From 7582a759f8df63cd0023defc9758fe8a7e350cb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: huxuehan Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2013 08:48:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 01/40] =?UTF-8?q?Update=20Daily=20Ubuntu=20Tips=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20Webcam=20Support=20In=20Ubuntu=20Via=20Cheese.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md index 06a1ccfcad..08620359f5 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ occupied by rogetfan Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese +Ubuntu每日贴士——Ubuntu中通过Cheese支持Webcom ================================================================================ For new users who are just starting with Ubuntu, here’s some information that may help you if you want to use webcam in Ubuntu. You see, Ubuntu aims to support the vast majority of webcam right out of the box. Most webcam manufacturers don’t provide drivers for for Linux systems, including Ubuntu. So Linux developers must do the hard work by enabling support for most webcam devices in the Linux Kernel. From 93600871ea0016b3908e198d40c90e1801271260 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: huxuehan Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2013 09:12:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 02/40] =?UTF-8?q?Update=20Daily=20Ubuntu=20Tips=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20Webcam=20Support=20In=20Ubuntu=20Via=20Cheese.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md index 08620359f5..04b31dac92 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md @@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese Ubuntu每日贴士——Ubuntu中通过Cheese支持Webcom ================================================================================ For new users who are just starting with Ubuntu, here’s some information that may help you if you want to use webcam in Ubuntu. You see, Ubuntu aims to support the vast majority of webcam right out of the box. Most webcam manufacturers don’t provide drivers for for Linux systems, including Ubuntu. So Linux developers must do the hard work by enabling support for most webcam devices in the Linux Kernel. - +对于一些Ubuntu的新用户，如果你们想在Ubuntu中使用webcom的话，这里有一些信息能够帮助到你们。正如你们说知道的那样，Ubuntu致力于支持绝大多数webcom（right out of the box 网络翻译为开箱，我在这里并不这样认为，所以暂时不去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。 Webcam support for Linux is provided by the Linux UVC Project’s [UVC][1] driver. The aim of this project is to provide a universal USB support for webcam in the same way a general USB driver handles USB devices like thumb drives, external USB devices and others. - +支持Linux的webcam驱动由Linux UVC项目提供[UVC][1]。该项目意图为webam提供一个万能USB支持，就像一个通用USB驱动控制一些USB设备，例如U盘，外部USB设备和其他一些设备。 The vast majority of USB webcam out there should work with Linux systems, including Ubuntu with the support of the Linux UVC project driver. If you want to purchase a webcam for your Ubuntu computer, but want to make sure it’s supported, [check out the UVC supported webcam list][2]. Webcam on the list above support Linux machines easily. So, before purchasing webcam for your machine check out the list and find the model you like and purchase it. From fd50b3aeb7e8e9a226ba0e45a34f089660d308e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: huxuehan Date: Fri, 25 Oct 2013 10:09:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 03/40] =?UTF-8?q?Update=20Daily=20Ubuntu=20Tips=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=93=20Webcam=20Support=20In=20Ubuntu=20Via=20Cheese.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md index 04b31dac92..7a9d41b39c 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese Ubuntu每日贴士——Ubuntu中通过Cheese支持Webcom ================================================================================ For new users who are just starting with Ubuntu, here’s some information that may help you if you want to use webcam in Ubuntu. You see, Ubuntu aims to support the vast majority of webcam right out of the box. Most webcam manufacturers don’t provide drivers for for Linux systems, including Ubuntu. So Linux developers must do the hard work by enabling support for most webcam devices in the Linux Kernel. -对于一些Ubuntu的新用户，如果你们想在Ubuntu中使用webcom的话，这里有一些信息能够帮助到你们。正如你们说知道的那样，Ubuntu致力于支持绝大多数webcom（right out of the box 网络翻译为开箱，我在这里并不这样认为，所以暂时不去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。 +对于一些Ubuntu的新用户，如果你们想在Ubuntu中使用webcam的话，这里有一些信息能够帮助到你们。正如你们说知道的那样，Ubuntu致力于支持绝大多数webcom（right out of the box 网络翻译为开箱，我在这里并不这样认为，所以暂时不去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。 Webcam support for Linux is provided by the Linux UVC Project’s [UVC][1] driver. The aim of this project is to provide a universal USB support for webcam in the same way a general USB driver handles USB devices like thumb drives, external USB devices and others. 支持Linux的webcam驱动由Linux UVC项目提供[UVC][1]。该项目意图为webam提供一个万能USB支持，就像一个通用USB驱动控制一些USB设备，例如U盘，外部USB设备和其他一些设备。 The vast majority of USB webcam out there should work with Linux systems, including Ubuntu with the support of the Linux UVC project driver. If you want to purchase a webcam for your Ubuntu computer, but want to make sure it’s supported, [check out the UVC supported webcam list][2]. From 8c5d54bb878d0a7c8b6560e62f9f151da11839df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: roget Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2013 23:40:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 04/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=AD=A3=E5=9C=A8=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md index 7a9d41b39c..beec66435a 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md @@ -1,8 +1,6 @@ occupied by rogetfan -Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese Ubuntu每日贴士——Ubuntu中通过Cheese支持Webcom ================================================================================ -For new users who are just starting with Ubuntu, here’s some information that may help you if you want to use webcam in Ubuntu. You see, Ubuntu aims to support the vast majority of webcam right out of the box. Most webcam manufacturers don’t provide drivers for for Linux systems, including Ubuntu. So Linux developers must do the hard work by enabling support for most webcam devices in the Linux Kernel. 对于一些Ubuntu的新用户，如果你们想在Ubuntu中使用webcam的话，这里有一些信息能够帮助到你们。正如你们说知道的那样，Ubuntu致力于支持绝大多数webcom（right out of the box 网络翻译为开箱，我在这里并不这样认为，所以暂时不去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。 Webcam support for Linux is provided by the Linux UVC Project’s [UVC][1] driver. The aim of this project is to provide a universal USB support for webcam in the same way a general USB driver handles USB devices like thumb drives, external USB devices and others. 支持Linux的webcam驱动由Linux UVC项目提供[UVC][1]。该项目意图为webam提供一个万能USB支持，就像一个通用USB驱动控制一些USB设备，例如U盘，外部USB设备和其他一些设备。 From d09fb675b877b9e38b6ff60d9f36c686adab9160 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2013 23:53:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 05/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E4=B8=89?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=86=E4=B9=8B=E4=B8=80=EF=BC=8C=E4=BF=9D=E5=AD=98=E4=B8=8B?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=8B=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...anage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md | 15 +++++++-------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md b/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md index ad92f48de8..61a63d0f74 100644 --- a/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md +++ b/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md @@ -1,23 +1,22 @@ -(翻译中 by runningwater) -Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs +Linux系统上用encfs创建和管理加密文件夹 ================================================================================ -here are times when you want certain information on your computer protected from prying eyes. One way to protect your information is to encrypt your home directory. However, that does not protect your information when you are logged on to your computer. I've shown in the past how you can [use Cryptkeeper to create an encrypted folder on your system][1]. Cryptkeeper is a graphical front end to **encfs**. encfs allows you to create an encrypted folder and then mount it as a user filesystem using [FUSE][2]. In this tutorial I'll show how to use encfs from the command line to create and manage an encrypted folder on Linux. +如果你想使你计算机上的某些信息免于被窥视的话，这儿正是所到之地。保护信息的一种方法就是加密你的home目录，但是一旦你登陆系统后，你的home目录下的信息将暴露于外。过去，我已经写过关于怎样[在你的系统上使用Cryptkeeper来创建加密的文件夹][1]。Cryptkeeper是一个图形前端，后端是**encfs**。encfs允许你创建一个加密的文件夹，然后把它当作使用[FUSE][2]来实现的用户文件系统来挂载。在这篇教程里，我会教你怎么在Linux系统上的命令行下面使用encfs工具来创建和管理一个加密的文件夹。 ![](http://tuxtweaks.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/encfs.png) -### Install encfs ### +### 安装encfs ### -If you are using Ubuntu or one of its derivatives like Linux Mint, you should be able to find encfs in your software repositories. In this case you can install it with +如果你使用的是Ubuntu或者它的衍生版本中的一种如Linux Mint的话，在软件源库当中应该能找到encfs。这种情况，可以用下面的命令来安装 sudo apt-get install encfs -### Create an Encrypted Folder with encfs ### +### 用encfs创建加密文件夹 ### -Once encfs is installed on your system, you can create an encrypted folder in your home directory. In this example, I'm going to create an encrypted folder called tuxtweaks. This will be done from a terminal window. You will need to provide full path names when creating a new folder. You can use standard shortcuts though, as I will show. +一旦在系统中安装好了encfs后，你就能在home目录下创建一个加密的文件夹。在这个示例当中，我将会创建一个叫做tuxtweaks的加密文件夹，这通过终端窗口就可以实现。当创建一个新的文件夹的时候，你需要指定全路径名，当然也可以使用如下所示的标准快捷方式。 encfs ~/.tuxtweaks ~/tuxtweaks -This will create two folders. The first one, .**tuxtweaks**, will contain the encrypted information. The second one, tuxtweaks, is where the decrypted version will be mounted when you want to access your information. If neither of these folders exist already, you will be prompted asking if you want to create them. Enter '**y**' at the prompts to allow the folders to be created. You should then see something like the following: +这会创建两个文件夹。第一个.**tuxtweaks**,它包含被加密的信息；第二个tuxtweaks,当你想要访问信息的时候，解密的版本信息将会挂载到下面。如果这些文件夹都不存在，系统将会提示询问是否创建它们。在提示下面键入‘**y**’以允许创建文件夹，然后你应该能看到如下所示的一些信息： Creating new encrypted volume. Please choose from one of the following options: From 7cb8b5f77f34336bf58b2656c03113bae5a4cb2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: flsf Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 14:05:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 06/40] translate --- .../Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md b/sources/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md index d1464478b7..31436da454 100644 --- a/sources/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md +++ b/sources/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +flsf Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use ================================================================================ Pmap provide memory map of a process, The pmap command display the memory usage map of a process or multiple processes. Pmap reports information about the address space or memory usage map of a process. Pmap is actually a Sun OS command and Linux supports only very limited number of features. But it is very helpful for finding the complete address space of a process. To check [memory usage of process][1] we need PID or unique process ID of running process, we can get PID from /proc or regular commands like top or ps. @@ -114,4 +115,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/pmap-command/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.linoxide.com/linux-shell-script/linux-memory-usage-program/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.linoxide.com/linux-shell-script/linux-memory-usage-program/ From d786b0b8e664ccdfbf90898bf32d55b51ae3546e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: l3b2w1 Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 15:33:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 07/40] translating by l3b2w1 --- ...y closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md b/sources/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md index 7c15f49c0f..0e8e09adaf 100644 --- a/sources/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md +++ b/sources/Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by l3b2w1 Seven reasons why closed source is better than open source, or so it seems ================================================================================ ![](http://opensource.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/image-full-size/images/business/BUSINESS_asusual_deadend.png) From ff1e190ac62972457e1e0d9500d1cdae63e776e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 18:40:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 08/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=ADby=20Linux-pdz?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md b/sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md index 0543715f79..225770348e 100644 --- a/sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md +++ b/sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by Linux-pdz Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA ================================================================================ [qBittorrent][1] is a cross platform free and open source bittorrent client designed as an alternative the popular [µtorrent][2] client written in C++ / Qt4, using the libtorrent-rasterbar library. qBittorrent is developed by volunteers. The latest version, qBittorrent 3.1.0 released on October 12th 2013.Bittorrent client. qBittorrent is fast, stable, light, it supports unicode and it provides a good integrated search engine. It also comes with UPnP port forwarding / NAT-PMP, encryption (Vuze compatible), FAST extension (mainline) and PeX support (utorrent compatible). From ca3709e5e67085ca2dfae4394c5cc30f9d1b3d46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 19:45:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 09/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90by=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux-pdz?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...all qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md | 59 ------------------- ...all qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md | 45 ++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md create mode 100644 translated/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md diff --git a/sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md b/sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md deleted file mode 100644 index 225770348e..0000000000 --- a/sources/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by Linux-pdz -Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA -================================================================================ -[qBittorrent][1] is a cross platform free and open source bittorrent client designed as an alternative the popular [µtorrent][2] client written in C++ / Qt4, using the libtorrent-rasterbar library. qBittorrent is developed by volunteers. The latest version, qBittorrent 3.1.0 released on October 12th 2013.Bittorrent client. qBittorrent is fast, stable, light, it supports unicode and it provides a good integrated search engine. It also comes with UPnP port forwarding / NAT-PMP, encryption (Vuze compatible), FAST extension (mainline) and PeX support (utorrent compatible). - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/qbittorrent_about.png) - -### Features of qBittorrent v3.1.0 ### - -- Polished µTorrent-like User Interface -- Well-integrated and extensible Search Engine -- Simultaneous search in most famous BitTorrent search sites -- Per-category-specific search requests (e.g. Books, Music, Movies) -- All Bittorrent extensions -- DHT, Peer Exchange, Full encryption, Magnet/BitComet URIs, … -- Remote control through a Web user interface -- Nearly identical to the regular UI, all in Ajax -- Advanced control over trackers, peers and torrents -- Torrents queueing and prioritizing -- Torrent content selection and prioritizing -- UPnP / NAT-PMP port forwarding support -- Available in ~25 languages (Unicode support) -- Torrent creation tool -- Advanced RSS support with download filters (inc. regex) -- Bandwidth scheduler -- IP Filtering (eMule and PeerGuardian compatible) -- IPv6 compliant -- Sequential downloading (aka “Download in order”) -- Available on most platforms: Linux, Mac OS X, Windows, OS/2, FreeBSD - -### Installing qBittorrent ### - - $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hydr0g3n/qbittorrent-stable - $ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install qbittorrent - -You can also download the [qbittorrent source code][3] and compile from source. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/qBittorrent.png) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-qbittorrent-3-1-0-ubuntu-via-ppa/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.qbittorrent.org/index.php -[2]:http://www.utorrent.com/ -[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/qbittorrent/files/qbittorrent/qbittorrent-3.1.0/qbittorrent-3.1.0.tar.gz/download -[4]: -[5]: -[6]: -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md b/translated/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..19dd37f720 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Install qBittorrent 3.1.0 in Ubuntu via PPA.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +通过PPA在Ubuntu中安装qBittorrent 3.1.0 +================================================================================ +[qBittorrent][1]是一个由志愿者开发的自由开源的跨平台BT客户端软件，利用libtorrent-rasterbar库由C++/Qt写成，是现在流行的BT客户端软件[µtorrent][2]的一个替代选择。最新的版本，qBittorrent 3.1.0 已经在2013年10月份放出。qBittorrent轻巧快速，支持unicode编码，而且提供一个完美整合的搜索引擎。它也支持UPnP/NAT-PMP端口转发，支持扩展和PeX(兼容utorrent)。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/qbittorrent_about.png) + +### qBittorrent v3.1.0 的特性### +- 精心打磨的类µTorrent界面 +- 完美整合，可扩展的搜索引擎 +- 同时在众多著名BT网站中进行搜索 +- 对搜索请求进行预分类（例如，书籍，音乐，电影） +- 支持各种BT扩展 +- 可通过web页面进行远程操作 +- 可对trackers, peers 和 torrents进行高级控制 +- 连接排队和优选 +- Torrent内容选择和优选 +- 支持UPnP / NAT-PMP端口转发 +- 支持大约25中语言（支持Unicode） +- 种子创建工具 +- 支持RSS过滤下载（例如正则表达式） +- IP过滤（兼容eMule和PeerGuardian） +- 兼容IPv6 +- 顺序下载（也可以叫做按序下载） +- 支持各种平台： Linux，Mac OS X, Windows, OS/2, FreeBSD + +### 安装qBittorrent ### + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:hydr0g3n/qbittorrent-stable + $ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install qbittorrent + +你也可以下载[qbittorrent的源代码][3]，然后编译后安装。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/qBittorrent.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-qbittorrent-3-1-0-ubuntu-via-ppa/ + +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.qbittorrent.org/index.php +[2]:http://www.utorrent.com/ +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/qbittorrent/files/qbittorrent/qbittorrent-3.1.0/qbittorrent-3.1.0.tar.gz/download From e4fafd92d8a0c30f5aded5f8b5b192363edc4962 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 20:27:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 10/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20Linux-?= =?UTF-8?q?pdz?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md | 1 + ...On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md | 1 + 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md index 7975baa9b5..b6e4358812 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by Linux-pdz Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background ================================================================================ Here’s a simple tip that shows you how to change Ubuntu logon screen background with custom images. Ubuntu logon screen is ok and maybe better than most Linux distributions, but if you want to show custom images like ones that remind you of special places and things, you may be able to change it using the steps below. diff --git a/sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md b/sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md index 3329933e7b..8fc5465824 100644 --- a/sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md +++ b/sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by Linux-pdz Using Wine to Play Games On Linux? Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now ================================================================================ ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/steamforlinux.png) From f6376254b35e71efa98169aaa6f0a1e20a38b3d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 21:20:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 11/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A04=20The=20Lin?= =?UTF-8?q?ux=20Kernel--Security?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- published/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md | 37 ++++++++++++++++++ .../04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md | 38 ------------------- 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) create mode 100755 published/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md delete mode 100755 translated/The Linux Kernel/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md diff --git a/published/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md b/published/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000000..9cd583c1b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +戴文的Linux内核专题：04 安全 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.278/) + +Linux内核是所有Linux系统的核心。如果有任何恶意代码控制或破害了内核的任何一部分，那么系统会严重受损，文件可能被删除或损坏，私人信息可能被盗等等。很明显，保持内核安全涉及到用户的最大利益。值得庆幸的是，由于Linux内核极其安全，Linux是一个非常安全的系统。在用户比例上，Linux病毒比Windows病毒更少，并且Linux用户比Windows用户个人更少感染病毒。(这就是为什么许多公司使用Linux来管理他们的服务器的一个原因。) 然而，我们仍然没有借口去忽视内核的安全。Linux有几个安全特性和程序，但本文只讨论Linux安全模块(LSM)及其它的内核安全特性。 + +AppArmor（应用盔甲）最初是由Immunix写的安全模块。自从2009年以来，Canonical维护着这些代码（Novell在Immunix之后，Canonical以前管理这些代码）。这个安全模块已经从2.6.36版本进入Linux主分支之中。AppArmor限制了程序的能力。AppArmor使用文件路径来跟踪程序限制。许多Linux管理员称AppArmor是最容易配置的安全模块。然而，而许多Linux用户觉得这个模块与其它的替代品相比很糟糕。 + +安全增强Linux(SELinux)是AppArmor的替代品，它最初由美国国家安全局开发（NSA）。SELinux自从2.6版本就进入内核主分支中。SELinux是限制修改内核和用户空间的工具。SELinux给可执行文件(主要是守护进程和服务端程序)最小特权去完成它们的任务。SELinux也可以用来控制用户权限。SELinux不像AppArmor那样使用文件路径，而SELinux在追踪权限时使用文件系统去标记可执行文件。因为SElinux本身使用文件系统管理可执行文件，所以SELinux不能像AppArmor那样对整个文件系统提供保护。 + +注意：守护进程是在后台运行的程序 + +注意：虽然在内核中有AppArmor、SELinux及其它安全模块，但只能有一个安全模块被激活。 + +Smack是安全模块的另一种选择。Smack从2.6.25起进入内核主分支。Smack应能比AppArmor更安全，但比SELinux更容易配置。 + +TOMOYO，是另外一个安全模块，在2.6.30进入内核主分支。TOMOYO可以提供安全防护，但是它的主要用途是分析系统安全缺陷。 + +AppArmor、SELinux、Smack和TOMYO组成了四个标准Linux安全模块。这些都通过使用强制访问控制(MAC ： mandatory access control)工作，这种访问控制是通过限制程序或者用户执行一些任务来实现的。安全模块还有某些形式的列表规定了它们可以做什么不可以做什么。 + +Yama在Linux内核中一个新安全模块。Yama还没有作为标准的安全模块，但是在将来他会成为第5个标准安全模块。Yama和其他安全模块一样使用相同的机制。 + +“grsecurity”是一系列Linux内核安全补丁的集合。