop virtual 域。如下：
|
||||
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost rainloop.lan
|
||||
192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Add Domain Host Entry
|
||||
添加域信息
|
||||
|
||||
On Windows system edit **C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** and add the following line at the bottom.
|
||||
对于Windows系统，则修改 **C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** 并且将接下来的内容添加到你的文件里：
|
||||
|
||||
192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan
|
||||
|
||||
**2.** After you verify local domain using **ping** command, create the necessary **Virtual Hosts** and **SSL** configurations for **Apache** or **Nginx**.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Nginx Virtual Hosts ####
|
||||
#### Nginx 虚拟主机 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Create a file named **rainloop.lan** in **/etc/nginx/sites-available/** path with the following configuration.
|
||||
在**/etc/nginx/sites-available/** 目录下使用如下命令创建一个名叫**rainloop.lan**的文件：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/rainloop.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following file content.
|
||||
添加如下的文件内容：
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
listen 80;
|
||||
@ -88,11 +90,11 @@ Add the following file content.
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Then create the SSL equivalent file content.
|
||||
接下来创建SSL配置文件：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/rainloop-ssl.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following file content.
|
||||
添加如下内容：
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
listen 443 ssl;
|
||||
@ -135,14 +137,14 @@ Add the following file content.
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
On the next step generate **Certificate** file and **Keys** for **SSL Virtual Host** and add your virtual domain name (**rainloop.lan**) on Certificate **Common Name**.
|
||||
接下来将会自动生成**Certificate**和**Keys**文件，然后在文件中叫**Common Name*的证书里中添加您的虚拟域名（** rainloop.lan**）。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nginx_gen_ssl.sh
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Generate Certificate and Keys
|
||||
生成证书和密钥
|
||||
|
||||
After the Certificate and SSL keys are generated, create Rainloop **root** webserver file path ( place where Rainloop PHP files reside), then enable Virtual Hosts and restart Nginx daemon to apply configurations.
|
||||
生成证书和SSL密钥后，创建Rainloop**根**网络服务器的文件路径（Rainloop PHP文件所在的位置），然后启用虚拟主机，并重新启动Nginx的守护进程，应用配置。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop
|
||||
$ sudo n2ensite rainloop
|
||||
@ -150,15 +152,15 @@ After the Certificate and SSL keys are generated, create Rainloop **root** webse
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart nginx
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Create RainLoop Web Director
|
||||
创建RainLoop 网页向导
|
||||
|
||||
#### Apache Virtual Hosts ####
|
||||
#### Apache 虚拟主机 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Create a new file named **rainloop.conf** in **/etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/** with the following content.
|
||||
在**/etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/**中创建 **rainloop.conf**文件：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/rainloop.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following file content.
|
||||
添加如下内容：
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:80>
|
||||
ServerName rainloop.lan
|
||||
@ -178,13 +180,13 @@ Add the following file content.
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Create Apache Virtual Host
|
||||
创建Apache虚拟主机
|
||||
|
||||
Then create the SSL equivalent file content for Apache.
|
||||
为Apache添加SSL支持：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/rainloop-ssl.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following file content.
|
||||
添加如下文件内容：
|
||||
|
||||
<VirtualHost *:443>
|
||||
ServerName rainloop.lan
|
||||
@ -218,17 +220,19 @@ Add the following file content.
|
||||
|
||||
</VirtualHost>
|
||||
|
||||
The next step is to create **SSL Certificate** file and **Keys** for **SSL Virtual Host** and add put your virtual domain name (**rainloop.lan**) on Certificate **Common Name**.
|
||||
|
||||
接下来将会自动生成**Certificate**和**Keys**文件，然后在文件中叫**Common Name*的证书里中添加您的虚拟域名（** rainloop.lan**）。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apache_gen_ssl
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Create SSL Certificate and Keys
|
||||
创建SSL证书和密钥
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter Organization Details
|
||||
输入组织信息
|
||||
|
||||
After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** path, then enable Virtual Hosts and restart Apache daemon to apply configurations.