多数补丁用于处理远程网络连接和缓冲区溢出的安全问题(以后讨论)。grsecurity中有一个叫PaX的有趣组件。PaX补丁允许内存里的代码使用最少的所需权限。例如，存储程序的内存段被标为不可写。想想看，为什么一个可执行的程序需要在内存中是可写的？通过这个补丁，恶意代码就不能修改目前正在执行的程序。缓冲区溢出是一种当程序由于bug或者恶意代码在内存上写入数据，并让它的内存边界超出到其他程序的内存页上的安全事件。当Pax被激活时，它会帮助阻止这些缓冲区溢出，因为程序没有写到其他内存页上的权限了。 + +Linux入侵检测系统(LIDS)是一个内核安全补丁，提供了强制访问控制(MAC)的特性。这个补丁就像扮演LSM模块的角色。 + +Systrace是一个减少和控制应用程序访问系统文件和系统调用的工具。系统调用是对内核的服务请求。比如，当一个文本编辑器写入一个文件到硬盘上时，程序将会发送一个系统请求让内核写入文件到硬盘中。 + +这些是在Linux安全系统中非常重要的组件。这些安全模块和补丁使内核免于受到恶意代码的攻击。没有这些特性，Linux系统将会变成一个不安全的操作系统。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-security.4223/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md b/translated/The Linux Kernel/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md deleted file mode 100755 index 9d3e9e4038..0000000000 --- a/translated/The Linux Kernel/04 The Linux Kernel--Security.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -04 Linux 内核: 安全 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.278/) - -Linux内核是所有Linux系统的核心。如果有任何恶意代码控制或损害了内核的任何一部分,那么系统会严重受损,文件可以被删除或损坏,私人信息可能被盗等等。很明显,保持内核安全涉及到用户的最大利益。值得庆幸的是,由于内核及其安全，Linux是一个非常安全的系统。在用户比例上，Linux病毒比Windows病毒更少，并且Linux用户比Windows用户个人更少感染病毒。(这就是为什么许多公司使用Linux来管理他们的服务器的一个原因。) 然而,我们仍然没有借口去忽视内核的安全。Linux可能有些安全特性和程序,但只有Linux安全模块(LSM)和其他内核安全将会在本文中讨论。 - -AppArmor是最初是由Immunix写的安全模块。自从2009年以来,Canonical维护着代码(Novell在Immunix之后Cononical以前处理过代码)。这个安全模块已经从2 6.36版本进入Linux主流分支。AppArmor限制了程序的能力。AppArmor使用文件路径来跟踪程序限制。许多Linux管理员称AppArmor是最容易配置的安全模块。然而,而许多Linux用户觉得这个模块提供了最糟糕的安全替代品。 - -安全增强Linux(SELinux)是AppArmor的替代品，它最初由美国国家安全局开发(NSA).SELinux自从2.6版本就进入主线内核。SELinux是限制修改内核和用户空间的工具。SELinux给可执行文件(主要是守护进程和服务端程序)最小特权去完成它们的任务。SELinux也可以用来控制用户权限。SELinux不像AppArmor那样使用文件路径,而SELinux在追踪权限时使用文件系统去标记可执行文件。因为SElinux本身使用文件系统管理可执行文件,所以SELinux不能像AppArmor那样对整个文件系统提供保护。 - -注意：守护进程是在后台运行的程序 - -注意：虽然在内核中有AppArmor、SELinux等，但只能有一个安全模块被激活。 - -Smack是安全模块的另一种选择。Smack从2.6.25起进入主线内核。Smack应该比AppArmor更安全但比SElinux更容易配置。 - -TOMOYO，是另外一种安全模块，在2.6.30进入主线内核。TOMOYO可以提供安全,但是它的主要用途是分析系统安全缺陷。 - -AppArmor、SELinux、Smack和TOMYO组成了四个标准Linux安全模块。这些都通过使用强制访问控制(MAC)工作，这是通过限制程序或者用户执行一些任务的访问控制。安全模块还有某些形式的列表规定了它们可以做什么不可以做什么。 - -Yama在Linux内核中新的安全模块。Yama还没有作为标准的安全模块，但是在将来他会成为第5个标准安全模块。Yams和其他安全模块一样使用相同的原理。 - -“grsecurity”是一系列Linux内核安全补丁的集合。多数补丁应用于远程网络连接和缓冲溢出(以后讨论)。grsecurity一个有趣的组件是PaX。PaX补丁允许内存上的代码最少地使用到特权。例如，含有程序的内存被标为不可写。想想看，为什一个可执行的程序需要在内存中是可写的？现在恶意代码不能修改目前正在执行的程序。缓冲溢是一种当程序由于bug或者恶意代码在内存上写入数据并让它的内存边界超出到其他程序的内存页上的事件。当Pax被激活时，它会帮助阻止这些缓冲溢出因为程序没有写到其他内存页上的权限。 - -Linux入侵检测系统(LIDS)是一个内核安全补丁，提供了强制访问控制(MAC)的特性。这个补丁就像扮演LSM模块的角色。 - -Systrace是一个减少和控制应用程序访问系统文件和系统调用的工具。系统调用是对内核的服务请求。比如，当一个文本编辑器写入一个文件到硬盘上时，程序将会发送一个系统请求让内核写入文件到硬盘中 - -These are very important components in the Linux security system. These security modules and patches keep malicious code from attacking the kernel. Without these features, Linux systems would be unsecure computer operating systems. -这些是在Linux安全系统中非常重要的组件。这些安全模块和补丁使内核免于受到恶意代码的攻击。没有这些特性，Linux系统将会变成一个不安全的操作系统。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-security.4223/ - -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 174e083d9d7d250e34c9db5f2bd6409230029de4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 21:26:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 12/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3201310=E6=9C=88?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Best Quotes from Linus Torvalds' Keynote at LinuxCon Europe.md | 0 .../{ => 201310}/3 Good CD And DVD Burning Tools For Ubuntu.md | 0 ...ings To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander).md | 0 .../{ => 201310}/A Pentesting Release for the Raspberry Pi.md | 0 ...iation to Saucy's default wall with Aqua Graphite wallpaper.md | 0 ...tality to your desktop with Saucy Salamander Wallpaper pack.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Are We Witnessing the Decline of Ubuntu.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Audacious 3.4 for Linux Review.md | 0 .../Banshee Music Player Sees First Release In 12 Months.md | 0 ...pp updated with optimized show-hide calculation description.md | 0 .../Calibre 1.6 released with handy mark-book feature.md | 0 ...is gold sponsor at October 2013's OggCamp open-source event.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Choosing a Journaling File System.md | 0 .../Contacts App updated with enhanced avatar support.md | 0 ...aily Ubuntu Tips - Restore Your Machine To A Previous State.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Adding Users To Existing Groups.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Disable Ubuntu Lock Screen.md | 0 ...Ubuntu Tips – Easiest Way To Access Your Files From Windows.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Install Google Chrome Browser.md | 0 .../{ => 201310}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Protect Your Home Folders.md | 0 ...Daily Ubuntu Tips – Understanding The App Menus And Buttons.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips–Knowing About The Root Account.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips–Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Debian 7.2 Wheez Officially Released.md | 0 .../{ => 201310}/E-Mail App Geary Gets New Look, New Features.md | 0 ...ccess The Command Line Terminal From Within The Editor Window.md | 0 ... Music Player Clementine 1.2 Released on Multiple Platforms.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/First Look at GNOME 3.10 on Arch Linux.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/First impressions of Semplice Linux 5.md | 0 ...oil, retro challenging puzzle game (Ubuntu Software Center).md | 0 .../FreeBSD 10.0 Beta 1 Available for Download and Testing.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/GCC 4.8.2 Compiler Brings 70+ Bug Fixes.md | 0 .../GNOME 3.10 Will Have a Beautiful and Handy System.md | 0 ...E Control Center 3.10.1 Released with Multiple Improvements.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/GParted 0.16.2 Review.md | 0 .../GTK3-based Twitter App ‘Corebird’ In Development.md | 0 .../Glances – An All In One System Monitoring Tool.md | 0 ...ow This 75 Year-Old Piece of Paper Started Modern Computing.md | 0 .../How To Hide Ubuntu 13.04 Unity Launcher In 5 Easy Steps.md | 0 ...e From Ubuntu 13.04 Raring To Ubuntu 13.10 Saucy Salamander.md | 0 ...to Install the iOS 7 Icons in Ubuntu 13.04 and Ubuntu 13.10.md | 0 .../How to Test Your Internet Speed with a Terminal Command.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Install Cinnamon 1.8 in Ubuntu 13.04.md | 0 .../{ => 201310}/Install Jitsi Instant Messenger in Ubuntu.md | 0 .../Install Rhythmbox 3.0 In Ubuntu 13.10 Or 13.04.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Installing XScreenSaver In Ubuntu.md | 0 ...inus Torvalds Smashes the Fedora Project, Calls Them Stupid.md | 0 .../Linus Torvalds Talks Linux Development at LinuxCon.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Linux RNG May Be Insecure After All.md | 0 .../Linux Seeks Help From More (And More Diverse) Coders.md | 0 .../Linux Terminal--Seeing the unseen characters with cat!.md | 0 ...eds one 'killer' game to explode, says Battlefield director.md | 0 ...10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released – Screenshot Tour.md | 0 .../Manage Passwords Securely in Ubuntu with KeePassX.md | 0 ...s Apple Used the Ubuntu Edge Convergence Idea for iPhone 5S.md | 0 ...e at OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong, November 5th - 8th 2013.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Mastering the “Kill” Command in Linux.md | 0 ...que’ Adds Album Sorting, Gapless Playback and Playlist Tweaks.md | 0 .../{ => 201310}/NTFS Partition Repair and Recovery In Linux.md | 0 ... Add ‘Open As Administrator’ Option To Your Right Click Menu.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/NoSQL comparison.md | 0 ...n source is brutal- an interview with Google's Chris DiBona.md | 0 ...lication PyChess 0.12 BETA 4 released with new improvements.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Quick-n-easy command-line tips.md | 0 ...at Enterprise Linux 6.5 Beta Can Remotely Control Windows 8.md | 0 ... Hat Expands Virtualization Options With Open-Source Docker.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Red Hat--Big bucks, big Linux.md | 0 ...ion Prophecy Military Space Epic Arrives on Steam for Linux.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/Semplice 5 review – High Hopes.md | 0 .../Shotwell 0.15 released with new features and fixes.md | 0 ...tem 76 Ubuntu Touchscreen Laptop Now Available to Pre-Order.md | 0 .../The Debian OpenSSL Bug- Backdoor or Security Accident.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/The Linux Backdoor Attempt of 2003.md | 0 published/{ => 201310}/The Utilite Linux Mini PC.md | 0 ...ings To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10 ‘Saucy Salamander’.md | 0 .../Torvalds--Apple's free OS is no threat to Linux.md | 0 .../Torvalds--SteamOS will“really help”Linux on desktop.md | 0 ...avel support applications to attend openSUSE Summit opened!.md | 0 .../Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md | 0 .../Ubuntu 13.10 Released – But Is It An Essential Upgrade.md | 0 .../Ubuntu 13.10 Review--A great 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a/published/Mark Shuttleworth Thinks Apple Used the Ubuntu Edge Convergence Idea for iPhone 5S.md b/published/201310/Mark Shuttleworth Thinks Apple Used the Ubuntu Edge Convergence Idea for iPhone 5S.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Mark Shuttleworth Thinks Apple Used the Ubuntu Edge Convergence Idea for iPhone 5S.md rename to published/201310/Mark Shuttleworth Thinks Apple Used the Ubuntu Edge Convergence Idea for iPhone 5S.md diff --git a/published/Mark Shuttleworth to attend and conduct keynote at OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong, November 5th - 8th 2013.md b/published/201310/Mark Shuttleworth to attend and conduct keynote at OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong, November 5th - 8th 2013.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Mark Shuttleworth to attend and conduct keynote at OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong, November 5th - 8th 2013.md rename to published/201310/Mark Shuttleworth to attend and conduct keynote at OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong, November 5th - 8th 2013.md diff --git a/published/Mastering the “Kill” Command in Linux.md b/published/201310/Mastering the “Kill” Command in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Mastering the “Kill” Command in Linux.md rename to published/201310/Mastering the “Kill” Command in Linux.md diff --git a/published/Music App ‘Musique’ Adds Album Sorting, Gapless Playback and Playlist Tweaks.md b/published/201310/Music App ‘Musique’ Adds Album Sorting, Gapless Playback and Playlist Tweaks.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Music App ‘Musique’ Adds Album Sorting, Gapless Playback and Playlist Tweaks.md rename to published/201310/Music App ‘Musique’ Adds Album Sorting, Gapless Playback and Playlist Tweaks.md diff --git a/published/NTFS Partition Repair and Recovery In Linux.md b/published/201310/NTFS Partition Repair and Recovery In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/NTFS Partition Repair and Recovery In Linux.md rename to published/201310/NTFS Partition Repair and Recovery In Linux.md diff --git a/published/Nautilus Gksu Plugin – Add ‘Open As Administrator’ Option To Your Right Click Menu.md b/published/201310/Nautilus Gksu Plugin – Add ‘Open As Administrator’ Option To Your Right Click Menu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Nautilus Gksu Plugin – Add ‘Open As Administrator’ Option To Your Right Click Menu.md rename to published/201310/Nautilus Gksu Plugin – Add ‘Open As Administrator’ Option To Your Right Click Menu.md diff --git a/published/NoSQL comparison.md b/published/201310/NoSQL comparison.md similarity index 100% rename from published/NoSQL comparison.md rename to published/201310/NoSQL comparison.md diff --git a/published/Open source is brutal- an interview with Google's Chris DiBona.md b/published/201310/Open source is brutal- an interview with Google's Chris DiBona.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Open source is brutal- an interview with Google's Chris DiBona.md rename to published/201310/Open source is brutal- an interview with Google's Chris DiBona.md diff --git a/published/Powerful chess application PyChess 0.12 BETA 4 released with new improvements.md b/published/201310/Powerful chess application PyChess 0.12 BETA 4 released with new improvements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Powerful chess application PyChess 0.12 BETA 4 released with new improvements.md rename to published/201310/Powerful chess application PyChess 0.12 BETA 4 released with new improvements.md diff --git a/published/Quick-n-easy command-line tips.md b/published/201310/Quick-n-easy command-line tips.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Quick-n-easy command-line tips.md rename to published/201310/Quick-n-easy command-line tips.md diff --git a/published/Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5 Beta Can Remotely Control Windows 8.md b/published/201310/Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5 Beta Can Remotely Control Windows 8.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5 Beta Can Remotely 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Arrives on Steam for Linux.md rename to published/201310/Salvation Prophecy Military Space Epic Arrives on Steam for Linux.md diff --git a/published/Semplice 5 review – High Hopes.md b/published/201310/Semplice 5 review – High Hopes.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Semplice 5 review – High Hopes.md rename to published/201310/Semplice 5 review – High Hopes.md diff --git a/published/Shotwell 0.15 released with new features and fixes.md b/published/201310/Shotwell 0.15 released with new features and fixes.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Shotwell 0.15 released with new features and fixes.md rename to published/201310/Shotwell 0.15 released with new features and fixes.md diff --git a/published/System 76 Ubuntu Touchscreen Laptop Now Available to Pre-Order.md b/published/201310/System 76 Ubuntu Touchscreen Laptop Now Available to Pre-Order.md similarity index 100% rename from published/System 76 Ubuntu Touchscreen Laptop Now Available to Pre-Order.md rename to published/201310/System 76 Ubuntu Touchscreen Laptop Now Available to Pre-Order.md diff --git a/published/The Debian OpenSSL Bug- Backdoor or Security Accident.md b/published/201310/The Debian OpenSSL Bug- Backdoor or Security Accident.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Debian OpenSSL Bug- Backdoor or Security Accident.md rename to published/201310/The Debian OpenSSL Bug- Backdoor or Security Accident.md diff --git a/published/The Linux Backdoor Attempt of 2003.md b/published/201310/The Linux Backdoor Attempt of 2003.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Linux Backdoor Attempt of 2003.md rename to published/201310/The Linux Backdoor Attempt of 2003.md diff --git a/published/The Utilite Linux Mini PC.md b/published/201310/The Utilite Linux Mini PC.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Utilite Linux Mini PC.md rename to published/201310/The Utilite Linux Mini PC.md diff --git a/published/Top Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10 ‘Saucy Salamander’.md b/published/201310/Top Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10 ‘Saucy Salamander’.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Top Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10 ‘Saucy Salamander’.md rename to published/201310/Top Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10 ‘Saucy Salamander’.md diff --git a/published/Torvalds--Apple's free OS is no threat to Linux.md b/published/201310/Torvalds--Apple's free OS is no threat to Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Torvalds--Apple's free OS is no threat to Linux.md rename to published/201310/Torvalds--Apple's free OS is no threat to Linux.md diff --git a/published/Torvalds--SteamOS will“really help”Linux on desktop.md b/published/201310/Torvalds--SteamOS will“really help”Linux on desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Torvalds--SteamOS will“really help”Linux on desktop.md rename to published/201310/Torvalds--SteamOS will“really help”Linux on desktop.md diff --git a/published/Travel support applications to attend openSUSE Summit opened!.md b/published/201310/Travel support applications to attend openSUSE Summit opened!.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Travel support applications to attend openSUSE Summit opened!.md rename to published/201310/Travel support applications to attend openSUSE Summit opened!.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu 13.10 Released – But Is It An Essential Upgrade.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu 13.10 Released – But Is It An Essential Upgrade.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu 13.10 Released – But Is It An Essential Upgrade.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu 13.10 Released – But Is It An Essential Upgrade.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu 13.10 Review--A great Linux desktop gets better.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu 13.10 Review--A great Linux desktop gets better.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu 13.10 Review--A great Linux desktop gets better.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu 13.10 Review--A great Linux desktop gets better.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Desktop Guide updated for Saucy in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu Desktop Guide updated for Saucy in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Desktop Guide updated for Saucy in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu Desktop Guide updated for Saucy in Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Touch--Ubuntu OS for Smartphone is Almost Ready.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu Touch--Ubuntu OS for Smartphone is Almost Ready.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Touch--Ubuntu OS for Smartphone is Almost Ready.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu Touch--Ubuntu OS for Smartphone is Almost Ready.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Tweak 0.8.6 released with Ubuntu 13.10 support and improvements.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu Tweak 0.8.6 released with Ubuntu 13.10 support and improvements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Tweak 0.8.6 released with Ubuntu 13.10 support and improvements.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu Tweak 0.8.6 released with Ubuntu 13.10 support and improvements.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu extends its Windows Azure availability with full Juju support.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu extends its Windows Azure availability with full Juju support.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu extends its Windows Azure availability with full Juju support.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu extends its Windows Azure availability with full Juju support.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu-13-10-vs-Ubuntu-13-04-Reasons-to-Upgrade.md b/published/201310/Ubuntu-13-10-vs-Ubuntu-13-04-Reasons-to-Upgrade.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu-13-10-vs-Ubuntu-13-04-Reasons-to-Upgrade.md rename to published/201310/Ubuntu-13-10-vs-Ubuntu-13-04-Reasons-to-Upgrade.md diff --git a/published/Unity 8 updated with interesting refinements.md b/published/201310/Unity 8 updated with interesting refinements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Unity 8 updated with interesting refinements.md rename to published/201310/Unity 8 updated with interesting refinements.md diff --git a/published/Use Python To SSH To Your Machine.md b/published/201310/Use Python To SSH To Your Machine.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Use Python To SSH To Your Machine.md rename to published/201310/Use Python To SSH To Your Machine.md diff --git a/published/Valve Revealing First Part of Linux Invasion on Monday.md b/published/201310/Valve Revealing First Part of Linux Invasion on Monday.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Valve Revealing First Part of Linux Invasion on Monday.md rename to published/201310/Valve Revealing First Part of Linux Invasion on Monday.md diff --git a/published/Weather App updated with subtle color refinements.md b/published/201310/Weather App updated with subtle color refinements.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Weather App updated with subtle color refinements.md rename to published/201310/Weather App updated with subtle color refinements.md diff --git a/published/When open source invests in diversity, everyone wins.md b/published/201310/When open source invests in diversity, everyone wins.md similarity index 100% rename from published/When open source invests in diversity, everyone wins.md rename to published/201310/When open source invests in diversity, everyone wins.md diff --git a/published/Why I can’t live without Linux.md b/published/201310/Why I can’t live without Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Why I can’t live without Linux.md rename to published/201310/Why I can’t live without Linux.md diff --git a/published/Xubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md b/published/201310/Xubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Xubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md rename to published/201310/Xubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander) Officially Released.md diff --git a/published/apt-fast--Improve apt-get Download Speed.md b/published/201310/apt-fast--Improve apt-get Download Speed.md similarity index 100% rename from published/apt-fast--Improve apt-get Download Speed.md rename to published/201310/apt-fast--Improve apt-get Download Speed.md diff --git a/published/di – Disk Information Utility, Better Than df.md b/published/201310/di – Disk Information Utility, Better Than df.md similarity index 100% rename from published/di – Disk Information Utility, Better Than df.md rename to published/201310/di – Disk Information Utility, Better Than df.md diff --git a/published/iLinux Is the Largest Collection of Custom Icons on the Linux Platform.md b/published/201310/iLinux Is the Largest Collection of Custom Icons on the Linux Platform.md similarity index 100% rename from published/iLinux Is the Largest Collection of Custom Icons on the Linux Platform.md rename to published/201310/iLinux Is the Largest Collection of Custom Icons on the Linux Platform.md diff --git a/published/lmctfy - Let Me Contain That For You.md b/published/201310/lmctfy - Let Me Contain That For You.md similarity index 100% rename from published/lmctfy - Let Me Contain That For You.md rename to published/201310/lmctfy - Let Me Contain That For You.md diff --git a/published/rtorrent – A Powerful Command Line Bit Torrent Client.md b/published/201310/rtorrent – A Powerful Command Line Bit Torrent Client.md similarity index 100% rename from published/rtorrent – A Powerful Command Line Bit Torrent Client.md rename to published/201310/rtorrent – A Powerful Command Line Bit Torrent Client.md From 96bb9afa8ac6130bd9a0e522f29bf1a81774161c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 21:47:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 13/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubuntu?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Tips=20=E2=80=93=20How=20To=20Change=20Your=20Computer=20Nam?= =?UTF-8?q?e?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md (94%) diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md similarity index 94% rename from translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md index c07461da99..1c5227fa48 100644 --- a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Change Your Computer Name.md @@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ 那么，为什么你又想要更改你的计算机名字？如果除了想要学习怎样操作，你没有一个好的理由，那么就不要学了，反之，如果你有一个好的理由或者想要学习怎样操作，那么请继续。 -按下 **Ctrl – Alt – T** 组合键，打开终端。 +按下 **Ctrl - Alt - T** 组合键，打开终端。 当终端打开，输入下列命令，使用gedit编辑hostname文件 sudo gedit /etc/hostname 接下来，无论旧的计算机名字是什么，换一个新的吧。例如，如果你想要你的计算机名字为“RDOMNU”，先删除文件内容，输入 **RDOMNU**，然后保存文件。 -然后，输入下列命令来打开hosts文件 +然后，再输入下列命令来打开hosts文件 sudo gedit /etc/hosts From eafd737fbd9d67bd60cbb3dd13a071158e7dce7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 22:00:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 14/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20Ins?= =?UTF-8?q?tall=20Ubuntu=20Touch=2013.10=20on=20Your=20Phone?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md (83%) diff --git a/translated/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md b/published/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md similarity index 83% rename from translated/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md rename to published/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md index b3fe7754e2..77a4cb0f9d 100644 --- a/translated/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md +++ b/published/How to Install Ubuntu Touch 13.10 on Your Phone.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 如何在手机上安装Ubuntu Touch 13.10 ================================================================================ -**buntu Touch 13.10是Canonical公司针对手机新推出的一款操作系统，但是相对于桌面而言，安装到手机并不是那么容易。** +**Ubuntu Touch 13.10是Canonical公司针对手机新推出的一款操作系统，但是相对于桌面而言，它安装到手机并不是那么容易。** ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Install-Ubuntu-Touch-13-10-On-Your-Phone-392828-2.jpg) @@ -18,17 +18,17 @@ Canonical提供了安装Ubuntu Touch 13.10所有必要的工具。这真是个 你必须从新菜单——“开发者选项”中启用USB调试，该菜单通过前面的方法已被解锁。在手机上勾选该选项时，会出现一条消息，通知用户正在配对。同意，那么你准备得差不多了。 -在开始安装前的最后一步是备份你的Android。同样使用adb工具。只要打开终端，输入以下命令： +在开始安装前的最后一步是备份你的Android系统。同样使用adb工具。只要打开终端，输入以下命令： adb backup -apk -shared -all -如果你要重新安装的Android ，打开一个终端，运行以下命令： +如果你要重新安装原来的Android系统，打开一个终端，运行以下命令： adb restore backup.ab 最后的命令至关重要，你应该使用sudo运行，以确保正确执行该命令。打开一个终端，输入以下命令： - phablet-flash ubuntu-system --no-backup + sudo phablet-flash ubuntu-system --no-backup 运行过程中应该没有任何问题，设备将最终引导到Ubuntu Touch。不要停止终端也不要中断此过程。 From 3a5ccbdcb921f2b4a199d854b178902dc3bcee37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 22:19:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 15/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ATrusty=20Tahr?= =?UTF-8?q?=20daily=20builds=20available=20for=20download?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {translated => published}/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md b/published/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md rename to published/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md index 89038781c2..26e5716d8a 100644 --- a/translated/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md +++ b/published/Trusty Tahr daily builds available for download.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ via: http://iloveubuntu.net/trusty-tahr-daily-builds-available-download -译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b0ea872b1d043294971bd2ca4c75fe1637625ace Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 22:28:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 16/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91byLuox=20;-)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tall Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md | 16 +++++++++------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md (55%) diff --git a/sources/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md b/translated/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md similarity index 55% rename from sources/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md rename to translated/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md index 675ef4d34a..16430f2c38 100644 --- a/sources/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md +++ b/translated/How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10.md @@ -1,25 +1,27 @@ - 翻译by Luox -How To Install Sublime Text 3 in Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10 +如何在Ubuntu 13.04, 13.10上安装Sublime Text 3 + ================================================================================ -[Sublime Text][1] is a popular text and source code editor. Thanks to [Webupd8][2] team’s PPA repository, we can now install Sublime Text 3 via PPA which is now available to both unregistered and registered users. + +[Sublime Text][1]是一款很流行的源代码文本编辑器.幸亏有[Webupd8][2]团队的PPA仓库,我们现在能通过PPA安装Sublime Text 3,适用于注册用户也包括未注册用户. ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/sublime_text.png) -### Install Sublime Text 3 ### +### 安装Sublime Text 3 ### -Open Terminal (Ctrl + Alt + T), Type and Run the commands below: +打开终端(Ctrl + Alt +T), 键入并运行下列命令: $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/sublime-text-3 $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install sublime-text-installer -Enjoy ;-) + +玩的开心 ;-) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-sublime-text-3-ubuntu-13-04-13-10/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8795166a9853745dac6a0b0180a04f01ed961bd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Fri, 1 Nov 2013 23:28:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 17/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md | 44 ------------------- ...Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md | 43 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md create mode 100644 translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md deleted file mode 100644 index b6e4358812..0000000000 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,44 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by Linux-pdz -Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background -================================================================================ -Here’s a simple tip that shows you how to change Ubuntu logon screen background with custom images. Ubuntu logon screen is ok and maybe better than most Linux distributions, but if you want to show custom images like ones that remind you of special places and things, you may be able to change it using the steps below. - -There are many ways to do this and this post is just one of many. The method below uses dconf-editor and lightdm user to accomplish to get the same results. To do it, change to the root user and give lightdm user access to the x-server. Next using lightdm user credentials, run dconf-editor and make the change. - -After setting the custom logon image and restarting, you should see the picture everytime you start your machine. If image is one you love and brings back a log of memories, you should be delighted everytime you startup Ubuntu to logon. - -This tutorial assumes you already have dconf-editor installed on your machine. If not, run the commands below to install dconf-editor. - - sudo apt-get install dconf-editor - -Next, choose the image you wish to use as your logon image. Then take notes of the location, including the image name. Next, run the commands below to change to the root user. - - sudo –i - -Next, run the commands below to give lightdm user access to the X-Server. Lightdm is the service that manages the logon background so if you need to make changes to the logon screen, it should be done as lightdm user. - - xhost +SI:localuser:lightdm - -Next, change to lightdm user by running the commands below. - - su lightdm -s /bin/bash - -Then run the commands below to start dconf-editor. - - dconf-editor - -When the tool opens, browse to **com –> canonical –> unity-greeter**. Then change the background value to the custom image. You may also want to disable draw-grid. - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/logon-screen-background.png) - -Restart your computer and enjoy your~ - -![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/logon-screen-background-1.png) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/09/daily-ubuntu-tipschange-logon-screen-background/ - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d3fd46010c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Logon Screen Background.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Ubuntu每日小技巧-改变登陆窗口背景 +================================================================================ +这儿给你提供了一下简单的小技巧，告诉你如何用你自己图片来替换登陆窗口的背景。Ubuntu的登陆窗口挺不错的，可能比大多数发行版的都要好，但是假如你要用一张你自己的图片，比如一张可以让你回忆起某个特定的地方或事情的图片，你就可以按照下面的步骤来更换上它。 + +有许多方法可以做到这一点，这篇博文介绍的只是其中一种。下面介绍的方法使用dconf-editor和lightdm用户来达到同样的效果。跟着我做，切换到root用户，给予lightdm用户访问x-server的权限。下一步使用lightdm用户组权限，运行dconf-editor，然后做出更改。 + +在设置完自定义图片并且重启后，你应该就能在你每次启动你的电脑时看到你设置的图片。若设置的图片是一张你非常喜欢的并且能给你带给你很多回忆的图片，那么你每次启动电脑登陆到Ubuntu时一定非常开心。 + +这个手册假设你已经在你的电脑上安装了dconf-editor。若没有，你可以运行以下命令来安装dconf-editor + + sudo apt-get install dconf-editor + +下一步，选择你要作为登陆背景的图片。然后，记下图片的位置以及图片的名字，运行以下命令切换到root用户。 + + sudo –i + +下一步，运行以下命令给予lightdm用户访问X-server的权限。Lightdm是一个管理登陆窗口背景的服务程序，因此假如你要更换登陆窗口的背景图片，你就要改动lightdm用户。 + + xhost +SI:localuser:lightdm + +下一步，运行以下命令切换到lightdm用户 + + su lightdm -s /bin/bash + +然后，运行以下命令开启dconf-editor + + dconf-editor + +当工具打开后，浏览到**com->canonical->unity-greeter**。然后改变背景值为自定义的图盘。你可能需要勾掉draw-grid。 + +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/logon-screen-background.png) + + +重启你的电脑。玩的开心~ +![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/logon-screen-background-1.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/09/daily-ubuntu-tipschange-logon-screen-background/ + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) \ No newline at end of file From c1f037efee5b1845ed04f9100c17308ab14aa621 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 11:48:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 18/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BB=88=E4=BA=8E=E5=AE=8C=E4=BA=8B?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=84=BF=E4=BA=86=EF=BC=8C=E4=BC=BC=E4=B9=8E=E6=9C=89=E7=82=B9?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=84=BF=E6=99=9A=E4=BA=86=C2=B7=C2=B7=E2=80=9C=20git=20push?= =?UTF-8?q?=20origin=20master=20git=20commit=20-m=20=E7=BB=88=E4=BA=8E?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E4=BA=8B=E5=84=BF=E4=BA=86=EF=BC=8C=E4=BC=BC=E4=B9=8E?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9C=89=E7=82=B9=E5=84=BF=E6=99=9A=E4=BA=86=C2=B7=C2=B7?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=9C?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ngs To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md | 126 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 126 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/translated/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md b/translated/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..049aab0f30 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +安装Ubuntu13.10后必做的10件事 +================================================================================ +**Ubuntu 13.10发布了，而且你已经升级了，然后你想知道现在做些什么。不要着急，这里有10件安装完Ubuntu 13.10后必做的事。** + +我们为以前的ubuntu版本整理了一个安装列表，但是因为新的特性浮现和不断地进步，我们的建议在不断地改变和转换。 + +因此，升级到ubuntu 13.10后最好做哪些事情呢？ + +### 1. 加快速度 ### + +尽管Ubuntu 13.10相较于之前的发布版包含了较少的面向用户的特征，但是新的Smart scopes服务还是不可错过的。 +### 2. 使用第三方驱动 ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/drivers.jpg) + +Ubuntu本身已经支持了大量的硬件。随着免费而又开源的的驱动的发展，在Steam上玩儿游戏或者玩儿高清游戏性能已经差强人意。 + +如果想使用所有驱动就请软件和更新里的 **安装并使用所有驱动** 。 + +在启动器里打开软件应用（或者通过系统设置）然后点击进入“其他程序”选项卡，然后按照屏幕上的提示操作。 + +### 3. 安装Ubuntu的影音解码器 ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/mus.jpg) + +由于一个很大的法律问题的纠缠，Ubuntu不能即刻支持很多流行的音频视频格式。这是一项很大的先天缺陷。 + +但是安装这些支持所需要的仅仅只是几下点击。在安装过程中只需勾选’*使用限制格式*’ 框来导入需要的解码器，或者，如果你忘了的话，也可以在Ubuntu软件中心安装所有的多媒体相关工具。 + +- [安装第三方解码器][1] + +### 4.建立你的社会生活### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/account-toggles.jpg) + +Facebook, Twitter, Google Talk, Gmail以及其他的一打社交账号可以在*在线账号* 里一起设置。 + +只需要添加一个网络然后**决定哪些程序可以使用它**。例如，关掉Empathy默认的自动启动Google Chat，和从Social Lens里过滤FaceBook。 + +支持的服务包括Twitter, Google, Yahoo!, Facebook (including Facebook Chat), Flickr 和正在增长的大量其他的应用。 + +### 5. 添加第三方应用Add Additional Apps ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/apps.jpg) + +Ubuntu默认提供了一整套的应用，但是一个尺寸不适合所有人穿，如果你不喜欢一个默认的应用，或者发现自己错过了一些什么，你可以很轻松的找到和添加更多的软件。 + +打开Ubuntu软件中心就可以浏览成千上万的程序，包括下面这些很流行的选择： + +- **Dropbox** - 流行，快平台的云存储服务 +- **Steam** – 游戏发布平台 +- **GIMP** – 强大的图像处理软件 +- **VLC** – 流行的影音软件 + +您还可以找到像我们这样列出了丰富的附加软件的网站 - 看看我们的应用程序标签的你会有一些想法。 + +- [在OMG上查看Ubuntu程序列表! !][2] + + +### 6.保护你的隐私 ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/priv.jpg) + +最近隐私问题是一个烫手山芋，因此很高兴看到最新版的Ubuntu改进了它的隐私设置，提供了一个新的界面和大量的新选择。 + +不论你是想在启动器上隐藏一个文件还是一个应用，从睡眠状态重新进入电脑时使用严格策略，或者选择什么样的系统崩溃向Canonical发送信息，隐私和安全面板总是可以提供你想要的工具。 + +### 7.拥抱互联网 Embrace The Web ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/gmails.jpg) + +Canonical are enticing web devs with word that websites can be easily packaged, integrated and made available for install on Ubuntu Touch. + +The genesis of this approach has been included on desktop Ubuntu for a few releases. Over 30 popular websites – including Gmail, Yahoo! & Rd.io - can seamlessly integrate with parts of the desktop. + +For example, add GMail and you get fancy Gmail options in the Launcher and Messaging Menu; enable Rd.io and you’ll be able to control playback using the Sound Menu. + +### 8. 设置自己的Unity Yours ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/unity_tweak_tool_310.png) + +Unity比人们想的定制性更好。 *Unity Tweak Tool* 是一个第三方应用，可以让你调整桌面Unity以打造一个合适的环境。 + +选择包括: + +- 调整启动器透明度 +- 设置启动器图标动画 +- 启动工作台 +- 设置快捷键 +- 移动窗口的控制 + +但是,不要期望太大，它不会让你移动启动器的。 + +- [从Ubuntu软件中心安装Unity Tweak Tool][3] + +### 9. Filter The Noise ### + +Ubuntu’s新的‘Smart Scopes’服务承诺做成一个有帮助的工具，但是现在还不像声称的那样智能。 + +好消息是这个特性只需一击就可以关闭，所以没有必要因噎废食顺带着排斥Ubuntu。 + +当你发现自己就像被隔了一道烦人的墙一样总是搜索音乐的时候或者购物的时候收到大量毫不相关的建议，你可以单独禁用某一个问题的服务。 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-15-at-11.36.26-750x480.png) + +如果你发现自己每一个搜索结果无关的音乐充斥着，禁用的音乐的服务。不想要亚马逊的建议？关掉它。 + +### 10. 传播关于Ubuntu13.10的一句话 ### + +我知道，在我们的“应当去做”列表上这是比较尴尬的一项。但是只有人们知道Ubuntu 13.10才会去尝试它，因此做好你的份然后共享关于它的新闻。 + +无论你刚刚把这篇文章贴到Facebook上，还是为你的OS X粉搭档制作了一个LiveUSB，对于Ubuntu的认知度的提高都是很有W帮助的。 + +别忘了享受使用它。去检查下Facebook上的简介，听一些音乐，享受一下用Firefox上网。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/10-things-installing-ubuntu-13-10 + +译者：[crowner](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/ubuntu-restricted-extras/ +[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/category/app +[3]:apt:unity-tweak-tool \ No newline at end of file From 53d5f87252179b67bca40ad27e18aa2534c00496 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: crowner Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 11:50:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 19/40] Delete 10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md --- ...ngs To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md | 128 ------------------ 1 file changed, 128 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md diff --git a/sources/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md b/sources/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md deleted file mode 100644 index 04b80286f2..0000000000 --- a/sources/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,128 +0,0 @@ -刚装了个，正好看看bycrowner -10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10 -================================================================================ -**Ubuntu 13.10 is out, you’ve upgraded, and you’re wondering what to do now. Don’t fret – here are 10 things to do after installing Ubuntu 13.10.** - -We put together a post-install checklist for every release of Ubuntu, but as new features arrive and improvements are made, the steps we suggest change and alter. - -So what are the best things to do after upgrading to Ubuntu 13.10? - -### 1. Get Up To Speed ### - -While Ubuntu 13.10 packs in fewer user-facing features than previous releases the effect of the new Smart Scopes Service is hard to miss. - -### 2. Enable Additional Drivers ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/drivers.jpg) - -Ubuntu supports a vast array of hardware right out of the box. But while the free, open-source drivers that make this possible are increasingly capable you may find that performance less that ideal for playing games on Steam or streaming HD video. - -If so you may want to **install and enable any proprietary drivers** listed in the Software & Updates tool. - -Open the Software Sources app via the Dash (or through System Settings) then click through to the ’Additional Drivers’ tab and follow the on-screen prompts. - -### 3. Install Media Codecs in Ubuntu ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/mus.jpg) - -Due to a big tangle of legal issues Ubuntu is unable to play many popular audio and video formats ‘out of the box’. It’s an inconvenience born of necessity. - -But installing what’s needed is only a couple of clicks away. During installation you can tick the ’*Enable Restricted Formats*’ box to have the required codecs pulled in, or – if you forgot to do that – you can install everything needed to get media working from the Ubuntu Software Centre. - -- [Install Third-Party Codecs][1] - -### 4. Set Up Your Social Life ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/account-toggles.jpg) - -Facebook, Twitter, Google Talk, Gmail and a heap more social accounts can be set up in one go using the *Online Accounts* hub. - -Just add an network then **decide which applications can use it**. For example, stop Empathy firing up Google Chat by default, and filter our Facebook from the Social Lens. - -Services supported include Twitter, Google, Yahoo!, Facebook (including Facebook Chat), Flickr, and a growing number of others. - -### 5. Add Additional Apps ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/apps.jpg) - -Ubuntu offers a lot of neat apps by default but one size doesn’t fit all. If you don’t like a certain app, or find yourself missing something else, you can easily add more software. - -Fire up the Ubuntu Software Centre to browse thousands of free applications, including popular choices like: - -- **Dropbox** - Popular, cross-platform cloud storage service -- **Steam** – Game distribution platform -- **GIMP** – Advanced image editor -- **VLC** – Popular media player - -You’ll also find a wealth of additional software listed on sites like ours – check out our Apps tag for some ideas. - -- [View App Posts on OMG! Ubuntu!][2] - - -### 6. Protect Your Privacy ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/priv.jpg) - -Privacy is a hot-potato these days, so it’s great to see that the latest release of Ubuntu improves its Privacy offerings with a new look and a handful of extra options. - -Whether you want to hide a folder or app from appearing in the Dash, restrict access to your computer after waking up, or choose what data about system crashes is sent back to Canonical, the Privacy & Security pane is where you’ll find all the tools you need. - -### 7. Embrace The Web ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/gmails.jpg) - -Canonical are enticing web devs with word that websites can be easily packaged, integrated and made available for install on Ubuntu Touch. - -The genesis of this approach has been included on desktop Ubuntu for a few releases. Over 30 popular websites – including Gmail, Yahoo! & Rd.io - can seamlessly integrate with parts of the desktop. - -For example, add GMail and you get fancy Gmail options in the Launcher and Messaging Menu; enable Rd.io and you’ll be able to control playback using the Sound Menu. - -### 8. Make Unity Yours ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/unity_tweak_tool_310.png) - -Unity is more customisable than people think. *Unity Tweak Tool* is a third-party app that lets you adjust the Unity desktop experience to suit you. - -Options include: - -- Adjust launcher transparency -- Set launcher icon animations -- Enable workspaces -- Configure shortcuts -- Move window controls - -And no, before you wonder, it won’t let you move the launcher. - -- [Install Unity Tweak Tool from Ubuntu Software Centre][3] - -### 9. Filter The Noise ### - -Ubuntu’s new ‘Smart Scopes’ service promises to be a handy tool, but at present it’s just not as smart as it claims. - -The good news is that feature can be switched off with a click, so there’s no need to avoid using Ubuntu altogether. - -If you find yourself facing a wall of obscure music results or obtuse shopping suggestions every time you search for something unrelated you can disable each offending scope individually. - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Screen-Shot-2013-10-15-at-11.36.26-750x480.png) - -If you find yourself flooded with irrelevant music results for every search disable the music scopes. Don’t want Amazon suggestions? Switch Amazon off. - -### 10. Spread The Word about Ubuntu 13.10 ### - -This item on our to-do list is cringe-worthy, I know. But the only way people are going to try out Ubuntu 13.10 is if they know about it – so do your bit and share news of it. - -Whether you just post this post to Facebook, or make a LiveUSB for your OS X-loving partner, you’ll be helping raise awareness of Ubuntu. - -Don’t forget to enjoy using it, too. Go check your Facebook profile, listen to some music, and do a bit of surfing in Firefox. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/10-things-installing-ubuntu-13-10 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/ubuntu-restricted-extras/ -[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/category/app -[3]:apt:unity-tweak-tool \ No newline at end of file From ad6ade6fb948612d9fba1da6aac45abb0834b0c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 13:16:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 20/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20by=20Luox?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...pgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md | 53 ------------------ ...pgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md | 54 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 translated/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md b/sources/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index f36b933f6c..0000000000 --- a/sources/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ - 翻译中 Luox - -Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu -================================================================================ -Ubuntu 13.10 may have been released yesterday but chances are you’re still running Linux Kernel 3.11.0. Sticking with the current kernel in Ubuntu 13.10 isn’t a bad thing. In fact, it’s not always recommended to upgrade Linux Kernel outside of your Linux distribution’s official repositories tested for a particular version. - -On the other hand, you should upgrade to the latest Linux Kernel in Ubuntu if it becomes available and if you’re not afraid breaking breaking something in Ubuntu. You see, the latest kernel always comes with enhancements, bug fixes and some additional features. - -So, if something isn’t working quite right on your computer, upgrading the Linux Kernel might just fix it. But keep in mind that you may also break something when you upgrade. - -If you’re not afraid and want to jump right in with me, let’s get started with upgrading to Linux Kernel 3.11.6 in Ubuntu. - -First, before you start upgrading, backup your machine because you may never recover if something goes wrong. Better safe than sorry. - -Fore more about this kernel version, [read this changelog][1]. - -When you’re ready, run the commands below to upgrade your machine and remove any obsolete packages, including older kernels - - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo apt-get autoremove - -ext, change into the /tmp directory. - - cd /tmp - -Then copy and paste the line below and press enter to download the 32-bit version of the Linux Kernel. - - wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_i386.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_all.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-image-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_i386.deb - -To download the 64-bit version of the Linux Kernel, copy and paste the line below. - - wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_amd64.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_all.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-image-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_amd64.deb - -After downloading the correct version, run the commands below to begin installing it. - - sudo dpkg -i *.deb - -Finally, run the commands below to upgrade Grub. - - sudo update-grub2 - -That’s it! Restart your computer and your machine should have the latest version. - -Enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/upgrade-linux-kernel-3-11-6-ubuntu/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/ChangeLog-3.11.6 diff --git a/translated/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md b/translated/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4cefa8b9ab --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Upgrade To Linux Kernel 3.11.6 In Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Ubuntu 升级到Linux内核3.11.6 + +================================================================================ + +昨天已经发布了Ubuntu 13.10但是你可能仍然运行着Linux 3.11.0 内核.当然坚持Ubuntu 13.10 当前内核不是一件坏事.事实上,不建议升级超出你的Linux发行版的官方仓库测试的特定版本. + +另一方面,如果你不害怕折腾再折腾Ubuntu那么你应该升级到最新Ubuntu支持的 Linux 内核.你会发觉,最新的内核总是有改善,漏洞修补和添加特性的. + +所以,如果你的电脑有些运行不正常,那么更新Linux内核可能会被修复.但记住,当你升级时你也有可能导致崩溃. + +如果你不再惧怕,和我一起永往直前吧,让我们开始升级Ubuntu Linux 内核到 3.11.6!! + +首先,在你开始升级之前,请先备份你的数据,以防升级时出错无法恢复.小心不出大错!!! + +更多关于这个内核版本信息,[阅读更改日志][1] + +当你一切就绪,运行下列命令来升级你的机器并删除旧包,包括旧内核. + + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo apt-get autoremove + +另外,进到/tmp目录. + + cd /tmp + +接着,复制粘贴下列命令,按回车下载32位的Linux内核 + + wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_i386.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_all.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-image-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_i386.deb + +下载64位Linux 内核版本,复制粘贴下行. + + wget http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_amd64.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-headers-3.11.6-031106_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_all.deb http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v3.11.6-saucy/linux-image-3.11.6-031106-generic_3.11.6-031106.201310181453_amd64.deb + +下载适合的版本,运行下列命令,开始安装. + + sudo dpkg -i *.deb + +最后,运行下列命令升级Grub. + + sudo update-grub2 + +就这样!重启你的电脑,完成升级!! + +玩的开心! + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/upgrade-linux-kernel-3-11-6-ubuntu/ + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/ChangeLog-3.11.6 From c1c8136d9d8243e9d1a5d330203925f4b725ad5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 15:59:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 21/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md | 50 ------------------- ...You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.markdown | 44 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md create mode 100644 translated/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.markdown diff --git a/sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md b/sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8fc5465824..0000000000 --- a/sources/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by Linux-pdz -Using Wine to Play Games On Linux? Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now -================================================================================ -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/steamforlinux.png) - -In the last couple of months, Steam has been getting a lot of attention. Not necessarily because of the games that it’s been carrying, but because of its expanding support of different operating systems. If you haven’t heard already, Steam has made official plans to support Linux, and has already made substantial progress with their beta Linux client. It really won’t be too long before the Steam client is stable, so all that would be left to do is port games over to Linux. - -Now that such a major service is available for our favorite penguin, here’s a couple of reasons why you should at least consider making the switch. - -### Performance ### - -I’ll start with the obvious with a surprising twist – performance via Steam is a lot better. Of course, when compared to games played via Wine, it’s going to be faster because the games are played natively rather than through a compatibility layer. Performance is one of the most important aspects of gaming, so people shouldn’t take this significance lightly. - -Also, did I mention that Linux games played via Steam ran faster than those run on Windows? The exact same hardware produced better results on Linux for identical games. I’m sure no one expected that because I know I didn’t. - -### Compatibility ### - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/switch_steam_wine.jpg) - -Whenever you buy a game, you can’t be guaranteed that the game will even run with Wine. There is a database for Wine where the compatibility applications and games are listed, but that’ll only save you some money by telling you that it probably won’t work out as you might hope. With Steam, however, all games available for Linux are guaranteed to work, no questions asked. - -With this argument, the only temporary downside is that the amount of available games for Linux is relatively small. I expect this number to grow dramatically over time. - -### Steam Benefits ### - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/switch_steam_window.jpg) - -Of course, by switching to Steam you gain all of its great benefits. This includes occasionally cheaper prices (especially during sales), a completely online experience so that no physical media is ever necessary, updates to both the client and games whenever they’re released, and more. - -For example, if you reinstall the operating system on a machine, you can simply open up Steam and it’ll automatically download and install all of your old games, letting you sit back and relax. On Windows and Mac OS X, people have been very pleased with how Steam operates, so it is a reputable place to buy your games. - -### Let Your Voice Be Heard ### - -Finally, by switching over to Steam, you’re making a statement. I’d be surprised if Steam’s effort towards Linux doesn’t interest your gaming soul, and as a community we need to show support for projects that we appreciate. Switching to Steam will not only make Steam’s ventures into Linux worthwhile, but it also shows others that Linux is a competent gaming platform – people historically just haven’t put in enough time to get to some breakthroughs. - -If we can show to others that Linux people love to play games, and that they could make a profit by supporting Linux, they may be more willing to do so. And we all like more games, right? - -### Conclusion ### - -I absolutely understand if you’re a bit skeptical about switching over to Steam when the chance is high that your games haven’t been added yet. However, just give it some time and check regularly. Eventually a few of your games, as well as some new ones you might enjoy, should be part of those which run just fine on Linux. - -What do you think about Steam’s work in Linux? Have you thought about switching? Let us know in the comments! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/using-wine-to-play-games-on-linux-heres-why-you-should-switch-to-steam-right-now/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.markdown b/translated/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.markdown new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..53e7e937ab --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Using Wine to Play Games On Linux？ Here’s Why You Should Switch To Steam Right Now.markdown @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +#使用Wine在Linux上玩游戏？这儿是一些你为什么应该立即转到Steam平台的理由# + ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/steamforlinux.png) + +在过去的几个月中，Steam平台受到了众人的关注。并不是因为它带来的游戏，而是由于它拓展支持了不同的操作系统。假如你好没有听说，那么我告诉你，官方宣布Steam计划支持Linux，而且已经持续改进他们的beta版Linux客户端。花不了多长时间，就可以让Steam的Linux客户端平稳下来，所以现在需要做的事情就只是把游戏移植到Linux上了。 + +现在这项非常重要的服务已经可以在我们可爱的企鹅上使用，这儿还有好多理由指出你为什么应该至少考虑一下转换到Linux平台。 + +###性能### + +我将以这个明显的优点作为开始 - 使用Steam玩游戏时，性能表现会好很多。当然，同使用Wine玩游戏相比，那就更加显得更加快速咯，因为游戏是原生运行的，无需兼容层。性能是玩游戏时最重要的因素之一，所以人们怎么可以错过这么一个显著的优点呢。 + +另外，我还注意到使用Steam玩游戏比在Windows上玩游戏还更加快速？同样的硬件同一款游戏，在linux上的表现比Windows上的表现还好。这一点别说比人，连我自己都没想到。 + +###兼容性### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/switch_steam_wine.jpg) + +无论何时你购买一个游戏，你均无法保证你购买的游戏可以在Wine上良好运行。虽然有一个Wine兼容性数据库，上面列出了Wine兼容的应用和游戏，但是这只是通过告诉你那些你想购买但是有可能不兼容的应用或游戏从而节省你的金钱 。然而，使用Steam，那些支持Linux的所有游戏都可以保证兼容，不需要去询问任何兼容性问题。 + +###Steam的优点### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/switch_steam_window.jpg) + +当然，转到Steam平台你就可以获得它所有的好处。这包括：偶尔的价格优惠（尤其是那些在售的游戏），完全在在线体验不在需要物理媒介，游戏和客户端 更新时你可以保持同步更新等。 + +例如，若你在你的电脑上重装了系统，你只需打开Steam，坐在一旁休息，它就可以自动下载并安装所有你安装过的游戏。在Windows和Mac OS X上，人们非常喜欢Steam的这种运作方式，所以这是一个你购买游戏的好去处。 + +###让你的声音被听到### + +最后，转到Steam平台，你是在表明你的态度。若Steam对于Linux平台的努力无法引起你游戏的兴趣，那么我会感到非常惊讶。作为社区的一份子，我们需要对那些我们喜欢的项目 表示支持。转到Steam平台，不仅可以让Steam公司对于在Linux平台上的冒险值得，而且也告诉了其它人Linux完全可以作为游戏平台——只是由于历史的缘故，人们只是没有在这方面投入足够的时间和经历使其取得突破而已。 + +假如我们向人们展示使用Linux的人们也是喜欢玩游戏的，而且通过支持Linux是可以获得利润的，那么人们就可能更加乐意开发支持Linux的游戏。另外，我们都希望有更多的Linux原生游戏，难道不是吗？ + +###结论### + +若你玩的游戏Linux还不支持，那么我完全能够理解你对转到Steam平台的怀疑。然而，你应当给它些时间，定期检查一下更新。最终会有一些你玩的游戏，还有一些你挺喜欢的新游戏会成为那些支持Linux并在其上运行良好的游戏的一部分。 + +你对Steam公司在Linux上的努力有什么想法？你会考虑转到Steam平台吗？请在评论里留言，让我们知道你的想法！ + +via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/using-wine-to-play-games-on-linux-heres-why-you-should-switch-to-steam-right-now/ + +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0baa5acd1124bb8a6afb9499c634a54835447311 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 18:23:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 22/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BA=86=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 增加了原文缺少的语句。 --- published/01 The Linux Kernel--Introduction.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/01 The Linux Kernel--Introduction.md b/published/01 The Linux Kernel--Introduction.md index 0ddf13a146..83bd354569 100644 --- a/published/01 The Linux Kernel--Introduction.md +++ b/published/01 The Linux Kernel--Introduction.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Linux内核也是一个抢占式多任务内核。这意味该内核可以暂停一些任务来保证任何应用都有机会来使用CPU。举个例子，如果一个应用正在运行但是正在等待一些数据，内核会把这个应用暂停并允许其他的程序使用新释放的CPU资源，直到数据到来。否则的话，系统就会浪费资源给那些正在等待数据或者其他程序执行的的任务。内核将会强制程序去等待或者停止使用CPU。没有内核的允许，应用程序不能脱离暂停或者使用CPU。 -Linux内核使得设备作为文件显示在/dev文件夹下。举个例子，USB端口位于/dev/bus/usb。硬盘分区则位于/dev/disk/分区。因为这个特性，许多人说：“在Linux上，一切皆文件”。举个例子，如果一个用户想要访问在存储卡上的数据，他们能通过设备文件访问这些数据。（译注：此处原文是“If a user wanted to access data on their memory card, for example, they **cannot** access the data through these device files.”，但根据上下文和实际经验看，应该是**“can 能”**） +Linux内核使得设备作为文件显示在/dev文件夹下。举个例子，USB端口位于/dev/bus/usb。硬盘分区则位于/dev/disk/分区。因为这个特性，许多人说：“在Linux上，一切皆文件”。（不过这些设备文件不能被直接使用，——译者补充）举个例子，如果一个用户想要访问在存储卡上的数据，他们是不能通过设备文件访问到这些数据的。（译注：此处原文是“If a user wanted to access data on their memory card, for example, they cannot access the data through these device files.”，但根据上下文，此处语境不对，所以做了相应补充。据“食梦-”的提示，原文也有人对此提出了质疑，作者做了如下解释：http://www.linux.org/threads/%EF%BB%BFthe-linux-kernel-introduction.4203/#post-12623） Linux内核是可移植的。可移植性是Linux流行的一个最重要的原因。可移植性使得内核可以工作在各种处理器和系统上。一些内核支持的处理器的型号包括：Alpha、AMD、ARM、C6X、Intel、x86、Microblaze、MIPS、PowerPC、SPARC、UltraSPARC等，这还不是全部的列表。 From 0432ac6b11fbfaa01f0a0562c22a8466deb32f52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 19:09:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 23/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AInstall=20Apac?= =?UTF-8?q?he=20With=20SSL=20in=20Ubuntu=2013.10?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md | 55 ++++--------------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md (79%) diff --git a/translated/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md b/published/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md similarity index 79% rename from translated/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md rename to published/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md index 4f62b16d50..8e715ccf5b 100644 --- a/translated/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md +++ b/published/Install Apache With SSL in Ubuntu 13.10.md @@ -1,53 +1,38 @@ 在Ubuntu 13.10 下安装支持SSL的Apache ================================================================================ -通过这个简短的教程,让我来指导你如何安装支持SSL的Apache.以下是我的试验机的详细说明: +通过这个简短的教程，让我来指导你如何安装支持SSL的Apache。以下是我的试验机的详细说明: ### 系统信息 ### root@ubuntu-unixmen:~# ifconfig - eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:b8:b4:87 - inet addr:10.1.1.110 Bcast:10.1.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 - inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:feb8:b487/64 Scope:Link - UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 - RX packets:1738 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 - TX packets:69 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 - collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 - RX bytes:168845 (168.8 KB) TX bytes:9767 (9.7 KB) - ---------- root@ubuntu-unixmen:~# cat /etc/issue - Ubuntu 13.10 \n \l ### 安装apache ### - - + +运行如下命令： sudo apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc apache2-utils - Reading package lists... Done - Building dependency tree - Reading state information... Done - The following extra packages will be installed: - apache2-bin apache2-data libapr1 libaprutil1 libaprutil1-dbd-sqlite3 libaprutil1-ldap ssl-cert ### apache测试页面 ### -打开浏览器,转到http://ip-address/.你应该会看到类似以下的信息. +打开浏览器,转到http://你的测试机的IP地址/。你应该会看到类似以下的信息。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/apache2-ubuntu.png) @@ -55,11 +40,11 @@ 创建一个名为**ssl**的目录 - sudo mkdir /etc/apache2/ssl + $ sudo mkdir /etc/apache2/ssl ### 创建一个自签名凭证 ### - sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key -out /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.crt + $ sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key -out /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.crt Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key.......................................................................................+++....................................+++writing new private key to '/etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key'-----You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporatedinto your certificate request.What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blankFor some fields there will be a default value,If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.-----Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: @@ -68,54 +53,38 @@ 运行以下命令开启ssl模块 $ a2enmod ssl - Considering dependency setenvif for ssl: - Module setenvif already enabled - Considering dependency mime for ssl: - Module mime already enabled - Considering dependency socache_shmcb for ssl: - Enabling module socache_shmcb. - Enabling module ssl -编辑 **/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf** 文件, - - <VirtualHost 10.1.1.110:443> +编辑 **/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf** 文件， + ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost - ServerName www.unixmen.com:443 - - SSLEngine on - SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.crt - SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ssl/apache.key -### 启动Apache缺省ssl的虚拟主机: ### - - a2ensite default-ssl +### 启用Apache缺省的SSL虚拟主机: ### + $ a2ensite default-ssl Enabling site default-ssl. - To activate the new configuration, you need to run: - service apache2 reload ### 重启Apache: ### - sudo service apache2 restart + $ sudo service apache2 restart ###测试SSL连接### -打开浏览器,转到**https://IP-address**. +打开浏览器，转到**https://你的测试机IP**。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/apache-cert.png) From 44c50ea1f24d7561156bca583e82729cbf17dc88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 20:38:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 24/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...x Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md | 71 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md b/translated/The Linux Kernel/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md index 2a8a0d3cbd..cf9145bdd9 100755 --- a/translated/The Linux Kernel/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md +++ b/translated/The Linux Kernel/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md @@ -1,46 +1,47 @@ -05 Linux 内核: 配置内核(Part 1) -================================================================================ +戴文的Linux内核专题：05 配置内核 (1) +================================================================================ + ![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.299/) -现在我们已经了解了内核，现在我们可以进入主要事项：配置并编译代码。配置内核代码并不会花费太长时间。配置工具会询问许多问题并且允许开发者配置内核的每个方面。如果你有不确定的问题或者特性，你最好使用配置工具提供的默认值。本系列教程会使读者逐步了解配置内核的整个过程。 +现在我们已经了解了内核，现在我们可以进入主要工作：配置并编译内核代码。配置内核代码并不会花费太长时间。配置工具会询问许多问题并且允许开发者配置内核的每个方面。如果你有不确定的问题或者特性，你最好使用配置工具提供的默认值。本系列教程会使读者逐步了解配置内核的整个过程。 -配置代码前需要在源文件的文件夹内打开一个终端。当终端打开后，基于你喜好的配置界面，这里有几种不同的配置方法、 +配置代码前需要在源文件的文件夹内打开一个终端。当终端打开后，基于你喜好的配置界面，这里有几种不同的配置方法： -make config - 纯文本界面 (最常用的选择)。 -make menuconfig - 基于文本彩色菜单和单选列表。这个选项可以加快开发者开发速度。必须安装ncurses(ncurses-devel)。 -make nconfig - 基于文本的彩色菜单。必须安装curses (libcdk5-dev)。 -make xconfig - QT/X-windows 界面。需要安装QT。 -make gconfig - Gtk/X-windows 界面。需要安装GTK。 -make oldconfig - 纯文本界面但问题基于本地配置文件。 -make silentoldconfig - 和oldconfig相似但是不会显示配置文件中已有的问题。 -make olddefconfig -和silentoldconfig相似但有些问题已经以它们的默认值选择。 -make defconfig - 这个选项将会创建一份以当前系统架构为基础的默认设置文件。 -make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig - 创建一份使用arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig中的值的配置文件。 -make allyesconfig - 这个选项将会创建一根尽可能多的问题都为‘yes’的配置文件。 -make allmodconfig - 这个选项将会创建一份将尽可能多的内核部分配置为模块的配置文件。 +- make config - 纯文本界面 (最常用的选择)。 +- make menuconfig - 基于文本彩色菜单和单选列表。这个选项可以加快开发者开发速度。需要安装ncurses(ncurses-devel)。 +- make nconfig - 基于文本的彩色菜单。需要安装curses (libcdk5-dev)。 +- make xconfig - QT/X-windows 界面。需要安装QT。 +- make gconfig - Gtk/X-windows 界面。需要安装GTK。 +- make oldconfig - 纯文本界面，但是其默认的问题是基于已有的本地配置文件。 +- make silentoldconfig - 和oldconfig相似，但是不会显示配置文件中已有的问题的回答。 +- make olddefconfig -和silentoldconfig相似，但有些问题已经以它们的默认值选择。 +- make defconfig - 这个选项将会创建一份以当前系统架构为基础的默认设置文件。 +- make ${PLATFORM}_defconfig - 创建一份使用arch/$ARCH/configs/${PLATFORM}_defconfig中的值的配置文件。 +- make allyesconfig - 这个选项将会创建一份尽可能多的问题回答都为‘yes’的配置文件。 +- make allmodconfig - 这个选项将会创建一份将尽可能多的内核部分配置为模块的配置文件。 -注意：内核代码可以放进内核中或者成为一个模块。例如，用户可以将蓝牙驱动作为一个模块加入(独立于内核)，或者直接加入内核，或者完全不加蓝牙驱动。当代码加入内核本身时，内核将会请求更多的内存并且启动会花费更长的时间。然而，内核会执行的更好。如果代码作为模块加入，代码将会一直存在于硬盘上直到被需要时加载。接着模块加载到内存中。这可以减少内核的内存使用并减少启动的时间。然而，因为内核和模块在内存上相互独立所以会影响内核的性能。另一种选择是不添加一些代码。举例来说，内核开发人员可能知道系统永远都不会使用蓝牙设备。因此这个驱动不会加到内核中。这提升了内核的性能。然而，如果用户之后需要蓝牙设备，那么他么需要安装蓝牙模块或者升级内核。 +> 注意：内核代码可以放进内核自身，也可以成为一个模块。例如，用户可以将蓝牙驱动作为一个模块加入(独立于内核)，或者直接放到内核栗，或者完全不加蓝牙驱动。当代码放到内核本身时，内核将会请求更多的内存并且启动会花费更长的时间。然而，内核会执行的更好。如果代码作为模块加入，代码将会一直存在于硬盘上直到被需要时加载。接着模块被加载到内存中。这可以减少内核的内存使用并减少启动的时间。然而，因为内核和模块在内存上相互独立所以会影响内核的性能。另一种选择是不添加一些代码。举例来说，内核开发人员假如知道系统永远都不会使用蓝牙设备，因此这个驱动就可以不加到内核中。这提升了内核的性能。然而，如果用户之后需要蓝牙设备，那么他么需要安装蓝牙模块或者升级内核才行。 -make allnoconfig - 这个选项只会生成内核必要代码的配置文件。它对尽可能多的问题都回答no。这有时会导致内核无法工作在为该硬件编译的硬件上。 -make randconfig - 这个选项会对内核选项随机选择。 -make localmodconfig - 这个选项会根据当前已加载模块列表和系统配置来生成配置文件。 -make localyesconfig - 将当前使用的模块都编译进内核(译者注：这里与原文 ‘This will set all module options to yes - most (or all) of the kernel will not be in modules’的意思不同，经过网络多处验证，译者认为这里可能是原作者笔误)。 +- make allnoconfig - 这个选项只会生成内核所必要代码的配置文件。它对尽可能多的问题都回答no。这有时会导致内核无法工作在为编译该内核的硬件上。 +- make randconfig - 这个选项会对内核选项随机选择（译注：这是做什么用途的？！）。 +- make localmodconfig - 这个选项会根据当前已加载模块列表和系统配置来生成配置文件。 +- make localyesconfig - 将所有可装载模块（LKM）都编译进内核(译者注：这里与原文 ‘This will set all module options to yes - most (or all) of the kernel will not be in modules’的意思不同，作者也作出了解释：http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-1.4274/#post-13307)。 -贴士:最好使用“make menuconfig”因为用户可以加快进度。“make config”不会提供如此“奢侈品”。因为配置过程会耗费大量时间。 +贴士：最好使用“make menuconfig”，因为用户可以保存进度。“make config”不会提供这样的便利，因为配置过程会耗费大量时间。 ### 配置: ### -大多数开发者选择使用“make menucongfig”或者其他图形菜单。当要求的键入命令后，第一个问题是受否将内核编译成64位。选项有“Y”、“n”和“?”。问号用来解释这个问题，“n”代表这个问题回答否(no),"Y"代表这个问题回答是(yes).在这个教程里，我选择是。 这里我输入"Y"(这里是大小写敏感的)并输入回车。 +大多数开发者选择使用“make menucongfig”或者其他图形菜单之一。当键入上述配置命令后，第一个问题，是受否将内核编译成64位。选项有“Y”、“n”和“?”。问号用来解释这个问题，“n”代表这个问题回答否(no),"Y"代表这个问题回答是(yes)。在这个教程里，我选择是。 