|
||||
在证书和密钥建立之后，添加RainLoop **DocumentRoot**目录，之后激活虚拟主机，并且重启Apache应用设置。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop
|
||||
$ sudo a2ensite rainloop
|
||||
@ -236,15 +240,15 @@ After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** pa
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enable Virtual Hosts
|
||||
激活虚拟主机
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2: Add necessary PHP Extensions ###
|
||||
### Step 2: 添加必要的PHP支持 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**3.** Whether you are using **Apache** or **Nginx** webserver, you need to enable the following PHP extensions on **php.ini** file and, also, include the new webserver **DocumentRoot** path to open_basedir directive.
|
||||
**3.** 无论您使用的是**Apache**或**Nginx**Web服务器，您需要激活**php.ini**文件下中的PHP扩展，包括新的服务器**DocumentRoot**目录。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/php/php.ini
|
||||
|
||||
Locate and uncomment the following PHP extensions.
|
||||
找到并且取消如下的PHP扩展的注释：
|
||||
|
||||
extension=iconv.so
|
||||
extension=imap.so
|
||||
@ -254,73 +258,74 @@ Locate and uncomment the following PHP extensions.
|
||||
extension=openssl.so ( enables IMAPS and SMTP SSL protocols on mail servers)
|
||||
extension=pdo_mysql.so
|
||||
|
||||
Also open_basedir statement should look like this.
|
||||
open_basedir语句应该看起来和这个一样。
|
||||
|
||||
open_basedir = /srv/http/:/home/:/tmp/:/usr/share/pear/:/usr/share/webapps/:/etc/webapps/:/srv/www/
|
||||
|
||||
**4.** After the **php.ini** file was modified restart your server than check **phpinfo** file to see if **SSL** protocols are enabled.
|
||||
**4.** 在修改好**php.ini**之后，重启你得服务器，然后检查 **phpinfo** 文件，去看看**SSL**协议是否已经激活。
|
||||
|
||||
----------On Apache Web Server----------
|
||||
----------对于 Apache Web 服务器----------
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
----------On Nginx Web Server----------
|
||||
----------对于 Nginx Web 服务器----------
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart nginx
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart php-fpm
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check PHP Information
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3: Download and Install RainLoop Webmail ###
|
||||
### Step 3: 下载和安装 RainLoop Webmail ###
|
||||
|
||||
**5.** Now it’s time to download and extract Rainloop application from official website to Document Root directory but first install **wget** and **unzip** system utilities.
|
||||
**5.**现在是时候从官方网站下载并解压缩Rainloop应用到文档根目录，但是需要首先安装**wget的**和**unzip**程序。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo pacman -S unzip wget
|
||||
|
||||
**6.** Download latest source package Rainloop zip archive using **wget** command or by using a browser to navigate to [http://rainloop.net/downloads/][6].
|
||||
**6.** 使用**wget**命令或通过使用浏览器导航到[http://rainloop.net/downloads/] [6]下载最新的源码包Rainloop zip归档。
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://repository.rainloop.net/v1/rainloop-latest.zip
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Download RainLoop Package
|
||||
下载 RainLoop 包
|
||||
|
||||
**7.** After the download process finishes, extract Rainloop archive to Virtual Host Document Root path ( **/srv/www/rainloop/** ).
|
||||
**7.** 下载过程完成后，解压Rainloop归档到虚拟主机文档根目录路径( **/srv/www/rainloop/** )。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo unzip rainloop-latest.zip -d /srv/www/rainloop/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Extract Rainloop Archive
|
||||
解压
|
||||
|
||||
**8.** Then set the following permissions on application default path.
|
||||
**8.** 然后设置应用程序的默认路径下的权限。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod -R 755 /srv/www/rainloop/
|
||||
$ sudo chown -R http:http /srv/www/rainloop/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Set Permission on RainLoop
|
||||
设置权限
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4: Configure Rainloop via Web Interface ###
|
||||
### Step 4: 通过网页配置RainLoop###
|
||||
|
||||
**9.** Rainloop application can be configured in two ways: using a system shell of via browser. If you want to configure over terminal open and edit **application.ini** file located in **/srv/www/rainloop/data/_data_da047852f16d2bc7352b24240a2f1599/_default_/configs/**.
|
||||
**9.** Rainloop应用程序可以通过两种方式进行配置：使用浏览器或者系统shell。如果要在终端配置就打开和编辑位于**/ srv/www/rainloop/data/_data_da047852f16d2bc7352b24240a2f1599/_default_/configs/**的application.ini**文件。
|
||||
|
||||
**10.** To access Admin Interface from browser, use the following URL address **https://rainloop.lan/?admin**, then provide the default application credentials.
|
||||
**10.** 若要从浏览器访问管理界面，使用下面的URL地址** https://rainloop.lan/?admin**，然后提供默认的应用程序用户名密码。
|
||||
|
||||
User= admin
|
||||
Password= 12345
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Rainloop Web Interface
|
||||
Rainloop Web 界面
|
||||
|
||||
**11.** After initial login you will be warn to change the default password, so I advise you to do it.
|
||||
**11.** 首次登录后，你将被警告更改默认密码，所以我劝你做这一点。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Change Default Password
|
||||
修改默认 Password
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Set New Admin Password
|
||||
设置新的 Admin Password
|
||||
|
||||
**12.** If you want to enable **contacts** login to MySQL database and create a new database with a privileged user on it, then provide database credentials on **Contacts** fields.
|
||||
**12.** 如果您要启用**Contact**，就登录到MySQL数据库并创建上有一个特权用户和一个新的数据库，然后提供**Contacts**字段的数据库凭据。
|
||||
|
||||
mysql -u root -p
|
||||
create database if not exists rainloop;
|
||||
@ -330,39 +335,39 @@ Set New Admin Password
|
||||
exit;
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enable Contacts in RainLoop
|
||||
在 RainLoop 中激活联系人
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter Contact Database Details
|
||||
添加联系人数据
|
||||
|
||||
**13.** By default Rainloop provides **Gmail**, **Yahoo** and **Outlook** domains mail server configuration files, but you can add other mail server domains if you like.
|
||||
**13.** 默认情况下Rainloop提供** Gmail**，**Yahoo**和**Outlook**的邮件服务器的配置文件，但是你如果愿意，你也可以添加其他的邮件服务器域。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Default Mail Domains
|
||||
默认 Mail 域
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Add New Domain
|
||||
添加新域
|
||||
|
||||
**14.** To login on your mail server point your browser to **https://rainloop.lan** and provide your domain server credentials.
|
||||
**14.** 登录你的邮件服务器，浏览** https://rainloop.lan**，并提供您的域名服务器验证信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Login to Mail Domain
|
||||
登录到邮件页面
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Login to Gmail Domain
|
||||
登录Gmail
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RainLoop Email Interface
|
||||
RainLoop Email 界面
|
||||
|
||||
For further configurations please visit official Rainloop documentation page at [http://rainloop.net/docs/][7].
|
||||
想要了解更多的文件，可以访问：[http://rainloop.net/docs/][7].
|
||||
|
||||
With Rainloop you can access mail servers from any device that has a browser as long as your server has Internet connectivity, the only minus of using Rainloop application in Arch Linux so far is the lack of poppassd plugin package needed to change email account password.