这里我输入"Y"(这里是大小写敏感的)并输入回车。 注意：当内核在32位系统上编译时，编译工具会询问内核是否编译成32位。第一个问题在不同的处理器上不一样。 -下一行显示的是"Cross-compiler tool prefix (CROSS_COMPILE) []".如果你没有在交叉编译就按下回车。如果你正在交叉编译，对ARM系统输入像"arm-unknown-linux-gnu-",对64位PC输入像"x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-"的字样。对其他处理器而言还有许多其他可能的命令，但是这个表太大了。一旦一名开发者知道他们想要支持的处理器，很容易就可研究出处理器需要的命令。 +下一行显示的是"Cross-compiler tool prefix (CROSS\_COMPILE) []"（交叉编译器工具前缀）。如果你不是做交叉编译就直接按下回车。如果你正在交叉编译，对ARM系统输入像"arm-unknown-linux-gnu-"，对64位PC输入像"x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-"的字样。对其他处理器而言还有许多其他可能的命令，但是这个表太大了。一旦一名开发者知道他们想要支持的处理器，很容易就可研究出处理器需要的命令。 -注意：交叉编译是在另外的处理器上编译代码。比如，一台Intel系统正编译着不在Intel处理器上运行的程序。因此，这个系统可能正在编译为在ARM或AMD处理期上运行的代码。 +注意：交叉编译是为别的处理器编译代码。比如，一台Intel系统正编译着不在Intel处理器上运行的程序，比如，这个系统可能正在编译着要在ARM或AMD处理器上运行的代码。 -注意:每一项选择会改变接下来显示什么问题及何时显示。我会(在教程里)包含上我的选择让读者可以在他们自己的系统上跟上配置的进度。 +注意：每一项选择会改变接下来显示什么问题及何时显示。我会(在教程里)包含上我的选择让读者可以在他们自己的系统上跟上配置的进度。 -接下来,用户会看到“Local version - append to kernel release (LOCALVERSION) []”。这使开发人员可以给定一个特殊版本号或他们自定义的内核。我将输入“LinuxDotOrg”。现在的内核版本会是“3.9.4-LinuxDotOrg”。接下来,配置工具会询问“Automatically append version information to the version string (LOCALVERSION_AUTO) [N/y/?]”。如果发现一个git树,修订号将被追加。这个例子中没有使用git,所以我回答"no"。不然git修订号将会追加到版本号中。还记得vmlinuz和几个类似的文件么?好,下一个问题就是问使用哪一种格式压缩内核。开发人员可以从五个选项中选择一个。它们是 +接下来,用户会看到“Local version - append to kernel release (LOCALVERSION) []”（本地版本号，附加到内核版本号后面）。这使开发人员可以给定一个特殊版本号或命名他们自定义的内核。我将输入“LinuxDotOrg”，这样，内核版本会显示为“3.9.4-LinuxDotOrg”。接下来，配置工具会询问“Automatically append version information to the version string (LOCALVERSION_AUTO) [N/y/?]”（是否自动添加版本信息到版本号后）。如果本地有一个git版本库，git的修订号会被添加到版本号后面。这个例子中我们没有使用git，所以我回答"no"。不然git修订号将会追加到版本号中。还记得vmlinuz和几个类似的文件么？好了，下一个问题就是问使用哪一种格式压缩内核。开发人员可以从五个选项中选择一个。它们是 1. Gzip (KERNEL_GZIP) 2. Bzip2 (KERNEL_BZIP2) @@ -48,24 +49,24 @@ make localyesconfig - 将当前使用的模块都编译进内核(译者注：这 4. XZ (KERNEL_XZ) 5. LZO (KERNEL_LZO) -Gzip是默认值，所以我选择"1"并按回车。每种压缩格式和其他压缩格式相比都有更高或者更低的压缩比。更好的压缩比意味着更小的体积，但是相比低压缩比文件，它解压是需要更多的时间。 +Gzip是默认值，所以我选择"1"并按回车。每种压缩格式和其他压缩格式相比都有更高或者更低的压缩比。更好的压缩比意味着更小的体积，但是与低压缩比文件相比，它解压时需要更多的时间。 -现在这行显示"Default hostname (DEFAULT_HOSTNAME) [(none)]".这可以配置主机名。通常地，开发者这行留空(我这里留空)为了以后Linux用户可以自己设置他们的主机名。 +现在这行显示“Default hostname (DEFAULT_HOSTNAME) [(none)]”（默认主机名）。这里可以配置主机名。通常地，开发者这行留空(我这里留空)，以便以后Linux用户可以自己设置他们的主机名。 -接下来开发者可以启用或者禁用交换空间。Linux使用独立的分区叫做"swap space"来使用虚拟内存。这相当于Windows中的页面文件。典型地，开发者在这行“Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap) (SWAP) [Y/n/?]”回答是. +接下来开发者可以启用或者禁用交换分区。Linux使用一个叫做"swap space"的独立分区来使用虚拟内存。这相当于Windows中的页面文件。典型地，开发者在这行“Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap) (SWAP) [Y/n/?]”（是否支持匿名内存换页）回答“Y”。 -接下来一行(System V IPC (SYSVIPC) [Y/n/?])来询问内核是否支持IPC。进程间通信使进程间可以通信和同步。最好启用IPC不然许多程序将无法工作。这个问题回答是会是配置工具接下来问"POSIX Message Queues (POSIX_MQUEUE) [Y/n/?]".这个问题只会在IPC启用后看见。POSIX消息队列是一种给每条消息一个优先级的消息队列（一种进程间通信形式）。默认的选择是'是'.按回车选择默认选择(以大写选择指示). +接下来的一行（System V IPC (SYSVIPC) [Y/n/?]）询问内核是否支持IPC。进程间通信使进程间可以通信和同步。最好启用IPC不然许多程序将无法工作。这个问题回答“Y”会使配置工具接下来问“POSIX Message Queues (POSIX_MQUEUE) [Y/n/?]”（是否使用POSIX消息队列），这个问题只会在IPC启用后看见。POSIX消息队列是一种给每条消息一个优先级的消息队列（一种进程间通信形式）。默认的选择是“Y”。按回车选择默认选择（以大写选择指示默认）。 -下一个问题(open by fhandle syscalls (FHANDLE) [Y/n/?])是问当有需要进行文件系统操作的时候程序是否允许使用文件句柄而不是文件名进行。默认上，这个选择是'是'。 +下一个问题“open by fhandle syscalls (FHANDLE) [Y/n/?]”（是否使用文件句柄系统调用来打开文件）是问当有需要进行文件系统操作的时候，程序是否允许使用文件句柄而不是文件名进行。默认上，这个选择是“Y”。 -有时，开发这在做了一些选择后，某些问题会自动回答。比如，下一个问题(Auditing support (AUDIT) [Y/?])会在没有提示的情况下自动回答因为先前的选项需要这个特性。审计支持会记录所有文件的访问和修改。下一个关于审计的问题(Enable system-call auditing support (AUDITSYSCALL) [Y/n/?]).如果启用，所有的系统调用都会记录下来。如果开发者想要更好的性能，那么最好尽可能地禁用审计特性并不把它加入内核。一些开发者可能为了安全监控而启用审计。这个问题我选择"no".下一个审计问题(Make audit loginuid immutable (AUDIT_LOGINUID_IMMUTABLE) [N/y/?])是询问进程是否可以改变它们的loginuid(LOGIN User ID),如果启用，用户空间中的进程将无法改变他们的loginuid。为了更好的性能，我们这里禁用这个特性。 +有时，开发者在做了一些选择后，某些问题会自动回答。比如，下一个问题“Auditing support (AUDIT) [Y/?]”（是否支持审计）会在没有提示的情况下自动回答，因为先前的选项需要这个特性。审计支持会记录所有文件的访问和修改。下一个关于审计的问题“Enable system-call auditing support (AUDITSYSCALL) [Y/n/?]”（是否启用系统调用审计支持）。如果启用，所有的系统调用都会记录下来。如果开发者想要更好的性能，那么最好尽可能地禁用审计特性并且不把它加入内核。而另外一些开发者可能为了安全监控而启用审计。这个问题我选择“n”。下一个审计方面的问题“Make audit loginuid immutable (AUDIT_LOGINUID_IMMUTABLE) [N/y/?]”（是否要审计进程身份ID不可变）是询问进程是否可以改变它们的loginuid(LOGIN User ID)，如果启用，用户空间的进程将无法改变他们的loginuid。为了更好的性能，我们这里禁用这个特性。（译注：对于使用systemd这样的系统，其是通过中央进程来重启登录服务的，设置为“y”可以避免一些安全问题；而使用较旧的SysVinit和Upstart的系统，其需要管理员手工重启登录服务，应该设置为“N”） -注意：当通过"make config"配置时，这些通过配置工具回答的问题会显示出来但是用户无法改变答案。当通过"make menuconfig"配置时，无论用户按任何键都无法改变选项。开发者不想像这样改变选项因为前一个选择取决于另外一个问题的选择。 +注意：当通过“make config”配置时，这些通过配置工具回答的问题会显示出来但是用户无法改变答案。当通过"make menuconfig"配置时，无论用户按任何键都无法改变选项。开发者不需要去改变这些选项，因为之前的选择决定了另外一个问题的选择。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-1.4274/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 53d253756cf6b302761b615efe382c81e2cd2e31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 20:40:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 25/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9:The=20Linux=20Kernel/0?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20The=20Linux=20Kernel--Configuring=20the=20Kernel=20Part=201?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/The Linux Kernel => published}/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md b/published/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/The Linux Kernel/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md rename to published/05 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 1.md From f07ee6151d7d19ae8c0a8e44376caaedc9b09d49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 21:04:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 26/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20Linux-?= =?UTF-8?q?pdz?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md b/sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md index 35c0398d75..fd7d0fd1e6 100644 --- a/sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md +++ b/sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by Linux-pdz CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/youtube.jpg) From faff2326037b3b1a410878b427eea2e0308828a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 22:19:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 27/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90by=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux-pdz?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...CO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md | 51 ------------------- ...CO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md | 51 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md create mode 100644 translated/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md diff --git a/sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md b/sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md deleted file mode 100644 index fd7d0fd1e6..0000000000 --- a/sources/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,51 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by Linux-pdz -CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/youtube.jpg) - -*YouTube Is One of Many Sites Using H.264* - -**American networking company Cisco [has announced plans to offer an open-source H.264 codec][1] - a move it says will “remove barriers” to its use in WebRTC.** - -H.264 is widely used in HTML5 video streaming, though not all browsers and operating systems are able to make use of it. - -This is because use of the codec for encoding or decoding requires royalty payments to be made to the MPEG LA, an organisation who license the tangle of patents related to it (which, perhaps not so coincidentally, [includes some patents owned by Cisco][2]). - -Furthermore, the codec is prohibited from being distributed with open-source products like web browsers. - -This is why some of YouTube’s HTML5 videos don’t play in Firefox but do in Google Chrome. The latter is able to pay licensing costs on behalf of its users. - -But Cisco are aiming to reset this inequality by offering an open-source implementation of the H.264 codec – called OpenH264, developed by them – that **can be used by any project**, including open-source ones, **for free**. No license fees and no restrictions will apply to the use of its binary modules. - -The company say that by open-sourcing their H.264 codec, and offering a pre-compiled binary file for free download, it can be used to power newer technologies like WebRTC – a HTML5 API that allows for ‘real time communication’ between browsers. - -> ‘Cisco aren’t the first to create an open-source implementation of H.264…’ - -Indeed, Mozilla [has already announced][3] that it plans to support Cisco’s H.264 binary modules in Firefox. - -Cisco aren’t the first to create an open-source implementation of this code. The GNU libavcodec library includes both a decoder and an encoder, the latter based on [x264][4]. But what Cisco are offering is a legal foothold – something other open-source efforts have lacked. This makes the decoder far more useful to companies like Mozilla, who can use it without fear or legal redress. - -The nitty-gritty of how this this new offering from Cisco will be offered is a little less straightforward, however. - -Cisco will open-source their H.264 stack. This, along with pre-compiled binary modules, will be available to download, for free, from their website. Applications such as Firefox will be able to ‘load’ the binary (even auto-download it where needed) to make use of it. - -While Cisco will pay patent license costs to the MPEG LA they won’t pass this on to users of their module. It’s less clear what protection those compiling directly from its source will have, though with the code due to hit Github in the coming weeks more information will be available. - -### Summary ### - -The tl;dr is that Cisco are helping to move the web forward. High-quality video streaming based on a widely used standard will, with OpenH264, be available to more people on more platforms thanks to some goodwill and open-source effort on behalf of Cisco. - -Whether you’re a fan of H.264, or favour the adoption of truly free codecs like VP8, the ‘levelling of the playing field’ this move offers can only be seen as a good move. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/cisco-announce-open-source-h-264-codec - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/open-source-h-264-removes-barriers-webrtc/ -[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG_LA#H.264.2FMPEG-4_AVC_Licensors -[3]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2013/10/30/video-interoperability-on-the-web-gets-a-boost-from-ciscos-h-264-codec/ -[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X264 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md b/translated/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..74d5979a7c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/CISCO Announce New Open Source H.264 Codec.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +思科宣布新的开源H.264编解码器 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/youtube.jpg) + +*YouTube是众多使用H.264的网站之一* + +**美国网络设备公司思科[宣布计划提供一个开源的H.264编解码器](1) - 也就是在WebRTC中播放电影就再也没有问题了。** + +尽管H.264广泛应用于HTML5视频流中，但是不是所有的浏览器和操作系统都可以利用H.264。 + + +这是因为使用可以编码与解码H.264视频的编解码器需要向持有相关专利的MPEG LA组织支付高昂的使用费（也许不是巧合，[一些专利为思科所拥有](2)）。 + +此外，用于H.264的编解码器禁止随同像网页浏览器这样的开源软件一同分发。 + +这就是一些YouTube的HTML5视频不能在Firefox中播放但却可以在Google Chrome中播放的原因。因为后者有能力支付许可费用从而使它的用户受益。 + +但是思科打算通过他们自己开发一个可以被包括开源项目在内的**任何项目免费使用**的开源H.264编解码器实现，OpenH264，来消除这样的不平等。对它二进制模块的使用也不再有许可费用和限制。 + +这家公司谈到，通过开源他们的H.264编解码器和为他们预编译的二进制文件提供免费下载，这将给像WebRTC这样的允许浏览器间实时通信的HTML5 API提供强大动力。 + +>‘思科并不是第一个去创建H.264开源实现的。。。’ + +实际上，Mozilla[已经宣布](3)它计划在Firefox中支持思科的H.264二进制模块。 + +思科并不是第一个去创建H.264的开源实现的。GNU的libavcodec库已经包括了解码器和编码器，后者基于[x264](4)。但是思科提供的开源实现实有法律立足点的 - 而这正是其它的开源实现所缺乏的。这使得思科的解码器对象Mozilla这样的公司来说就非常有用咯，这可以使得它们无需担心法律问题。 + +然而，思科公司为何提供这样一个新编解码器的真相还不很清楚。 + +思科将开源他们的H.264栈。这将随着预编译二进制模块一同可从他们的网站上免费下载。像Firefox这样的应用就可以在需要解码H.264视频的时候载入它（甚至可在需要的时候自动下载它）。 + +而于此同时，思科将要向MPEG LA组织支付专利费用，而这些费用也无法向使用它们模块的用户收取。对于直接由源代码进行编译的行为的限制也不清晰。尽管如此，随着代码下周在Github网站上进行托管，我们就可以获得更多信息。 + +###总结### + +思科正在帮助Web技术的前进。多亏了思科公司在开源方面的努力，使用OpenH264，基于广泛使用的标准的高质量的视频流将可以在更多的平台被更多的人使用。 + +不管你是否是一个H.264的粉丝，或者你赞成采纳完全免费的VP8，这一可以提供公平竞争环境的举措都是值得称道的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/cisco-announce-open-source-h-264-codec + +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/open-source-h-264-removes-barriers-webrtc/ +[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG_LA#H.264.2FMPEG-4_AVC_Licensors +[3]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2013/10/30/video-interoperability-on-the-web-gets-a-boost-from-ciscos-h-264-codec/ +[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X264 \ No newline at end of file From 311aa42ec370147554c6ee8237e25fd5427dd1cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: roget Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 23:00:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 28/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...s – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md | 37 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md index beec66435a..34417a9515 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md @@ -1,34 +1,31 @@ occupied by rogetfan Ubuntu每日贴士——Ubuntu中通过Cheese支持Webcom ================================================================================ -对于一些Ubuntu的新用户，如果你们想在Ubuntu中使用webcam的话，这里有一些信息能够帮助到你们。正如你们说知道的那样，Ubuntu致力于支持绝大多数webcom（right out of the box 网络翻译为开箱，我在这里并不这样认为，所以暂时不去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。 -Webcam support for Linux is provided by the Linux UVC Project’s [UVC][1] driver. The aim of this project is to provide a universal USB support for webcam in the same way a general USB driver handles USB devices like thumb drives, external USB devices and others. -支持Linux的webcam驱动由Linux UVC项目提供[UVC][1]。该项目意图为webam提供一个万能USB支持，就像一个通用USB驱动控制一些USB设备，例如U盘，外部USB设备和其他一些设备。 + 对于一些Ubuntu的新用户，如果你们想在Ubuntu中使用webcam的话，这里有一些信息能够帮助到你们。正如你们说知道的 +那样，Ubuntu致力于支持绝大多数webcom（right out of the box 网络翻译为开箱，我在这里并不这样认为，所以暂时不 +去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。 + 支持Linux的webcam驱动由Linux UVC项目提供[UVC][1]。 +该项目意图为webam提供一个万能USB支持，就像一个通用USB驱动控制一些USB设备，例如U盘，外部USB设备和其他一些设备。 The vast majority of USB webcam out there should work with Linux systems, including Ubuntu with the support of the Linux UVC project driver. If you want to purchase a webcam for your Ubuntu computer, but want to make sure it’s supported, [check out the UVC supported webcam list][2]. +大多数主流的USB webcam设备都可以在Linux系统下工作，其中包括支持Linux UVC项目驱动的Ubuntu。如果你想为你的Ubuntu计算机购 +买一个webcam设备,又不确信它是否能被支持，最好参照一下下面的列表[check out the UVC supported webcam list][2]. + 上面列出的webcam都能够很方便地应用在Linux机器中。因此，在为你的机器购买webcam之前，查看一下列表并找到你喜欢的某块 +在购买一个支持Linux系统的模块之后，你需要一个程序来操纵你的摄像头。现如今，最流行的Ubuntu webcam程序叫做Cheese.Cheese 允许用户访问自己的webcam并方便地播放视频。 -Webcam on the list above support Linux machines easily. So, before purchasing webcam for your machine check out the list and find the model you like and purchase it. - -After purchasing a model that supports Linux systems, you’ll need an application in to display or view your videos. Currently the most popular webcam application for Ubuntu is Cheese. Cheese allows you to access your webcam and display the video easily. - -To install Cheese, run the commands below. - - sudo apt-get install cheese - -After installing it, open it via Unity Dash and launch it. If the webcam device is already attached, Cheese should begin showing the video from the webcam. - -If you have a laptop equipped with webcam, chances are it should work because support for generic USB webcam is common with Ubuntu. All you have to do is install Cheese and enjoy! - -If you can’t get your current webcam to work in Ubuntu, you may have to purchase a model that works. - -Enjoy! - + 输入以下命令安装Cheese + sudo apt-get install cheese + 安装完成之后，在Unity Dash中打开它就能运行。如果webcam驱动已经载入，Cheese就能够从Webcam中输出视频。 + 只要你有一个配备了webcam的笔记本电脑，那它就可以工作，因为大多数USB webcam设备是在Ubuntu中通用的。 +你该做的就是安装Cheese并享受它 +如果你不能令当前的webcam在Ubuntu中工作，就应该尝试购买一个能够工作的模块! +尽情享受吧！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/09/daily-ubuntu-tips-webcam-support-ubuntu-via-cheese/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[rogetfan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) [1]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UVC [2]:http://www.ideasonboard.org/uvc/ From d044d03814ac5b3739a74a3c23c01fd39ab688cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: roget Date: Sat, 2 Nov 2013 23:03:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 29/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) rename {sources => translated}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md (89%) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md similarity index 89% rename from sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md rename to translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md index 34417a9515..a2f0b4bb91 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md +++ b/translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Webcam Support In Ubuntu Via Cheese.md @@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ Ubuntu每日贴士——Ubuntu中通过Cheese支持Webcom 去翻译）大多数webcom生产商并不为Linux系统提供驱动，包括Ununtu。所以，Linux开发者们必须能够尽最大努力让webcom设备在Linux内核中能够运行。 支持Linux的webcam驱动由Linux UVC项目提供[UVC][1]。 该项目意图为webam提供一个万能USB支持，就像一个通用USB驱动控制一些USB设备，例如U盘，外部USB设备和其他一些设备。 -The vast majority of USB webcam out there should work with Linux systems, including Ubuntu with the support of the Linux UVC project driver. If you want to purchase a webcam for your Ubuntu computer, but want to make sure it’s supported, [check out the UVC supported webcam list][2]. 大多数主流的USB webcam设备都可以在Linux系统下工作，其中包括支持Linux UVC项目驱动的Ubuntu。如果你想为你的Ubuntu计算机购 买一个webcam设备,又不确信它是否能被支持，最好参照一下下面的列表[check out the UVC supported webcam list][2]. 上面列出的webcam都能够很方便地应用在Linux机器中。因此，在为你的机器购买webcam之前，查看一下列表并找到你喜欢的某块 From 4f4f272797d0a77a0cf290e5e33e5a279338c0da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 11:20:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 30/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20by=E5=B0=8F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=9C=BC=E5=84=BF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: tinyeyeser --- ...he future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md | 132 ----------------- ...he future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md | 133 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 133 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md create mode 100644 translated/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md diff --git a/sources/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md b/sources/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md deleted file mode 100644 index 77da4979fb..0000000000 --- a/sources/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,132 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by小眼儿 -The future of Linux: Evolving everywhere -================================================================================ -*InfoWorld* - Mark Shuttleworth's recent closure of [Ubuntu Linux bug No. 1][1] ("Microsoft has a majority market share") placed a meaningful, if somewhat controversial, exclamation point on how far Linux has come since Linus Torvalds rolled out the first version of the OS in 1991 as a pet project. - -Microsoft may not (yet) have been taken down on the quickly fading desktop, but the nature of computing has changed completely, thanks in large part to Linux's rise as a cornerstone of IT. There's scarcely a part of computing today, from cloud servers to phone OSes, that isn't powered by Linux or in some way affected by it. - -**Linux by the numbers: Commits, jobs, adoption** - -The pace of development hastens, as demand for Linux pros grows - -But where from here? If Linux acceptance and development are peaking, where does Linux go from up? Because Linux is such a mutable phenomenon and appears in so many incarnations, there may not be any single answer to that question. - -More important, perhaps, is how Linux -- the perennial upstart -- will embrace the challenges of being a mature and, in many areas, market-leading project. Here's a look at the future of Linux: as raw material, as the product of community and corporate contributions, and as the target of any number of challenges to its ethos, technical prowess, and growth. - -**Linux: Bend it, shape it, any way you want it** - -If there's one adjective that sums up a significant source of Linux's power, it's "malleable." Linux is raw material that can be cut, stitched, and tailored to fit most any number of scenarios, from tiny embedded devices to massively parallel supercomputers. - -That's also been one of Linux's shortcomings. Its protean nature means users rarely use "Linux" -- instead, they use a Linux-based product such as Android, or a hardware device built with a Linux base such as an in-home router. Desktop Linux's multiple (and often incompatible) incarnations winnow out all but the most devoted users. - -"How end-users experience Linux is definitely fragmented," admits Jim Zemlin, executive director of the Linux Foundation. "But that's one of the powers of Linux. - -"It's a building block that has allowed Google to build Android and Chromebooks, Amazon to build the Kindle, Canonical to build Ubuntu, and much more. All of those experiences are different for the user, but there is choice for the consumer." - -Mark Baker, Ubuntu Server product manager for Canonical, which leads the Ubuntu project, puts it in almost exactly those words: "Open source delivers freedom of choice." Open source naturally encourages modularity, he says, so "with open source you can choose the best components for your situation," whether you're a user working on a home machine or a systems architect developing a data center. - -But Al Gillen, program vice president for system software and an analyst at IDC specializing in operating environments, questions the value proposition of such total freedom going forward. "Linux is open source, and as such, anybody can fork off code and turn it into something else. However, the industry has shown that forks without value go away, and there is great value associated with staying close to main line code." - -Android users have experienced this most directly with the fragmentation that exists between different editions of the OS. None of that is, strictly speaking, Linux's fault, but as with the myriad desktop distributions before it, Android fragmentation illustrates the tension that arises between allowing the freedom to change the product and the fallout of inconsistency of implementation. - -Ironically, that might mean the best thing for Linux, going forward, is to double down on Linux as raw material. - -Eric Sammer, engineering manager at Cloudera, doesn't see Linux alone as having users "the same way as something like Firefox or the Apache Web server." Linux "is targeted toward operating system builders, not the end-user," and so it needs "tons of other software -- much of it tightly coupled, from a user's perspective (such as a boot loader) -- to form a complete system." As Torvalds himself noted in the release notes for the very first Linux kernel, "A kernel by itself gets you nowhere." - -Both Gillen's and Sammer's words are echoed by how Linux's biggest uptake with users has been, again, Android, with all its attendant value added by Google and the app ecosystem developed for the OS. The malleability of Linux is only a first step toward an actual product -- as its most successful advocates understand. - -**Corporate contributors: Asset or obstacle?