|
||||
通过Rainloop你可以从浏览器中访问具有Internet连接的任何邮件服务器。唯一的缺憾就是在Arch Linux下使用Rainloop应用的人缺乏修改电子邮件帐户密码的poppassd插件包。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-rainloop-webmail-in-arch-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
Linux script命令—— 终端里的记录器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
当你在终端或者控制台工作时，你可能想要记录在终端中所做的一切。这些记录可以用来当作史料，保存终端所发生的一切。比如说，你和一些Linux管理员们同时管理着相同的机器，或者你让某人远程登陆到了你的服务器上，你可能想要终端里发生的一切。要实现这个目标，你可以使用script命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### script是什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
scirpt就是一个命令，可以把打字稿打印到终端。对于那些想要记录终端会话的硬拷贝的人来说，这很有用。该记录可以保存并在以后再打印出来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎么用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，我们可以通过在终端中输入script来启动scirpt命令。
|
||||
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$ script
|
||||
Script started, file is typescript
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以指定目标文件名来记录打印结果。
|
||||
|
||||
pungki@dev-machine:~$ script myfile
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当你再次见到命令提示符，这意味着终端将记录打印到终端的任何东西。
|
||||
你会看到当前目录，有个名为typescript的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么我们要用script命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
因为在之前已经提到过，script命令的主要功能是记录所有的东西。下面给出了两个使用该命令的环境。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 和同事共事时 ####
|
||||
|
||||
当和同事一起工作时，我们可以通过script来记录大家的活动。
|
||||
比如，我们会使用名为**collaborate**的打印文件，来完成打印：
|
||||
|
||||
$ script collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后，在完成一些任务后，试想一下你需要把你干的活发给另外一个工程师，那就把那文件发给他。所以当另外一个工程师需要复查所做的事情，他只要用文本编辑器打开这个文件就行了。
|
||||
如果他想要更新该文件，可以使用**-a**选项。
|
||||
|
||||
$ script -a collaborate
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 记录某人在终端中的所作所为 ####
|
||||
|
||||
你可能让你的工程师或者某个人远程访问你的系统，要确保你的工程师正在干正确的事，你可以记录下他在你系统上的所作所为。要让script命令在登录时自动运行，我们可以把它添加进shell环境配置文件中。如果你正在使用**bash** shell，把这一行加进你的bash环境配置文件中。
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.profile
|
||||
|
||||
# run the script command to record everything
|
||||
# use -q for quite and -a option to append the script
|
||||
#
|
||||
/usr/bin/script -qa /usr/local/script/log_record_script
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后保存。下次他登录进你的系统时，script命令就会自动运行，并把日志记录进**/usr/local/script/log_record_script**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**-q**选项可以让scirpt命令以静默模式运行，登录进来的用户不会知道script命令已经运行了。而**-a**选项将会让记录附加到文件中，而不会擦除先前的记录。
|
||||
|
||||
如果不使用**-q**选项，那么当用户登录进来时，他会收到像下图中这样的通知。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 退出记录 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要退出记录活动，我们可以在终端中按下**Ctrl+D**，或者输入**exit**。在退出script前，你会发现记录文件的大小为0 Kb，而在退出之后，文件大小会发生改变。
|
||||
|
||||
### 结尾 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Script命令在你需要记录或者存档终端活动时可能很有用，记录文件会存储为文本文件，所以可以很方便地用文本编辑器打开。跟平常一样，我们都可以通过输入**man script**或者**scirpt -h**来显示帮助页并查看更多详细用法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
|
||||
Vic020 在被关，我就急
|
||||
|
||||
How to use LVM in Linux
|
||||
Linux LVM简明教程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a versatile disk management system that can easily be used in Linux or similar operating systems. Traditional partitions are created in fixed sizes, and resizing them is a tedious process. On the other hand, LVM creates and manages "logical" volumes off of physical hard disks, and provides administrators the flexibility to extend and shrink logical volumes easily on demand without damaging stored data. Additional hard disks can be added to LVM at will, further increasing existing logical volumes. LVM does not need reboot as long as the kernel is aware of the existence of a partition.
|
||||
LVM是一个多才多艺的硬盘系统工具。无论在Linux或者其他相似的系统，都是非常的好用。传统分区使用固定大小分区，重新分区十分麻烦。但是，LVM创建和管理从硬盘中分出来的“逻辑”卷，提供管理员弹性管理逻辑卷的扩大缩小，操作简单，还不损坏已存储的数据。附加硬盘可以随意增加到LVM，而且可以直接增加已经存在的逻辑卷。LVM不需要重启而只要内核知道分区的存在。
|
||||
|
||||
LVM uses a hierarchical structure as it can be seen in the following diagram.
|
||||
LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
At the top, we have physical volumes. One or more physical volumes are used to create a volume group. Logical volumes are then created from these volume groups. As long as there is space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes from the volume group. File system is created on these logical volumes, which are then mounted and accessible in the operating system.