** - -Another of Linux's hallmarks is that it's a collaborative effort; out of the contributions of many come one. But where are those collaborators coming from? - -Answer: Corporations -- mainly, those who stand to benefit themselves from supporting Linux for their own future endeavors. Aside from Red Hat (apart from Canonical, the most widely recognized corporate vendor of Linux solutions), top contributors include Intel, IBM, Texas Instruments, and even Microsoft. - -Much of Linux's flexibility is due to such contributions, which expand Linux's ability to run on multiple platforms and on a broad spectrum of devices. Enlightened self-interest is the main motive here: Microsoft's own kernel additions, for instance, largely revolve around allowing Linux to run well under Hyper-V. - -Sammer believes the prevalence of corporate-backed contributors is "due to the barrier of entry to any project as complex and critical as the Linux kernel. Your average C hacker doesn't have the time to get up to speed, build the credibility with the community, and contribute meaningful patches in their spare time, without significant backing." In his view, corporations most often have the resources to support such endeavors, with universities and research organizations being further behind. - -But has the prevalence of corporate contribution to Linux turned the OS into a mere corporate plaything? Is that Linux's future, to be a toy of the monoliths? - -What matters most is not who's contributing, but in what spirit. Linux advocates are firm believers in contributions to Linux, no matter what the source, as a net gain -- as long as the gains are contributed back to the community as a whole. - -Mark Coggin, senior director of product marketing for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, believes "the best innovations are those that are leveraged, and improved by the greatest number of participants in the open source community." - -"We put all of our innovations into open source projects, and seek to gain acceptance by those upstream groups before we incorporate them into our supported products like Red Hat Enterprise Linux. We hope that everyone who works to enhance the Linux kernel and the userspace projects also takes a view like ours," Coggin says. - -It's also not widely believed that corporate contributions are a form of "hijacking Linux," as Gillen puts it -- a way to make Linux "less applicable to other major user contingents." He's convinced commercial support for Linux and commercial enhancements to Linux "are an asset to the Linux development paradigm; not a negative." - -**Likewise, to Zemlin, Linux development "is not a zero-sum game."** - -"What one developer does in the mobile space to improve power consumption can benefit a developer working in the data center who needs to ensure their servers are running efficiently," says Zemlin. "That shared development is what makes Linux so powerful." - -Corporate contributions are not the enemy to him, either: "Having people paid to work on Linux has never been a bad thing; it has allowed it to be iterated upon quickly and innovation to be accelerated." - -The real issues, as Baker notes, come when "some very large Web companies make some changes available and push them upstream, but decide to keep others in-house to give them an advantage." - -Version 3 of the GPL -- the license Linux was released under in an earlier version -- was developed in part as a response to such behaviors. However, it only prevents taking code others have written and redeploying it as a Web service. There's no inherent (or legal) way to prevent code developed in-house from being kept in-house -- which might well simply be part of the ongoing social cost of offering Linux freely to the world. - -**The biggest threats to Linux** - -If corporate co-opting is less likely than ever, thanks to the mechanisms that keep Linux an open project, what real threats does it face? - -Nobody takes very seriously the idea that Linux is about to be wiped off the map by a rogue patent threat or lawsuit. One of the biggest such legal attacks, SCO Group's lawsuit against IBM, widely construed as a proxy attack on Linux, failed miserably. - -Coggin is of this mindset: "Linux's huge success, with a vast network of developers and widespread global adoption, means that it is highly resilient. Although patent threats arise from time to time, as they do with many technologies, it seems unlikely that a patent or combination of patents could pose an existential threat to Linux." - -Plus, competition in the form of other closed source products, or even those with more liberal licensing (such as the various BSDs), hasn't really materialized to the degree that Linux runs the risk of being pushed aside. - -Sammer sums up the biggest legitimate threat to Linux in a single word: complacency -- the complacency that goes with becoming a market leader in any field. - -"If you're vying for first place," he says, "you're usually more open to change of process, of mindset, of road map, of status quo, whatever. I can't help but think of Firefox losing so much to Chrome so fast, or the commercial Unixes losing to Linux, or all the other examples of such things." - -In roughly the same vein, Zemlin sees a threat in the form of a lack of experienced Linux talent to support the demand; hence the [Linux Training][2] program. - -Gillen sees a threat coming from a transition that "over time, moves the majority of the Linux user community from the enterprise customer over to service providers." - -Such a move would put Linux users at the mercy of people who may consume Linux and provide it as a service but don't return their innovations to the community as a whole. It may take a decade or more for such a shift to happen, but it could have "negative implications for Linux overall, and to commercial vendors that sell Linux-based solutions." - -Another possible threat to Linux is corporate co-opting -- not of the code itself, but of the possibilities it provides. Baker is worried about the rise of mobile devices, many of which, although powered by Linux, are powered all the more by corporate concerns. - -"That's why we need alternatives like Ubuntu and Firefox," says Baker, "to provide real alternatives for those who do not want their experience of the Internet to be determined by Apple or Google." - -Of those two, Google -- by way of Android -- is the main offender in this accusation. Many of the arguments against Android revolve around it being a Linux-powered OS that's little more than a portal to Google's view of the world, and thus isn't true to the spirit of Linux. - -In short, the biggest threats to Linux may well be from within -- unintended by-products of the very things that make it most attractive in the first place. Its inherent mutability and malleability has so far given it an advantage over complacency and co-opting, but it isn't clear that will always be true. - -**Where from here?** - -Linux is unquestionably here to stay, and in more than one form. But how it will do that and at what cost are up for debate. - -The most obvious future path for Linux is where it becomes that much more of a substrate for other things -- a way to create infrastructure -- and where it becomes that much less a product unto itself in any form. The real innovation doesn't just come from deploying Linux, but deploying it as a way to find creative solutions to problems, by delivering it in such a way that few people are forced to deal with Linux as such, and by staying a step ahead of having it put behind technological bars. - -Coggin puts it this way: "Linux is emerging beyond that of a packaged or flexible operating system to become more of an infrastructure platform. With this, we see developers and architects using Linux to build next-generation solutions, and creating next-generation enterprise architectures." Much of this work is already under way, he claims, in "cloud, big data, mobile, and social networks." - -Gillen, too, agrees that Linux "is going to be a very key part of public cloud infrastructure, and as such, it has ensured itself a long-term role in the industry." - -"Linux already runs the cloud, of that there is no doubt," says Baker. "It needs to maintain its position as the platform for scale-out computing -- this means staying ahead of new technologies like ARM server chips and hyperscale, software-defined networking, and the overall software-defined data center." Such work ought to complement other ongoing efforts to create open system hardware designs, such as the [Open Compute Project's][3]. - -**Linux by the numbers: Commits, jobs, adoption** - -The pace of development hastens, as demand for Linux pros grows - -One possible downside of Linux becoming an ubiquitous infrastructure element is it becoming as institutionalized as the commercial, closed source Unixes it has displaced. But Zemlin thinks Linux's very mutability works in its favor here: "If you would have asked Linus Torvalds or other members of the community a decade ago if Linux would power more mobile phones than any other platform, they certainly wouldn't have expected that. We'd rather just watch where it goes and not try to forecast since we most certainly will be wrong." - -Another important future direction for some is, as mentioned above, "go[ing] mobile in a bigger way independently of Google," as Baker puts it. Projects like Mozilla's Firefox OS for phones are one incarnation of this, although it's unclear how much of a dent such a thing will make in Google's existing, and colossal, market share for Android. - -Lastly, and most crucially, there's the question of who will be responsible for ushering Linux into its own future. While Linux can be forked and its development undertaken by others, history's shown that having a single core development team for Linux -- and equally consistent core teams for projects based on it -- is best. - -That puts all the more burden on the core team to keep Linux moving forward in ways that complement its existing and future use cases, and not to protect it -- perhaps futilely -- from becoming something it might well be in its best interests to transform into. - -If Linux's future really is everywhere, it might well also be in a form that no one now can conceive of -- and that's a good thing. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/101513-the-future-of-linux-evolving-274829.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/1 -[2]:http://training.linuxfoundation.org/ -[3]:http://www.opencompute.org/2013/05/08/up-next-for-the-open-compute-project-the-network/ diff --git a/translated/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md b/translated/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b58112cbe1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +Linux的未来：进化无处不在 +================================================================================ + +*InfoWorld* —— Mark Shuttleworth最近关闭了[Ubuntu Linux排名第一的bug][1]（“微软拥有最高的市场占有率”），导致了一些争议，也引出了一些意味深长的讨论，讨论自从1991年Linus Torvalds以个人宠物项目发明Linux以来，Linux所走过的路。 + +微软也许不会那么快退出桌面系统的历史舞台，但是随着Linux逐渐成长成为IT行业的一块重要基石，计算机的本质也已经完全改变。如今，从云服务到手机操作系统，几乎行业内的所有领域都受到了Linux的直接推动或间接影响。 + +**Linux体系：提交、审核、采纳** + +伴随着支持者的不断增加，Linux的开发进程也在不断加快。 + +但发展的方向又在何处？如果Linux的普及和开发程度正在接近顶峰，那接下来Linux将去往何方？因为Linux具有超高的定制性和超多的“分身”，也许没有哪一个单独的答案能够回答这个问题。 + +或许，更重要的，是快速成长中的Linux如何应对挑战，变得更加成熟稳定，成为在多个领域主导市场发展的领头羊。接下来，让我们分别从以下几个方面尝试预测一下Linux的未来：原材料、社区产品与企业贡献、其特质所面对的各种挑战、技术实力和成长方向。 + +**Linux作为原材料：弯曲、塑形，你想让它是什么样都可以** + +如果用一个形容词来总结Linux独有的优点，那就是“可塑性(malleable)”。Linux是这样一种原材料，可以装订切割，也可以为任意场合量身定做，小到嵌入式设备，大到大规模并行超级计算机。 + +但同时，这也是Linux的缺点之一。它千变万化的特性使得它很少以“Linux”的本来面目出现 —— 相反，人们使用的是各种“基于Linux”的产品，例如Android、或家用路由器这样的硬件设备。桌面Linux的多个发行版（之间往往不相容）也把最忠实的用户群分割得七零八落。 + +Linux基金会执行董事Jim Zemlin承认，“Linux终端用户的体验的的确确是支离破碎的，但这也是Linux的一个强大之处。” + +“它就像一块建筑地基，使得Google能建立Android和Chromebooks，Amazon建立Kindle，Canonical建立Ubuntu，等等这样的例子还有很多。所有这些产品对用户来说意味着不同的使用体验，而选择权完全在消费者自己手里。” + +Mark Baker，Canonical公司的Ubuntu服务器产品经理，目前负责带领Ubuntu项目。他的话更加具体准确地表明了这一观点：“开源意味着选择的自由。”开源自然会促进模块化，因此，无论你是一个技术宅男还是正在开发数据中心的系统架构师，“通过开源，你可以选择最适合你的组件”。 + +但是IDC的操作环境分析师兼系统软件项目副经理 Al Gillen 却质疑这种完全放任自流的价值观。“Linux是开源的，由此，任何人都可以修改代码，把它变成别的什么东西。但是，现代工业已经表明，没有价值的产品会被淘汰，代码的发展主线应当始终紧靠主流价值观。” + +Android用户对此有直接的深刻体会，诸多Android操作系统间存在着严重的碎片化问题。严格来说，尽管这并不都是Linux的责任，但是看看在Android之前就已经出现的无数五花八门的Linux桌面发行版吧，放任产品随意修改，差异化实现又造成更大的影响 —— Android碎片化只是将这些问题生动放大了而已。 + +讽刺的是，即使“可塑性”真的是Linux的最大优势，但过犹不及，Linux作为这样的原材料将会付出成倍的代价。 + +Cloudera的工程部经理 Eric Sammer 并没有孤立地看待这个问题，他认为Linux的用户群“与Firefox或Apache等产品的用户群并不一样”，Linux“面向的并不是终端用户，而是操作系统类工程师”，因此它需要与“很多其他软件一同建立一个完整的系统 —— 其中大部分软件是捆绑发布的，并对用户透明（例如boot loader）。”就如同Torvalds在Linux最初的内核发布日志中所亲自记录的，“只有内核，你什么也干不了。” + +Android验证了Gillen和Sammer以上两人的观点，作为Linux最受欢迎的“衍生品”，Android所有的附加值都来自于Google以及Google专门为其开发的App生态系统。因此说，Linux的可塑性只是它成为真正产品的第一步，正如下文中这些最成功的Linux拥护者 —— 企业，所熟悉的一样。 + +**企业的贡献：利还是弊？** + +Linux的另一个特点，它是一个合作产物，由众多贡献者共同努力缔造而成。那么，这些贡献者从何而来？ + +答案：企业。企业是最主要的贡献者，但是他们忠于利益，支持Linux只是为了自身的未来发展。除去Red Hat（不包括Canonical，它是最为人所熟知的Linux发行商），排名前几位的贡献者主要包括Intel，IBM，德州仪器，甚至还有微软。 + +Linux的所谓“灵活性”，即能够运行在多个平台或设备上的能力，很大程度上来源于以上这些贡献者，而他们的主要动力则来自于不断萌发的自身需要：例如，微软为Linux内核添加的代码，大大改善了Linux在其产品Hyper-V下的运行状况。 + +Sammer相信企业背景的发行版之所以能够普及，是“因为Linux内核这样的项目其复杂程度和准入门槛太高，一般水平的C程序员很难在有限的业余时间内，仅凭个人能力，而不依靠企业的支持，跟上内核的更新进度、建立社区公信力，或者做出某些重大贡献”。在他看来，企业恰恰有能力有资源支持这样的努力，与之相比，高校和研究机构已被远远地抛在了后面。 + +但是企业发行版的普及就代表Linux已经陷入企业的控制了吗？难道这就是Linux的未来？沦为资本的玩物？ + +其实最重要的不是看谁对Linux的贡献最多，而是这种贡献所代表的企业精神。不管是纯粹为了圈钱，还是为了把挣来的钱都回馈于社区，无论这些企业最初的动机是什么，作为Linux的贡献者，它们始终对贡献本身坚信不疑。 + +Mark Coggin，Linux红帽企业版的市场高级总监，他坚信，“最佳的创新点是那些经过开源社区的无数参与者利用、改进后的方案。” + +“我们所有的新点子都会先作为开源项目，寻求社区上游项目组的增益评估，然后才加入像红帽企业版这样的产品。我们希望那些为Linux内核及配套项目工作的每个人，也能拥有像我们一样的眼光。” + +还有一小部分观点认为，企业发行版Linux其实是一种“被绑架的Linux”，正如Gillen所提倡的 —— 这是一种让Linux“稍稍不那么贴合主流用户群需求”的方法。他确信，对Linux的商业化支持与商业优化“对Linux的开发模式大有裨益，而不是相反。” + +**同样的，对Zenmlin来说，Linux开发“并不是一个零和游戏”** + +“如果移动领域的某位开发者改善了耗电量，另一位在数据中心工作的开发者会因此而受益，他可以使用前者的改进来确保自己的数据服务运行得更有效率，”Zemlin说道，“共享开发正是Linux如此强大的原因。” + +同样，企业开发也并非敌人，“人们为Linux的开发工作付费从来都不是坏事；这些钱款可以让Linux的改善与创新变得更加迅捷快速。” + +真正的问题是，Baker补充道，“一些超大型网络公司对Linux作出改进并上线应用，但是却为了保持自己的优势，而把这些改进捂在自家门里。” + +GPL协议第三版 —— 从Linux发布协议的一个早期版本改进而来 —— 当初修改该协议的部分原因就是为了应对上述行为。尽管如此，协议只能防止获取他人代码后作为Web服务重新开发。除此以外，并没有什么固有的方法（或法律手段）能够禁止公司或个人在代码开发完成后封闭独占这些改进后的代码，也许，这就是Linux对全世界自由开放所不可避免的一部分社会成本吧。 + +**Linux面临的最大威胁** + +感谢开源机制，Linux始终能够作为一个开源项目，企业才无法像以前那么独断专行。那除了企业，现在什么才是Linux所面临的最大威胁呢？ + +没人会真的认为Linux会被版权欺诈或诉讼所威胁，更不会因此从OS版图上消失。类似的最大一起诉讼案，SCO +Group公司控告IBM案，被广泛解释为间接对Linux的攻击，也最终以悲惨的失败而告终（译者注，该案件间接导致了SCO Group的破产）。 + +Coggin也倾向于该观点：“依靠巨大的开发者网络和全球范围内的推广传播，Linux取得了巨大成功，这意味着它具有很强的韧性。尽管专利威胁一直都在增加，正如许多科技公司最近所做的那样，但是看起来专利诉讼并不会对Linux产生任何实质性的威胁。” + +除此以外，其他类似开源产品的竞争，甚至更加自由化的协议（例如各式各样的BSD们），目前为止，都没有真正达到能够危及淘汰Linux的程度。 + +Sammer用一个单词总结出了，在合法范围内，Linux面临的最大威胁：自满！ —— 自满地认为已经成为所有领域的市场领导者。 + +他说，“如果你正在竞争第一名的位置，你常常愿意更开放地做出改变，无论是过程上的、心态上的，还是有关发展路线的，甚至维持现状本身。想想Firefox被Chrome以如此快的速度抢走了如此多的份额，再想想当年的商业化Unix们被Linux抢占江山，这样的例子还有很多很多。” + +大致根据同样的思路，Zemlin看到了这样一种威胁，面对日益增长的需求，Linux的天才开发者们才气有余，但经验不足，因此这才有了[Linux培训][2]项目。 + +Gillen发现的威胁来自于社区的变化，“随着时间推移，Linux的主流用户群 —— 社区，正在从企业的客户（服务的消费者）转变为服务的提供者。” + +这样一种变化可能会导致Linux用户被迫作为Linux服务提供者的同时，却完全无法将自己的智慧和创新回馈社区。这种变化也许会持续十几年甚至更长，但它“对整个Linux世界都具有深远的消极影响，包括各个Linux商业发行商在内。” + +Linux所要面对的另外一个潜在威胁是公司兼并 —— 这并不会威胁到Linux本身，但它可能会间接导致各种各样的可能性。Baker担心移动设备的快速增长，除了受Linux自身的发展影响外，更多的会受到来自企业施加的影响。 + +他说，“这就是为什么我们需要诸如Ubuntu和Firefox这样的第二选择，目的就是为那些上网时不愿受Apple和Google摆布的人们提供真正的替代品。” + +说到Google，Google是Android的发展道路上最坚定的捍卫者。围绕Android作为Linux发展而来这一话题，有许多反对意见的争论，这样的争论对于Google的世界观来说，就像与它的首页相比较一样，稍显多余，同时它们也不符合Linux（自由开放）的精神。 + +简而言之，目前Linux面临的最大威胁来自于它自身 —— 无意中，衡量Linux产品的第一标准已经变成了如何让它看起来更吸引人。一直以来，Linux所固有的灵活性和可塑性帮助它战胜自满和企业兼并，克服重重困难，但如今还能否一如既往，情况并不明朗。 + +**路在何方？** + +毫无疑问，无论从哪个层面来看，Linux现在都正处在关键的岔路口，它将去往何方，又将付出怎样的代价，都值得探讨。 + +Linux最明显的未来之路，首先，它不仅仅是一块基石，或者说不仅仅是一种建立基础设施的途径，其次，它应当减少过多的产品形式。最后，真正的革新，不仅仅是拓展Linux本身，还要拓展其作为发现问题解决问题的创新办法，目前还很少有人如此对待Linux，要想真正做到这一点，除了呼吁更多的人改变对Linux的看法，还必须打破技术壁垒，将眼光放得更长远。 + +对此，Coggin说道：“Linux正在逐渐成为一个更加成套或灵活的操作系统，进而超越其作为一个基础设施平台的作用。我们看到，开发者和架构师们正在使用Linux建立新一代解决方案，创造出新一代的企业架构。”这些工作中的大部分已经开始付诸实施，他说道，包括“云计算、大数据、移动领域以及社交网络等多个方面”。 + +Gillen也同意上述观点，Linux“即将成为公共云基础设施中非常关键的一个部分，由此，Linux确保了它在现代工业中能够长期发挥作用。” + +Baker说道，“Linux已经在运行着云业务，这是毫无疑问的，它需要巩固自己作为基础设施平台的位置 —— 这意味着它需要时刻保持最新的技术领先优势，例如ARM服务芯片、超大规模集成电路、网络设计，以及所有的软件设计数据中心。”上述这些工作应当可以作为开源系统硬件设计（例如[开源计算机项目][3]）的有效补充。 + +**Linux体系：提交、审核、采纳** + +伴随着正面需求不断增长，Linux的开发进程也在不断加快。 + +Linux作为普遍存在的基础设施元素，其中一个潜在的缺点就是它有可能成为商业化的制度产物，正如曾经它所取代的闭源Unix们。但是Zemlin认为，Linux极大的灵活性在这方面发挥了作用：“十几年前，如果你问到Linus Torvalds或其他社区成员，Linux是否会比其他任何平台都要驱动更多的移动电话，他们当然会说‘不会’。所以，我们要做的只是注视Linux的发展，不要尝试去预测它，因为所有的预测几乎都会是错误的。” + +另一个重要的未来发展方向，就像上面提到的，“独立于Google之外，在移动领域有更大的发展，”Baker如此预测道。像Mozilla专门针对移动电话的Firefox操作系统项目，就是这样一种典型的尝试，尽管在Google的存在下，以及Android如此巨大的市场份额面前，其成功的几率并不明朗。 + +最后，最关键的问题，谁将担负起指引Linux未来之路的责任。因为Linux可以由其他人任意复制(fork)并开发，历史证明，拥有单一核心开发团队对于Linux来说是最好的，同时要求基于该团队的所有项目，其核心都能贯穿始终。 + +这样核心团队能够承担更多的责任，以推动Linux弥补现有或将来可能出现的不足，避免闭门造车式的技术封锁，最终使Linux成为它最应该成为的样子。 + +如果Linux的未来真的无处不在，现在没有人能够想象得到它会是什么样子 —— 这是一件好事，难道不是吗？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/101513-the-future-of-linux-evolving-274829.html + +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/1 +[2]:http://training.linuxfoundation.org/ +[3]:http://www.opencompute.org/2013/05/08/up-next-for-the-open-compute-project-the-network/ \ No newline at end of file From 8b360d81bdd4ee083e36e1b61ded5e71f6a395f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: flsf Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 15:36:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 31/40] translated --- ...mand – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md | 35 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md (71%) diff --git a/sources/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md b/translated/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md similarity index 71% rename from sources/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md rename to translated/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md index 31436da454..3af4a394c0 100644 --- a/sources/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md +++ b/translated/Linux Commands/Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use.md @@ -1,26 +1,25 @@ -flsf -Linux Pmap Command – Find How Much Memory Process Use +Linux Pmap 命令 - 查看进程用了多少内存 ================================================================================ -Pmap provide memory map of a process, The pmap command display the memory usage map of a process or multiple processes. Pmap reports information about the address space or memory usage map of a process. Pmap is actually a Sun OS command and Linux supports only very limited number of features. But it is very helpful for finding the complete address space of a process. To check [memory usage of process][1] we need PID or unique process ID of running process, we can get PID from /proc or regular commands like top or ps. +Pmap 提供进程的内存映射，pmap命令显示一个或多个进程的内存状态。Pmap报告进程地址空间和内存状态信息。Pmap实际上是一个Sun OS命令，linux仅支持有限的功能。但是它还是对查看完整的进程地址空间很有帮助。检查[进程内存状态][1]我们需要PID或者运行的进程的唯一进程ID,我们可以在/proc或者常规命令比如top或ps得到它. -### Syntax or usage ### +### 语法或用法 ### #pmap PID -or +或者 #pmap [options] PID -In outout it display total address, kbytes, mode and mapping. +在输出中它显示全部的地址,kbytes,mode还有mapping。 -### Options ### +### 选项 ### - -x extended Show the extended format. - -d device Show the device format. - -q quiet Do not display some header/footer lines. - -V show version Displays version of program. + -x extended显示扩展格式 + -d device显示设备格式 + -q quiet不显示header/footer行 + -V 显示版本信息 -### Memory usage map of single process ### +### 单一进程内存状态 ### [root@info ~]# pmap 1013 @@ -59,13 +58,13 @@ In outout it display total address, kbytes, mode and mapping. total 8232K -### Memory usage map of multiple processes ### +### 多进程内存状态 ### -We can check memory map of multiple processes by inserting multiple PIDs. Add multiple PIDs with adding space. +我们可以检查多进程内存通过插入多个PID。加入多个PID中间需要空格。 pmap 1013 1217 1118 -### Extended memory map about a process ### +### 扩展进程内存 ### [root@info ~]# pmap -x 1013 1013: /usr/sbin/sshd @@ -94,9 +93,9 @@ We can check memory map of multiple processes by inserting multiple PIDs. Add mu ——– ——- ——- ——- ——- total kB 8232 – – - -Here Address, Kbyte, Dirty, RSS, mode and mapping containd information as below +这里的Address，Kbyte，Dirty，RSS，mode还有mapping包含在下面 -### Extended and Device Format Fields ### +### 扩展和设备格式区域 ### Address: start address of map Kbytes: size of map in kilobytes @@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ Here Address, Kbyte, Dirty, RSS, mode and mapping containd information as below via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/pmap-command/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[flsf](https://github.com/flsf) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 75b231f18a26d3a15e36429a8eda5cf684e14cea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: huxuehan Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 18:55:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 32/40] =?UTF-8?q?Update=20Daily=20Ubuntu=20Tips=E2=80=93Ch?= =?UTF-8?q?ange=20The=20Language=20You=20Use=20In=20Ubuntu.