|
||||
图中顶层，首先是实际的物理卷。下一层，一个或多个物理卷可以用来创建卷组。再下一层，然后逻辑卷的创建基于卷组。只要在卷组中有可用空间，就可以随心所欲的创建逻辑卷。最下面层，文件系统的分区就是从逻辑卷上创建，然后可以在操作系统挂载和访问。
|
||||
|
||||
### LVM Test Scenario ###
|
||||
### LVM测试说明 ###
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial will describe **how to use LVM to create and manage LVM volumes in Linux**. The tutorial will be divided into two parts. In the first part, we will create several logical volumes on one hard disk, and mount them in /lvm-mount directory. We will then resize the created volumes. In the second part, we will add additional volumes created from a second hard disk to LVM.
|
||||
本文将介绍**怎么在linux中创建和管理LVM卷**。我们将会分成两个部分。第一个部分，我们首要要在一个硬盘上创建多个逻辑卷，然后将它们挂载在/lvm-mount目录。然后我们将要对创建好的卷调整大小。而第二部分，我们将会从另外一块硬盘增加额外的卷到LVM中。
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Disk Partitions ###
|
||||
### 准备磁盘分区 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Disk partitions are created using fdisk. We will create three partitions of 1 GB each, though identical sized partitions are not mandatory. Also, the partitions are created as type '8e' to make them compatible with LVM.
|
||||
通过使用fdisk，创建磁盘分区。我们需要创建3个1G分区，注意，相同大小的分区不是强制的。同样，分区需要使用‘8e’类型来使他们兼容LVM。
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ Disk partitions are created using fdisk. We will create three partitions of 1 GB
|
||||
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e ## code for LVM
|
||||
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
|
||||
|
||||
We repeat the same steps to create two other partitions. After the partitions are created, we should get an output similar to this:
|
||||
重复上面的操作来创建其他两个分区。分区创建完成后，我们应该有类似如下的输出：
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
@ -48,15 +46,15 @@ We repeat the same steps to create two other partitions. After the partitions ar
|
||||
/dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 8e Linux LVM
|
||||
/dev/sdb3 265 396 1060290 8e Linux LVM
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Physical Volumes ###
|
||||
### 准备物理卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The newly created partitions are used to store physical volumes. LVM can work with different sized physical volumes.
|
||||
刚创建的分区是用来储存物理卷的。LVM可以在不同大小的物理卷上工作。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb2
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb3
|
||||
|
||||
Physical volumes can be verified using the following command. The following section contains partial output. "/dev/sdb2" is a new physical volume of "1.01 GiB".
|
||||
使用下列命令检查物理卷已经创建。下面截取部分输出。"/dev/sdb2"是一个新的"1.01 GiB"物理卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -73,17 +71,18 @@ Physical volumes can be verified using the following command. The following sect
|
||||
Allocated PE 0
|
||||
PV UUID jszvzz-ENA2-g5Pd-irhV-T9wi-ZfA3-0xo092
|
||||
|
||||
Physical volumes can be deleted using the following command.
|
||||
使用下列命令可以删除物理卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvremove /dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing Volume Groups ###
|
||||
### 准备卷组 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following command creates a volume group named 'volume-group1' by using the physical volumes /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3.
|
||||
|
||||
下列命令用来创建名为'volume-group1'的卷组，使用/dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 和 /dev/sdb3创建。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgcreate volume-group1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
|
||||
|
||||
Volume groups can be verified using the following command.
|
||||
使用下列命令可以来验证卷组。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -110,19 +109,20 @@ Volume groups can be verified using the following command.
|
||||
Free PE / Size 774 / 3.02 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
We can view used/total size of the volume group from the output. Logical volumes take the space of the volume group. As long as there is free space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes.
|
||||
|
||||
Volume groups can be deleted using the following command.
|
||||
从输出中，我们可以看见卷组的使用量/总量。物理卷给卷组提供空间。只要在这个卷组中还有可用空间，我们就可以随意创建逻辑卷。
|
||||
|
||||
使用下列命令删除卷组。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgremove volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
### Creating Logical Volumes ###
|
||||
### 创建逻辑卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following command creates a logical volume named 'lv1' of size 100MB. We are using small sized partitions to reduce processing time. The logical volume will take its space from the volume group defined earlier.
|
||||
下列命令创建一个名为'1v1'、大小为100MB的逻辑卷。我们使用小分区减少执行时间。逻辑卷使用之前创建的卷组的空间。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvcreate -L 100M -n lv1 volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
Logical volumes can be verified using the command lvdisplay.
|
||||
逻辑卷使用lvdisplay命令查看。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -143,42 +143,43 @@ Logical volumes can be verified using the command lvdisplay.
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the logical volume is ready, we can format and mount the logical volume like any other ext2/3/4 partition.
|
||||
现在逻辑卷已经准备好了，我们可以格式化和挂载逻辑卷，就像ext2/3/4分区一样！
|
||||
|
||||
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
# mkdir /lvm-mount
|
||||
# mount /dev/volume-group1/lv1 /lvm-mount/
|
||||
|
||||
Once the logical volume is mounted, we can access it by reading/writing to the mount point /lvm-mount/. To create and mount additional logical volumes, we can repeat this process.
|
||||
一旦逻辑卷挂载，我们就可以到挂载点/lvm-mount/读取/写入了。为了创建和挂载额外的逻辑卷，我们重复这个过程。
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, we can delete any logical volume with lvremove.
|
||||
最后，使用lvremove我们可以删除逻辑卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /lvm-mount/
|
||||
# lvremove /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
### Expanding an LVM Volume ###
|
||||
### 扩展一个LVM卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The ability to resize a logical volume is the best part about using LVM. This section will discuss how we can expand an existing logical volume. We will be expanding the previously created logical volume 'lv1' to 200 MB.
|
||||
调整逻辑卷大小的功能是LVM最好的部分。这个章节会讨论我们怎么样扩展一个存在的逻辑卷。接下来，我们将会扩展先前创建的逻辑卷‘lv1’扩大到200MB。
|
||||
|
||||
Note that after resizing a logical volume, we also need to resize the file system to match. This extra step varies depending on which file system is created in the volume. In this tutorial, we created ext4 file system on 'lv1', so the instruction here focused on ext4 file system (it is compatible with ext2/3 file system as well). The sequence of the commands is important.
|
||||
注意，调整逻辑卷大小之后，也需要对文件系统调整大小进行匹配。有个额外的步骤各不相同,这取决于创建文件系统的类型。在本文中，我们使用'lv1'创建了ext4类型的文件系统，所以这里的操作是针对ext4文件系统的。（它也兼容ext2/3文件系统）。命令的执行顺序是很重要的。
|
||||
|
||||
First, we unmount the volume.
|
||||
首先，我们卸载掉lv1卷
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /lvm-mount/
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the size of the volume is set to be 200M.
|
||||
然后，设置卷的大小为200M
|
||||
|
||||
# lvresize -L 200M /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the disk is checked for errors.
|
||||
接下来，检查磁盘错误
|
||||
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
After that, the ext4 information is updated.
|
||||
完成以后，ext4信息已经更新。
|
||||
|
||||
# resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
The logical volume should be extended to 200 MB by now. We can verify it by checking the LV status.
|
||||
现在，这个逻辑卷应该已经扩展到200MB了。我们检查LV的状态来验证。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -199,27 +200,28 @@ The logical volume should be extended to 200 MB by now. We can verify it by chec
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
Now the logical volume can be mounted again, and be used just like any partition.
|
||||
现在，这个逻辑卷可以再次挂载，同样这个方法使用其他分区。
|
||||
|
||||
### Shrinking an LVM Volume ###
|
||||
### 缩减一个LVM卷 ###
|
||||
|
||||
This section will cover the method of reducing the size of an LVM. The sequence of the commands is important. Again, this instruction is valid for ext2/3/4 file system.
|
||||
这章节介绍缩减LVM卷大小的方法。命令的顺序同样重要。并且，下列命令对ext2/3/4文件系统同样有效。
|
||||
|
||||
Note that reducing the size of the logical volume to a value less than stored data will end in loss of data.