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md index 92f4dd42dd..6abfe2f68b 100644 --- a/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +occupied by rogetfan Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu ================================================================================ Ubuntu, a modern and powerful operating system also allows you to use your desktop in dozens of other languages. By default, there are few language packs installed when you first setup Ubuntu. If you want Ubuntu to support more languages, you must install additional language packs. Not all languages are support, but most languages that are in used and written are supported. This brief tutorial is going to show you how to make this happen. @@ -30,4 +31,4 @@ via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/daily-ubuntu-tipschange-the-language-yo 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0051f827588a5c662a04e96089f7cfe20a65bba9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 18:56:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 33/40] translating --- ...s to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md b/sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md index 9b1beccde1..d91b48d0ef 100644 --- a/sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md +++ b/sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +翻译中 by Linux-pdz 3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux ================================================================================ ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux-cloud-840x420.jpg) From 83e295e4fa7bb5826cefa017c0ac7bd1ab3ed6ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 19:45:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 34/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md b/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md index 61a63d0f74..a8f780facb 100644 --- a/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md +++ b/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md @@ -24,37 +24,37 @@ Linux系统上用encfs创建和管理加密文件夹 enter "p" for pre-configured paranoia mode, anything else, or an empty line will select standard mode. -If you want the strongest encryption, enter '**p**' at the prompt. Otherwise, just hit **[Enter]** and your new encrypted folder will be created with the standard options. +如果你想要最高级别的加密文件夹的话，在提示符下输入**p**选项。否则只需敲击**[Enter]键**，就会以标准选项来创建新的加密文件夹。 -After that you'll see several messages listing the parameters of your new encrypted volume along with some warnings, and then a prompt to create a password for encryption. Make sure to use a password you will remember because there is no password recovery mechanism. After entering and verifying your password, the new folder will be created and mounted, ready to use. +之后，你将会看到新加密卷的参数列表及一些警告信息，随之提示符会让输入一个密码。确保不要忘记使用的密码，回为没有密码找回机制。在输入密码能以第二次输入校验通过后，新的文件夹会被创建出来，并自动挂载进文件系统，就可以开始使用了。 -### Using Your Encrypted Folder ### +### 使用加密文件夹 ### -With your new encrypted folder mounted, you can use it just like any other folder on your system with the exception that hard links will not work if you set it up in paranoia mode. I expect this won't be an issue for most users. Let's go ahead and create a simple text file in the new folder to test it out. +一旦新加密文件夹被挂载上，它就跟你系统上的其它文件夹一样的使用，但如果你把它设置为paranoia模式的话，使用它的硬链接会出现不可用的异常。我想，这对大多数用户来说并不是问题。让我们继续吧，在新文件夹里创建一个简单的文本文件，然后用它来做测试。 echo "GNU/Linux is my favorite computer operating system." >~/tuxtweaks/test.txt -Using the terminal or the file manager, you can see that you now have a new file called **test.txt** in the **tuxtweaks** folder. Upon opening this file you can see that it is a perfectly readable text file. Now navigate to your **~/.tuxtweaks** folder. This is the encrypted version of your folder. You can see that the file names don't match and if you try to view the contents of the files you'll find that they are scrambled. +在终端下或在文件系统管理器下，你都能看到在**tuxtweaks**目录里已经有一个叫做**test.txt**的新文件。打开此文件可看到这里一个完全可读的文本文件。现在切换到**~/.tuxtweaks**目录下，这是你文件夹的加密版本，可以看到这里的文件名不一样了，如里你查看此文件的内容话，会发现是乱糟糟的。 -### Unmounting an encfs Encrypted Folder ### +### 卸载encfs创建的加密文件夹 ### -Once you are done accessing or creating data in your encrypted folder, it's best to unmount it so that your information is safely hidden away. encfs doesn't have its own command to do this. Since it created a user file system it takes advantage of the FUSE packages to handle unmounting. We'll use the fusermount command to unmount our encrypted folder. +一旦你完成文件访问或者数据创建等操作，最好把加密文件夹卸载，以便里面的信息安全的隐藏掉。encfs自身不带有卸载的命令，一旦用它创建了用户文件系统，就可以利用FUSE包来处理卸载任务。下面我们会使用fusermount命令来卸载我们的加密文件夹。 fusermount -u ~/tuxtweaks -Navigating your home directory you can see that the tuxtweaks directory is still there. If you enter that folder though you'll find that it is empty. +切换到home目录下，会看到tuxtweaks目录仍然存在，但进入文件夹，你会发现里面是空的。 -### Mount an Encrypted Folder with encfs ### +### 挂载用encfs创建的加密文件夹 ### -The next time you want to access your encrypted data, you'll need to mount it again to decrypt it. You can just use the same command you used to create the folder in the first place. +下一次你想要访问加密数据的话，你需要重新加载并解密它，仅仅只需要使用跟我们在第一步创建此文件夹相同的命令就可以。 encfs ~/.tuxtweaks ~/tuxtweaks -### Uses ### +### 使用 ### -I find that using **encfs** encrypted folders is a handy way to securely store financial information such as tax returns as well as for storing lists of log-in credentials. This way I only need to remember the password for my encrypted folder, then I can access my list of other log-in ID's and passwords. +我发现使用**encfs**加密文件夹来安全地存储财务信息非常便捷，比如纳税申报表以及用于存储日志列表凭据。这样我只需要记住我加密文件夹的密码，然后就可以进入访问记录有其他登录ID和密码的名单文件。 -What will you use encfs for? Let me know in the comments. +你会使用encfs来做什么呢？在评论中给我们分享吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 61882f947c2c0641671d332f28b282ac9679dac2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vito-L Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 19:47:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 35/40] translated by Vito --- .../Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md | 293 ------------------ .../Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md | 292 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 292 insertions(+), 293 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md create mode 100644 translated/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md diff --git a/sources/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md b/sources/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md deleted file mode 100644 index dcd8aa0ca4..0000000000 --- a/sources/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,293 +0,0 @@ -Vito - -Raspberry Pi: the Perfect Home Server -================================================================================ -Ever since the announcement of the Raspberry Pi, sites all across the Internet have offered lots of interesting and challenging uses for this exciting device. Although all of those ideas are great, the most obvious and perhaps least glamorous use for the Raspberry Pi (**RPi**) is creating your perfect home server. - -If you've got several different computers in need of a consistent and automated backup strategy, the RPi can do that. If you have music and video you'd like to be able to access from almost any screen in the house, the RPi can make that happen too. Maybe you have a printer or two you'd like to share with everyone easily? The Raspberry Pi can fill all those needs with a minimal investment in hardware and time. - -**Raspberry Pi Benefits** - -Low cost: for $35, the RPi model B is nearly a complete computer with 512MB of RAM, 100Mb Ethernet, an SD card slot, two USB ports, audio out and HDMI or RCA video out. I've seen HDMI cables that cost more than that. - -Energy efficient: hardware costs are only one component of a server's expense, because you also need to consider the energy cost to keep the device running constantly. The services needed for home use aren't going to tax the CPU much, and most of the time it will just be idling, waiting for something to do. The RPi's ultra-low power components are a perfect fit for this workload, which helps keep your power bill down. My model B unit plus external hard drive consume only 8 watts total, while the old Athlon-based box it replaced drew 54 watts at idle. Assuming 10 cents per kilowatt hour, that puts the yearly power bill for an RPi at $7 vs. $47 for an Athlon-based machine. The RPi basically pays for itself in less than a year! - -Low noise: because the RPi doesn't have fans or moving parts, the only component in your final configuration that generates noise or any appreciable heat will be the hard disk. If you're concerned about noise, enthusiast sites like [Silent PC Review][1] often include noise benchmarks in their storage reviews. My experience is that any modern drive is quiet enough to avoid detection anywhere there's something else already running (such as a media center, gaming console or other computer). If your home doesn't provide a lot of flexibility for wiring options, the RPi's small size, minimal thermal output and low-noise footprint may make it possible to sneak in a server where it was difficult to justify one in the past. - -![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/large-550px-centered/u1002061/11454f1.jpg) - - Figure 1. A Compact, but Highly Capable Home Server - -New opportunities: a less tangible benefit is the simple joy of trying something new! For me, this was my first time really working on a Debian-based distribution, and it's probably the first time many Linux enthusiasts will have a chance to try an ARM-based architecture. - -**Arranging the Hardware** - -For a home server, you'll need a medium-size SD Flash card for local storage. It's possible to use a USB thumbdrive for booting, but that would use up one of the two precious USB slots. The Flash storage card doesn't need to be large, but the faster the better. I chose a name-brand SD card with an 8GB capacity and class 10 speed rating. For backups and multimedia files, a large hard drive with a USB dock is a must. I chose a 1.5TB hard drive and a Calvary EN-CAHDD-D 2-bay USB 2.0 hard drive dock. This dock has a feature to run two drives in RAID-0 mode, which could be useful someday. Finally, the RPi doesn't come with a power supply, but most smartphone chargers supply the required 5v-over-micro USB. To see if the RPi was fussy about the power source, I swapped through three different micro-USB cell-phone chargers for power supplies. I tried each one for about a week, with no issues on any of the units. - -**Installing the Operating System** - -Installing the RPi operating system is covered in extensive detail elsewhere, but here are a few home-server-specific tips, roughly in the order needed. - -1) Get the Raspbian "Wheezy" install image directly from [http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads][2], and copy it onto the SD card, using the steps listed on the site. - -2) When booting the RPi for the first time, attach a keyboard, mouse and monitor. Don't forget to turn on the monitor before booting the RPi, so that it can detect the correct HDMI or composite output port. - -3) The RPi has a nice "raspi-config" screen that you'll see on first boot. For a home server, the following selections will be useful: - - -- expand_rootfs: resizes the default 2GB OS image to fill the rest of the Flash card. -- change_pass: the default password is "raspberry", but something more secure than that would be better. -- Set your locale and timezone. -- memory_split: assign the minimum amount possible (16) to the GPU to leave as much room as possible for services. -- SSH: don't forget to enable the SSH server. -- boot_behaviour: turn off boot to desktop (again, to save memory for your services). - -When finished, you'll be at the `pi@raspberrypi` prompt. The setup script can be re-run at any time via `sudo raspi-config`. - - There are just a few more configuration items, and then the operating system is ready to go. - -1) A static IP makes everything easier, so switch the network settings for eth0: - - >> sudo nano -w /etc/network/interfaces - -change the eth0 line `iface eth0 inet dhcp` to the following (modify to meet your home network setup): - - ======/etc/network/interfaces====== - ... - iface eth0 inet static - address 192.168.1.10 - netmask 255.255.255.0 - gateway 192.168.1.1 - ... - ======/etc/network/interfaces====== - -2) Create a local user, and put it in the users and sudo group: - - >> sudo adduser YOURUSERIDHERE - >> sudo usermod -a -G users YOURUSERIDHERE - >> sudo usermod -a -G sudo YOURUSERIDHERE - -3) Update the system to ensure that it has the latest and greatest copies of all the libraries: - - >> sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get upgrade - -4) At this point, you're ready to go headless! Shut down the PI: - - >> sudo /sbin/shutdown -h now - -Once it's down (monitor the green status LEDs on the RPi circuit board to know when it has finished shutting down), unplug the monitor, keyboard, mouse and power cord. Attach the USB storage, then restart the RPi by plugging the power back in. - -5) Once the RPi starts up (again, those green LEDs are the clue to its state), you can ssh in to the RPi from any other machine on the network and finish all the configuration remotely from here on out (modify the following for your static IP): - -`>> ssh YOURUSERIDHERE@192.168.1.10` - -Congratulations, you have a working Raspberry Pi! - -**Peripherals** - -The first order of business is to get the external storage device mounted. Use dmesg to look for where the storage device was found—it almost certainly will be /dev/sda. I like using automounter to handle mounting removable storage devices, as it is more flexible about handing devices that may not be present or ready at boot time: - - >> sudo apt-get install autofs - >> sudo nano -w /etc/auto.master - ======/etc/auto.master====== - ... - /misc /etc/auto.misc - ... - ======/etc/auto.master====== - - >> sudo nano -w /etc/auto.misc - -Note, my external storage device is formatted with ext4—modify this for your needs if required: - - ======/etc/auto.misc====== - ... - storage -fstype=ext4:/dev/sda1 - ... - ======/etc/auto.misc====== - >> sudo /etc/init.d/autofs restart - >> ls -lat /misc/storage - -Optionally, create a symlink to shorten the path a smidgen: - - >> ln -s /misc/storage /storage - -**Backup Repository** - -At the top of any home server feature list is providing rock-solid backups. With the RPi, this is pretty simple, due to the wide range of network-sharing options in Linux: Samba/CIFS for Windows machines, NFS for UNIX-based devices and even SFTP for more advanced backup clients like deja-dup. Because the RPi has only 100Mb Ethernet, and the storage device is on USB, it's not going to have super-fast transfer speeds. On the other hand, good backup clients run automatically and in the background, so it's unlikely that you'll notice the slightly slower transfer speeds. - -My home network includes one Windows 7 machine. For it, I exported a backup directory on the RPi's external USB storage device via Samba. Because the backup utility in the basic version of Windows 7 doesn't support network drives as a backup destination, I used [SyncBack Free][3] to set up automated, daily backups. - -Configuring Samba is simple. - -1) Install the samba and common-bin library (which has the smbpasswd utility): - - >> sudo apt-get install samba samba-common-bin - -2) Use `smbpasswd` to let your local ID have access: - - >> sudo smbpasswd -a YOURUSERIDHERE - -3) Edit the samba configuration file: - - >> sudo nano -w /etc/samba/smb.conf - -4) Change the `workgroup = WORKGROUP` line to match your Windows workgroup name. - -5) Comment out or delete the [homes] and [printers] share. (Printer sharing will be done later via direct CUPS access.) - -6) Add an entry for the Windows backup paths. Here's my example, which I placed at the bottom of the file: - - ======/etc/samba/smb.conf====== - ... - [win7pc] - comment=Backup for windows PC - path=/storage/win7pc - writeable=Yes - create mask=0777 - directory mask=0777 - browsable=Yes - public=Yes - valid users=YOURUSERIDHERE - ... - ======/etc/samba/smb.conf====== - -7) Restart Samba to implement your edits: - - >> sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart - -8) Test connectivity from the Windows machine by mapping a network drive from the file explorer. - -For Linux devices, deja-dup is brilliantly simple to set up and use. It's been installed by default on both my Fedora 18 and Ubuntu 12.10 installs. While the package name is "deja-dup", the front end is simply called "Backup". Although the RPi easily could support NFS export, I've found that using deja-dup's SSH option is easier and more portable, and it eliminates the need for an additional service on the RPi. Specifying a deja-dup encryption password is probably a good idea, unless you like the idea of all your files walking off if someone pockets the storage drive: - - >> sudo mkdir /storage/linuxlaptop - >> sudo chown -R YOURUSERIDHERE:YOURUSERIDHERE /storage/linuxlaptop - -From the client Linux machine, launch the backup utility, choose "SSH" as the backup location, and enter the RPi's IP address and the storage location you just created. The first backup will be slow, but future runs will be sending only incremental changes, which is significantly faster. - -![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/medium-350px-centered/u1002061/11454f2.png) - -Figure 2. Deja-dup Client Setup - -**Multimedia Server: DLNA** - -Now that everyone's files are backed up safely, let's move on to some fun! A DLNA server will give you a central place to store your movies, music and pictures. From this central repository, DLNA clients from every screen in the house can play back this content with ease. - -At least, that's the promise. The reality is that the DNLA specs don't quite nail down many important things like which formats or encodings are supported. Each client typically has a slightly different idea of what formats and server features it would like to support. A much higher-power server might be able to transcode local content to device-supported formats on the fly, but that's not possible on the RPi, and the on-the-fly transcoding often messes up other features like pause, fast-forward and rewind. In general, higher-powered devices like the PS3, Xbox and WD TV devices can handle most formats without any transcoding. Lower-end devices like smart TVs or Blu-ray players support a much more limited list of codecs. - -For the RPi, your best bet is simply to encode to the standards your primary DLNA device supports and then test your other DLNA clients. If they won't play nicely, the tips in the next section may help. In my case, my PlayStation 3 acts as the DLNA client, which plays nicely with the compact .m4v files generated by Handbrake. - -Minidlna is a great choice for the RPi DLNA server. It's already in the Raspbian distribution, is quite simple to set up and uses minimal server resources while running: - - >> sudo apt-get install minidlna - >> sudo nano -w /etc/minidlna.conf - -Here are the relevant sections of my /etc/minidlna.conf: - - ... - # I found keeping video + audio in different paths helpful - media_dir=V,/storage/dlna/video - media_dir=A,/storage/dlna/music - ... - presentation_url=http://192.168.1.10:8200/ - ... - friendly_name=MyRPi - ... - # Since I add new media infrequently, turning off - # inotify keeps minidlna for polling for - # content changes. It's simple enough to run - # sudo /etc/init.d/minidlna force-reload - # when new content is added. - inotify=no - -Once done editing, tell minidlna to restart and rescan for content: - - >> sudo /etc/init.d/minidlna force-reload - -Minidlna has the ability to provide movie-poster thumbnails for your movies for devices that support it (like the PS3). It makes finding a specific movie when scrolling through dozens of movie files much more convenient. I've found that the most compatible file layout is to have one directory per movie, containing just the movie file plus the thumbnail image named "Cover.jpg". Using a format like "MovieName.m4v" and "MovieName.jpg" works fine for the PS3, but it breaks VLC (if you can convince the VLC uPNP plugin to find the server in the first place). - -From the PS3, you can test connectivity by going to "Video" on the XMB bar. The "friendly_name" you set previously should be visible when scrolling down in the Video section. If you cant find it, test to ensure that Minidlna is up by going to http://192.168.1.10:8200/ with a Web browser. - -**Multimedia for Non-DLNA Devices** - -Once you get DNLA working with some of your devices, you may find devices it doesn't want to work with, so a multimedia plan B is a good idea. The nginx Web server has an MP4 plugin that tries to improve streaming over plain-old HTTP, but browser playback performance varied widely, and fast-forwarding within a movie didn't work consistently either. It seems like the lowest common denominator for multimedia sharing across fussy or non-DLNA devices is a good-old-fashioned Samba share with guest read-only access. - -Here's an sample section from /etc/samba/smb.conf: - - [dlna] - path=/storage/dlna - read only=yes - browsable=yes - public=yes - -After defining the share and restarting Samba (`sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart`), you can start to test out your clients. - -I tested the following clients with a mix of videos encoded with Handbrake as m4v files: - -- Android 4.0.4 phone: "ES File Explorer" with "ES Media Player" (player comes with install). -- Android 4.1.2 tablet: "ES File Explorer" with "ES Media Player" (player comes with install). -- Linux devices: automount ://192.168.1.10/dlna, then use VLC or MPlayer. -- Windows: mount //192.168.1.10:/dlna, then use VLC. - -All devices were able to start playing almost instantly and fast-forward with no delays. - -**Print Server** - -The RPi runs CUPS quite well, so it's easy to share an older printer that doesn't have native networking features. - -Install CUPS and any packages needed by your printer. I needed hplip-cups since I have an HP inkjet printer: - - >> sudo apt-get install cups hplip-cups - -Update the "Listen" line and add the `Allow @LOCAL` block to the Location directives as shown below (so you can use other machines on your LAN to administer CUPS): - - ======/etc/cups/cupsd.conf====== - #Listen localhost:631 #Comment this out - Listen 192.168.1.10:631 #Add this line - ... - - Order allow,deny - Allow @LOCAL - - - # Restrict access to the admin pages... - - Order allow,deny - Allow @LOCAL - - - # Restrict access to configuration files... - - AuthType Default - Require user @SYSTEM - Order allow,deny - Allow @LOCAL - - ======/etc/cups/cupsd.conf====== - -Add your local ID to the lpadmin group so you can administer CUPS: - - >> sudo usermod -a -G lpadmin YOURUSERIDHERE - -Restart CUPS: - - >> sudo /etc/init.d/cups restart - -Then, go to http://192.168.1.10:631/ and click "Adding Printers and Classes" to set up your printer. My printer was auto-discovered on the USB, so all I had do to was click "share". Also access https://192.168.1.10:631/admin, and make sure to check "Share printers connected to this system". - -Once you're done, you can set up your clients the usual way. My Linux clients auto-discovered the printer and picked the right printer drivers once I entered the hostname. On my Windows 7 machine, once I selected "Network Printer", I had to click "The printer that I want isn't listed", select "Select a shared printer by name" and then enter the URL from the CUPS Web interface: http://192.168.1.10:631/printers/HP_J4500. - -**Conclusion** - -With a minimal amount of additional hardware and configuration, the Raspberry Pi can be a highly capable, compact home server. It can bring the wide range of enterprise services offered by Linux into a home environment with minimal hardware expense. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/raspberry-pi-perfect-home-server - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -[1]:http://www.silentpcreview.com/ -[2]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads -[3]:http://www.2brightsparks.com/freeware/freeware-hub.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md b/translated/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7982c74f55 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Raspberry Pi--the Perfect Home Server.md @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +树莓派（Raspberry Pi）：完美的家庭服务器 +--- + +自从树莓派发布公告，所有在互联网上的网站为此令人兴奋的设备提供了很多有趣和具有挑战性的使用方法。虽然这些想法都很棒，最明显和至少最迷人的是用树莓派（ **RPi** ）创建你的家庭服务器。 + +如果你有几个不同的电脑需要同步和自动化备份，RPI可以做到。如果你有音乐和视频在房子里，你想要能够从几乎任何屏幕上访问到，RPi也可以让这种事情发生。也有你有一个或两个打印机，你想要很容易的共享其中一个？树莓派在硬件和时间上用最小投资就能满足你的这些需求。 + +**树莓派的好处** + +低成本：35美元（约合242元RMB），RPi模型B接近一台完整的电脑，512M内存，100Mb以太网，SD卡插槽，2个USB接口，音频输出和HDMI或RCA视频输出。我见过的HDMI电缆其费用超过RPI。 + +能源效率：硬件成本只是服务器费用的一部分，因为你需要考虑能源成本去不断运行设备。多CPU所需的家用不会去支付，大部分时间它都处于空闲中，等待做什么。RPi's超低功率组件非常适合这个工作负载，这有助于使你的电力账单下降。我的模型B单个加上外部硬盘消耗总共只有8瓦，while the old Athlon-based box it replaced drew 54 watts at idle.假设10美分每千瓦一小时，这使得一个RPi每年电力账单在7美元。一个基于速龙的机器是47美元。在不到一年的时间里，RPI基本上支付其自身。 + +低噪音：因为RPi没有风扇和移动部件，在你最终配置中的唯一组件上生成噪音或任何明显热量的将在硬盘上。如果你担心噪音，像[Silent PC Review][1]发烧友网站经常在他们的评论中包括噪声基准。我的经验是现代驱动器是安静的，足够避免检测任何地方有其他东西已在运行（如媒体中心，游戏控制台或其他电脑）。如果你家里没有为布线提供更多的灵活性，RPi's的小尺寸，最小热输出和低噪音排放量也许使它可能偷偷的在服务器中，在过去很难证明。 + +![](https://github-camo.global.ssl.fastly.net/37922c152a6abd82b42ca0a965a311e8914fbb16/687474703a2f2f7777772e6c696e75786a6f75726e616c2e636f6d2f66696c65732f6c696e75786a6f75726e616c2e636f6d2f7566696c65732f696d61676563616368652f6c617267652d35353070782d63656e74657265642f75313030323036312f313134353466312e6a7067) + +图1,一个紧凑但高能力的家庭服务器 + +新机会：一个不那么有实质的好处是简单快乐的尝试新事物！对我来说，我第一时间工作在基于Debian的发行版，它大概在第一时间有很多linux爱好者将尝试改变一个基于ARM的体系结构。 + +**布置硬件** + +对于一个家庭服务器来说，你将为本地存储需要一个中等大小的SD闪存卡。它可以使用一个USB引导，但那会用两个宝贵的USB插槽之一。闪存卡不需要很大，但是速度越快越好。我选择了一个名牌SD卡，8GB容量和10级速度等级。为了备份和多媒体文件，一个大的硬盘与USB连接插槽是必须的。我选择一个1.5TB的硬盘和一个Calvary EN-CAHDD-D 2-bay USB 2.0硬盘连接插槽。这个连接插槽有个功能，在RAID-0模式中运行两个驱动器，总有一天会有用。最后，RPi不带电源线，但大多数智能手机充电器电源线所需的5v以上微型USB。看看RPi是否在意电源，我为电源已换了三个不同的微型USB手机充电器。我在这周里尝试了每一个，在任何一个上都没有问题。 + +**安装操作系统** + +安装RPi操作系统在其他地方涵盖广泛细节，但是有一些家庭服务器特定的提示，大致按需要的顺序。 + +1）直接通过[http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads][2]获取Raspbian "Wheezy"安装镜像，并复制到SD卡，用网站上已列出的步骤。 + +2）第一次引导RPi时，附加一个键盘，鼠标和显示器。在引导RPi之前别忘打开显示器，可以检测更正HDMI或合并输出端口。 + +3）RPi有一个很好的"raspi-config"屏幕，在第一次启动时你会看到。对于家庭服务器来说，以下选择将会有用： + +- expand_rootfs：调整默认2GB OS镜像来填充剩余的闪存卡。 +- change_pass：默认密码是"raspberry"，但是，比这更安全的会更好。 +- 设置你的地点和时区。 +- memory_split：分配最小值尽可能为GPU服务留下更多空间。 +- SSH：别忘开启SSH服务。 +- boot_behaviour：关闭启动至桌面（再次为你的服务保存内存）。 + +完成后，你将在 `pi@raspberrypi` 提示符下。安装脚本可以在任何时间通过 `sudo raspi-config` 重新运行。 + +只是一些配置项，然后操作系统已经准备就绪。 + +1）一个静态IP让一切变得更容易，切换eth0的网络设置： + >>> sudo nano -w /etc/network/interfaces + +更改eth0 `iface eth0 inet dhcp` 行，如下所示（更改以满足你的家庭网络设置）： + + ======/etc/network/interfaces====== + ... + iface eth0 inet static + address 192.168.1.10 + netmask 255.255.255.0 + gateway 192.168.1.1 + ... + ======/etc/network/interfaces====== + +2）创建本地用户并加入到users组和sudo组： + + >> sudo adduser YOURUSERIDHERE + >> sudo usermod -a -G users YOURUSERIDHERE + >> sudo usermod -a -G sudo YOURUSERIDHERE + +3）更新系统确保所有的库是最新最好的： + + >> sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get upgrade + +4）这里，准备无脑吧！关闭PI： + + >> sudo /sbin/shutdown -h now + +一旦关闭（显示器绿色指示灯在RPi电路板知道当完成关闭），拔下显示器，键盘，鼠标和电源线。附加USB存储器，然后插回电源重启RPi。 + +5）一旦RPi开启（再次这些绿色指示灯提示其状态），你可以从远程网络上从任何其他机器ssh到RPi并完成所有的配置（更改以下命令里的IP为你的静态IP）： + +`>> ssh YOURUSERIDHERE@192.168.1.10` + +祝贺你，有了一个工作中的树莓派！ + +**外围设备** + +第一要务是要装入外围设备。用dmesg来寻找你的存储设备，会发现--几乎可以肯定是/dev/sda。我喜欢使用自动挂载去处理挂载远程存储设备，因为关于交换设备可能不存在或准备在启动时间更灵活： + + >> sudo apt-get install autofs + >> sudo nano -w /etc/auto.master + ======/etc/auto.master====== + ... + /misc /etc/auto.misc + ... + ======/etc/auto.master====== + + >> sudo nano -w /etc/auto.misc + +注意，我的外部存储设备是ext4格式--如果需要为你需求更改这个： + + ======/etc/auto.misc====== + ... + storage -fstype=ext4:/dev/sda1 + ... + ======/etc/auto.misc====== + >> sudo /etc/init.d/autofs restart + >> ls -lat /misc/storage + +可选，创建一个符号链接至短路径： + + >> ln -s /misc/storage /storage + +**备份仓库** + +在任何家庭服务器功能列表的顶端是提供坚如磐石的备份。RPi，这是漂亮而简单，在Linux中基于范围广泛的网络共享选项：Samba/CIFS用于Windows机器，NFS用于基于UNIX的设备并且甚至SFTP用于更多先进的备份客户端，像deja-dup。由于RPi只有100MB以太网和在USB上的存储设备，它没有非常快的传送速度。在其他方面，好的备份客户端在后台自动运行，所以它不会注意稍慢的传输速度。 + +我的家庭网络包括一台Windows7电脑。对于它，我通过Samba在RPi's外部USB存储设备上导出一个备份目录。因为备份程序在Windows7的基础版本不支持网络设备作为一个备份目标，我使用[SyncBack Free][3]去设置使其自动化，每日备份。 + +简单设置Samba。 + +1）安装samba和common-bin库（具有smbpasswd效用） + + >> sudo apt-get install samba samba-common-bin + +2）使用 `smbpasswd` 让你的本地ID能访问： + + >> sudo smbpasswd -a YOURUSERIDHERE + +3）编辑samba配置文件： + + >> sudo nano -w /etc/samba/smb.conf + +4)更改 `workgroup = WORKGROUP` 行去匹配你的Windows工作组名称。 + +5）注释掉或删除[homes]和[printers]共享。(打印机通过CUPS访问。) + +6）为Windows备份路径增加一个条目。这是我的示例，放置在该文件的底部： + + ======/etc/samba/smb.conf====== + ... + [win7pc] + comment=Backup for windows PC + path=/storage/win7pc + writeable=Yes + create mask=0777 + directory mask=0777 + browsable=Yes + public=Yes + valid users=YOURUSERIDHERE + ... + ======/etc/samba/smb.conf====== + +7）重启Samba使你的编辑生效： + + >> sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart + +8）从Windows机器文件资源管理器通过映射一个网络设备测试连通。 + +对Linux设备来说，deja-dup是智能简单的设置和使用。它被默认安装在我的Fedora 18和Ubuntu 12.10上。包的名称是“deja-dup”，前端简单的称为“Backup（备份）”。虽然RPi很容易支持NFS导出，我发现使用deja-dup的SSH选项更容易，更方便，在RPi上它消除了对额外服务的需要。指定一个deja-dup加密密码是一个好主意，除非你喜欢的好主意全都进入别人的存储设备： + + >> sudo mkdir /storage/linuxlaptop + >> sudo chown -R YOURUSERIDHERE:YOURUSERIDHERE /storage/linuxlaptop + +从linux客户端启动备份程序，选择“SSH”作为备份位置，输入RPi's IP地址和你创建的存储位置。首次备份会很慢，但是未来运行将只发送增量变化，速度更快。 + +![](https://github-camo.global.ssl.fastly.net/08111990037d492b22d45de49816f5bc2b02933a/687474703a2f2f7777772e6c696e75786a6f75726e616c2e636f6d2f66696c65732f6c696e75786a6f75726e616c2e636f6d2f7566696c65732f696d61676563616368652f6d656469756d2d33353070782d63656e74657265642f75313030323036312f313134353466322e706e67) + +图2,Deja-dup客户端设置 + +**多媒体服务器：DLNA** + +现在每个人的文件安全的备份。让我们继续一些乐趣！一个DLNA服务器将给你一个集中地去存储你的电影，音乐和图片。DLNA客户端可以在房子的每个屏幕不费力的重放这个内容。 + +至少，这是承诺。现实情况是DLNA规格不相当使很多重要的事情固定，像格式或编码。每个客户端通常希望支持什么格式和服务器功能的一个稍微不同的想法。很多高功率服务器也许能转码本地内容到移动设备支持的格式，但是在RPi上不是问题，在即时烧录转码上经常扰乱其他功能，如暂停，快进和倒带。一般情况下，高功率设备如PS3,Xbox和WD TV设备大多数格式无需任何转码。低端设备如智能TVs或Blu-ray播放器支持更多的编码限制列表。 + +对于RPi来说，最好的办法是简单的进行标准编码去支持你的初级DLNA设备，然后测试你的其他DLNA客户端。如果没有完美播放，在下一节提示中也许有帮助。在我的案例中，我的PlayStation 3充当DLNA客户端，which plays nicely with the compact .m4v files generated by Handbrake。对于DLNA服务器Minidlna是个很好的选择。它已经在Raspbian发行版中，易于设置和使用最小服务资源运行： + + >> sudo apt-get install minidlna + >> sudo nano -w /etc/minidlna.conf + +这是我/etc/minidlna.conf文件的有关部分： + + ... + # I found keeping video + audio in different paths helpful + media_dir=V,/storage/dlna/video + media_dir=A,/storage/dlna/music + ... + presentation_url=http://192.168.1.10:8200/ + ... + friendly_name=MyRPi + ... + # Since I add new media infrequently, turning off + # inotify keeps minidlna for polling for + # content changes. It's simple enough to run + # sudo /etc/init.d/minidlna force-reload + # when new content is added. + inotify=no + +一旦完成编辑，告诉minidlna重启并重新扫描内容： + + >> sudo /etc/init.d/minidlna force-reload + +Minidlna有能力为你的设备支持的电影提供电影海报缩略图（像PS3）。这让找到一个特定的电影在滚动几十个电影文件时更方便。我发现最兼容文件布局的是每个电影一个目录，只是包含影片文件的缩略图，图像命名为“Cover.jpg”。使用像"MovieName.m4v"和"MovieName.jpg"的格式为PS3正常工作。但它破坏VLC（如果你能说服VLC uPNP插件首先查找服务器）。 + +通过PS3，你可以通过转到在XMB栏上的"Video"测试连通性。当视频向下滚动时，你以前设置的"friendly_name"应该是可见的，测试确保Minidlna是通过浏览器转到http://192.168.1.10:8200/。 + +**对于非 DLNA 设备多媒体** + +一旦DLNA与你的设备工作，你会发现它不想工作，所以多媒体计划B是个好主意。Nginx网站服务器有一个MP4插件尝试改善流传输plain-old HTTP，但是浏览器重放性能差别很大，快进在一部电影里也一贯不工作。它看起来像为多媒体共享或非 DLNA 设备最低的共同标准是好旧的老式的 Samba 共享与来宾只读访问。 + +这是/etc/samba/smb.conf的部分示例： + + [dlna] + path=/storage/dlna + read only=yes + browsable=yes + public=yes + +定义所占份额和重启Samba后（ `sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart` ），你可以开始测试你的客户端。 + +我测试了以下客户端与一个混合视频编码with Handbrake作为m4v文件： + +- Android 4.0.4手机："ES File Explorer"与"ES Media Player"（播放器附带安装）。 + +- Android 4.1.2平板电脑："ES File Explorer"与"ES Media Player"（播放器附带安装）。 + +- Linux设备：自动挂载：//192.168.1.10/dlna，然后使用VLC或MPlayer。 + +- Windows：挂载//192.168.1.10:/dlna，然后使用VLC。 + +所有设备都能几乎立即开始播放和快进没有延迟的情况。 + +**打印服务器** + +RPi运行CUPS相当不错，所以它易于共享一个较旧的没有本机网络功能的打印机。 + +安装你的打印机所需的CUPS和任何软件包。我需要hplip-cups，因为我也有HP喷墨打印机： + + >> sudo apt-get install cups hplip-cups + +更新“Listen”行和增加 `Allow @LOCAL` 到位置指令，如下所示（你可以使用其他机器在你的LAN上去管理CUPS）： + + ======/etc/cups/cupsd.conf====== + #Listen localhost:631 #Comment this out + Listen 192.168.1.10:631 #Add this line + ... + + Order allow,deny + Allow @LOCAL + + + # Restrict access to the admin pages... + + Order allow,deny + Allow @LOCAL + + + # Restrict access to configuration files... + + AuthType Default + Require user @SYSTEM + Order allow,deny + Allow @LOCAL + + ======/etc/cups/cupsd.conf====== + +添加你的本地ID到lpadmin组就能管理CUPS： + + >> sudo usermod -a -G lpadmin YOURUSERIDHERE + +重启CUPS： + + >> sudo /etc/init.d/cups restart + +然后转到http://192.168.1.10:631/并点击 "Adding Printers and Classes"去设置你的打印机。我的打印机是自动发现USB，所以我的一切被点击“share”。同样访问https://192.168.1.10:631/admin，确保检查“Share printers connected to this system（共享打印机连接至这个系统）”。 + +一旦你做完，你可以用通常的方式设置你的客户端。一旦我输入主机名，我的Linux客户端自动发现打印机并挑选正确的打印机设备。在我的Windows7的机器上，一旦我选择“Network Printer（网络打印机）”，我必须点击“The printer that I want isn't listed（我想要的打印机未列出）”，选择“Select a shared printer by name（通过名称选择共享的打印机）”，然后从CUPS网络接口输入URL：http://192.168.1.10:631/printers/HP_J4500。 + +**结论** + +用最少的额外的硬件和配置，树莓派可以是高可用的，简洁的家庭服务器。它通过Linux进入家庭环境与最少硬件费用带来提供广泛的企业服务。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/raspberry-pi-perfect-home-server + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/vito-L) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +[1]:http://www.silentpcreview.com/ +[2]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads +[3]:http://www.2brightsparks.com/freeware/freeware-hub.html From a1e5c38c092cd0651c56db12f6c3b0b2c22eb70b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 19:49:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 36/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BB=B6=E5=A4=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md b/translated/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md rename to translated/Create And Manage Encrypted Folders in Linux With encfs.md From e2d65d41f1eb1f3e5485a11042bce517f5640c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 20:52:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 37/40] translating by runningwater --- sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md b/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md index f494518b22..ae3b7242de 100644 --- a/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md +++ b/sources/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +(translating by runningwater) Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak ================================================================================ [Ubuntu tweak][1] is a well known application which allows Ubuntu users to tweak various aspects of their system. The founder of the project, Ding Zhou aka Tualatrix Chou, is talking to us about the nature and the usability of Ubuntu Tweak, the relation with Canonical and the future plans of the project. Enjoy @@ -88,6 +89,6 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/interview-with-ding-zhou-of-ubuntu-tweak/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) [1]:http://ubuntu-tweak.com/ \ No newline at end of file From edae8e318a74f4182fadca89949a8e44b05df3ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linux-pdz Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 21:11:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 38/40] translated --- ... Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md diff --git a/translated/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md b/translated/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7fdcc8c29b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +在Linux中连接和使用云存储的三种途径 +=== +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux-cloud-840x420.jpg) +个人云存储现在变得非常有用，因为你再也不用担心你把东西存储在什么地方了：你能很容易的获取你的文件，并时刻保持文件更新。在Linux上你也多种保持访问你的云存储。这一点非常棒，因为你可以使用你最喜欢的方式，哪怕你是个终端控。 + +###使用官方客户端 + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_ubuntu_one.jpg) + +使用这种方式的明显好处就是你可以通过使用他们各自的官方应用访问你的各种云存储。目前，提供官方Linux客户端的服务提供商有[SpiderOak](1), [Dropbox](2), [Ubuntu One](3),[Copy](5)。[Ubuntu One](3)虽不出名但的确是[一个不错的云存储竞争着](4)。[Copy][5]是提供比Dropbox更多空间，是[Dropbox的替代选择](6)。使用这些官方Linux客户端可以保持你的电脑与他们的服务器之间的通信，还可以让你进行属性设置，如选择性同步。 + +对于普通桌面用户，使用官方客户端是最好的选择，因为官方客户端可以提供最多的功能和最好的兼容性。使用它们也很简单，只需要下载他们对应你的发行版的软件包，然后安装安装完后在运行一下就Ok了。安装客户端时，它一般会指导你完成这些简单的过程。 + +###Dropbox：可以使用命令行脚本 + +假如你是Dropbox用户，你也可以通过终端命令行访问你的云存储。这种方式尤其适合于重度终端控，因为他们可以利用Dropbox提供的命令来写个脚本以便于执行自动任务。你可以运行以下命令来安装它（对于Debian，Ubuntu或者她们的衍生版 - 其它发行版可以使用相应的等价命令代替）： + + sudo apt-get install curl + curl "https://raw.github.com/andreafabrizi/Dropbox-Uploader/master/dropbox_uploader.sh" -o /tmp/dropbox_uploader.sh + sudo install /tmp/dropbox_uploader.sh /usr/local/bin/dropbox_uploader + dropbox_uploader + + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_terminal_dropbox.jpg) + +当你运行最后一条命令后，脚本会提醒你这是你第一次运行这个脚本。它将告诉你去浏览一个Dropbox的特定网页以便访问你的账户。它还会告诉你所有你需要放入网站的信息，这是为了让Dropbox给你App Key和App Secret以及赋予这个脚本你给予的访问权限。现在脚本就拥有了访问你账户的合法授权了。 + +这些一旦完成，你就可以这个脚本执行各种任务了，例如上传、下载、删除、移动、复制、创建文件夹、查看文件、共享文件、查看文件信息和取消共享。对于全部的语法解释，你可以查看一下[这个页面](9)。 + +###[Storage Made Easy](7)将SkyDrive带到Linux上 + +微软并没有提供SkyDrive的官方Linux客户端，这一点也不令人惊讶。但是你并不意味着你不能在Linux上访问SkyDrive，记住：SkyDrive的web版本是可用的。 + +但是假如你要把你的多个云存储合并在一起，或者你想有一个比较方便的方式在Linux上访问你的SkyDrive账户，你可以试试Storage Made Easy。这个第三方服务可以将它自己提供的云存储服务以及和多大三个其它的云存储服务整合在一起。更好的一点是：它提供官方Linux客户端，而且SkyDrive也是它支持的扩展云存储服务之一! + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_configure_skydrive.jpg) + +为了使用Stroage Made Easy，你首先需要创建一个他们的账号。完成账号创建后，你需要回到控制界面，选择“Add a Cloud Provider”。在这儿，你可以选择SkyDrive API 然后填入登陆信息。添加完登陆信息后，点击授权按钮以便给予必要的授权。然后，你就可以下载它的Linux客户端并安装它了。 + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_storagemadeeasy.jpg) + +第一次启动时。它会要求你登陆，还有询问你要把云存储挂载到什么地方。在你做完了这些后，你就可以浏览你选择的文件夹，你还可以访问你的Storage Made Easy空间以及你的SkyDrive空间了!这种方法对于那些想在Linux上使用SkyDrive的人来说非常好，对于想把他们的多个云存储服务整合到一个地方的人来说也很不错。这种方法的缺点是你无法使用他们各自官方客户端中可以使用的特殊功能。 + +因为现在在你的Linux桌面上也可以使用SkyDrive，接下来你可能需要阅读一下我写的[SkyDrive与Google Drive的比较](8)以便于知道究竟哪种更适合于你。 + +###结论 + +正如你所见，本文提供了多种方式访问你的个人云存储。当然，假如你觉得你当前使用的就是最适合于你的，那么你无须更换。然而，举个例子，假如你是一个终端控，要去寻找可以在终端中与你的Dropbox账户进行交互的方式，你就可以按照本文提供的方法去做！美妙之处就在于你可以选择最适于你的方式。同时，你要保持你的思想开放，本文在这儿展示的工具和例子，在将来也许会有针对其它云存储服务的其它工具出现，让你可以更加自由灵活的使用。 + +你最喜欢哪种方式来访问你的云存储呢？哪种是你最理想的形式呢？请在评论栏里留言，让我们知道你的想法! + +--- + +译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://spideroak.com/opendownload/ +[2]:https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx +[3]:http://one.ubuntu.com/ +[4]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/ubuntu-unknown-worthy-contender-cloud-storage/ +[5]:http://www.copy.com/ +[6]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/copy-a-dropbox-alternative-with-more-storage-mac-linux-windows-ios-android/ +[7]:http://storagemadeeasy.com/ +[8]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/skydrive-vs-google-drive-which-is-best-for-office-productivity/ +[9]:https://github.com/andreafabrizi/Dropbox-Uploader From 744ec38c9ac0f39a7772c21f012006ddedf09819 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LynnDing Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 22:01:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 39/40] translating request --- sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md b/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md index 9dbcc7697c..54f407d5a9 100644 --- a/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md +++ b/sources/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +(translating by flyingwitholdlady) KDE vs GNOME: Settings, Apps, Widgets ===================================== From 4dcf04a3fd1143a38806111c9ac6db989fac46f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 3 Nov 2013 22:40:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 40/40] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md | 68 ------------------- 1 file changed, 68 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md b/sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index d91b48d0ef..0000000000 --- a/sources/3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,68 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by Linux-pdz -3 Ways to Access And Use Cloud Storage (SkyDrive etc.) In Linux -================================================================================ -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux-cloud-840x420.jpg) - -Personal cloud storage has become so useful as you never have to worry where your stuff is: it’s easily accessible, and it’s always up-to-date. On Linux you can access your personal cloud storage in multiple ways. This is great, because you can use whatever method works the best – even if you’re a terminal junkie! - -### Use The Official Client ### - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_ubuntu_one.jpg) - -Getting the obvious out of the way, you can access your various personal cloud storage via their respective official applications. Currently, services such as [SpiderOak][1], [Dropbox][2], [Ubuntu One][3], which is an [unknown but worthy cloud storage contender][4], and [Copy][5], a [Dropbox alternative with more storage][6], offer official Linux clients which can facilitate communications between your computer and their servers, as well as set up special features such as selective synchronization. - -For any regular ol’ desktop user, using the official clients is the best way to go as they offer the most functionality and the highest level of compatibility. Getting these to work is as simple as downloading the respective package for your distribution, installing it, and running it for the first time. The client should guide you through the easy setup process. - -### Dropbox: Use A Command Line Script ### - -If you’re a Dropbox user, you can also access your cloud storage via the terminal command line. This method is especially useful for power user terminal junkies, as they can their own scripts that can make use of the commands offered by the Dropbox script in order to perform automated tasks. To install it, you’ll need to run these commands (for Debian, Ubuntu, or their derivatives – other distributions should use equivalent commands instead): - - sudo apt-get install curl - curl "https://raw.github.com/andreafabrizi/Dropbox-Uploader/master/dropbox_uploader.sh" -o /tmp/dropbox_uploader.sh - sudo install /tmp/dropbox_uploader.sh /usr/local/bin/dropbox_uploader - dropbox_uploader - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_terminal_dropbox.jpg) - -When you run that last command, the script will notice that it’s your first time running the script. It’ll tell you to visit a certain Dropbox website to allow the script access to your account. It’ll also give you all the information you need to put into the website, which will allow Dropbox to return an App Key, App Secret, and Access Level that you give to the script. Now the script will have the correct authorization to your Dropbox account. - -Once that is completed, you can use the script to perform various tasks such as upload, download, delete, move, copy, mkdir, list, share, info, and unlink. For full syntax explanations, you can check out this page. - -### [Storage Made Easy][7] Brings SkyDrive To Linux ### - -Microsoft, unsurprisingly, does not offer an official SkyDrive client for Linux. That doesn’t mean you can’t access that cloud service, however: the web version works fine. - -But if you want to consolidate multiple personal clouds, or you would like easy (and sane) access to your SkyDrive account from Linux, you can also try out Storage Made Easy. This third party service consolidates its own storage offerings with up to three other personal cloud services. Even better: it offers an official client for Linux, and SkyDrive is one of the supported external cloud services! - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_configure_skydrive.jpg) - -In order to get Storage Made Simple to work, you’ll first need to create an account with them. Once you do, you have to go into the Dashboard and choose “Add a Cloud Provider”. Here you can choose the SkyDrive API and log in with those credentials. When you’ve added the credentials, you’ll need to hit the authorize button to create the authorization necessary. Then, download the client for Linux and install it. - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/linux_accessing_cloud_storagemadeeasy.jpg) - -Upon first launch, it’ll ask you to log in, as well as where you’d like to mount the cloud to. After you’ve done all this, you should be able to navigate to the folder you’ve chosen and you should be able to access your Storage Made Easy space as well as your SkyDrive space! While this method is great for getting SkyDrive to work on Linux, it’s also great for all other services to simply combine them into a single location. The downside to this method is that you won’t be able to use the special features found in the official clients for each service. - -Since it’s now possible to access SkyDrive from your Linux desktop, you may want to read my [comparison between SkyDrive and Google Drive][8] to figure out what works best for you. - -### Conclusion ### - -As you can see, there is more than one way to access your personal cloud storage. Of course, if you feel like your current setup is best for you, then there’s no reason to change. However, as an example, if you’ve always been a lover of the terminal and have wanted a way to interact with your Dropbox account using the terminal, you can do so! The beauty is that you can choose what works best for you. Also, keep your mind open – while I’ve highlighted certain tools and examples, there may be other tools for other cloud services in the future which can make you more flexible. - -What’s your favorite way of accessing your personal cloud storage? What would be your most ideal solution? Let us know in the comments! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/3-ways-to-access-and-use-cloud-storage-skydrive-etc-in-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://spideroak.com/opendownload/ -[2]:https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx -[3]:http://one.ubuntu.com/ -[4]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/ubuntu-unknown-worthy-contender-cloud-storage/ -[5]:http://www.copy.com/ -[6]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/copy-a-dropbox-alternative-with-more-storage-mac-linux-windows-ios-android/ -[7]:http://storagemadeeasy.com/ -[8]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/skydrive-vs-google-drive-which-is-best-for-office-productivity/ \ No newline at end of file