|
||||
|
||||
First, the volume is unmounted.
|
||||
注意减少逻辑卷的大小值若小于储存的数据大小，会出现数据丢失。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，卸载掉卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# umount /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the volume is checked for errors.
|
||||
然后，检测磁盘错误。
|
||||
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the ext4 information is updated.
|
||||
接下来，更新ext4信息。
|
||||
|
||||
# resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1 100M
|
||||
|
||||
After that, the logical volume is reduced.
|
||||
完成以后，减少逻辑卷大小
|
||||
|
||||
# lvresize -L 100M /dev/volume-group1/lv1
|
||||
|
||||
@ -229,7 +231,7 @@ After that, the logical volume is reduced.
|
||||
> Reducing logical volume lv1 to 100.00 MiB
|
||||
> Logical volume lv1 successfully resized
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the updated size of the logical volume is verified.
|
||||
最后，验证调整后的逻辑卷大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -250,11 +252,12 @@ Finally, the updated size of the logical volume is verified.
|
||||
- currently set to 256
|
||||
Block device 253:2
|
||||
|
||||
### Expanding a Volume Group ###
|
||||
### 扩展一个卷组 ###
|
||||
|
||||
This section will cover the method of expanding a volume group by adding a new physical volume to the volume group. Let us assume that our volume group 'volume-group1' is full, and needs to be expanded. Our current hard disk (sdb) does not have any spare partitions, and we have added another hard disk (sdc). We will see how we can expand the volume group by adding a partition from sdc.
|
||||
本节将讨论扩展卷组的方法，将一个物理卷添加到卷组。让我们假设我们的卷组'volume-group1'已经满了，需要扩大。收上的硬盘（sdb）已经没有其他空闲分区，我们添加了另外一个硬盘（sdc）。我们将看到如何从sdc扩展一个卷组，并增加一个分区。
|
||||
|
||||
To check the current state of VG.
|
||||
|
||||
检测现在卷组状态
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay volume-group1
|
||||
|
||||
@ -281,7 +284,7 @@ To check the current state of VG.
|
||||
Free PE / Size 749 / 2.93 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
First, we create a 2 GB partition sdc1 of type LVM (8e) as explained earlier in the tutorial.
|
||||
首先，我们创建一个2GB分区sdc1，类型为LVM（8e），如教程前所述。
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sdc
|
||||
|
||||
@ -305,15 +308,15 @@ First, we create a 2 GB partition sdc1 of type LVM (8e) as explained earlier in
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we create a physical volume /dev/sdc1.
|
||||
然后，我们创建一个物理卷 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the physical volume is ready, we can simply add it to the existing volume group 'volume-group1'.
|
||||
现在，物理卷已经准备好了，我们可以简单地将它增加到已存在的卷组'volume-group1'上。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgextend volume-group1 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
We can verify it using vgdisplay.
|
||||
使用vgdisplay来验证。
|
||||
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
@ -340,16 +343,16 @@ We can verify it using vgdisplay.
|
||||
Free PE / Size 1262 / 4.93 GiB
|
||||
VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK
|
||||
|
||||
Note that although we have used a separate disk for demonstration, any disk of type '8e' can be used for expanding a volume group.
|
||||
注意，尽管我们使用一个单独的磁盘做示范，其实只要是‘8e’类型的磁盘都可以用来扩展卷组。
|
||||
|
||||
To sum up, LVM is a very powerful tool for creating and managing resizable partitions. In this tutorial, we have seen how dynamic partitions can be created and used using LVM. We have also seen the method of expanding/reducing the logical volumes and volume groups, and adding new hard disks to LVM.
|
||||
总结一下，LVM是一个非常给力的工具，用来创建和管理可变大小的分区。本文中，我们已经看见了动态分区如何在LVM中创建和使用。我们也看见了扩展/缩小逻辑卷和卷组的方法，和如何增加一个新的磁盘到LVM。
|
||||
|
||||
Hope this helps.
|
||||
希望对你有帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/use-lvm-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user