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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (cycoe)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (A brief history of text-based games and open source)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools)
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[#]: author: (Jason Mclntosh https://opensource.com/users/jmac)
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A brief history of text-based games and open source
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======
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The [Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation][1] (IFTF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and improvement of technologies enabling the digital art form we call interactive fiction. When a Community Moderator for Opensource.com suggested an article about IFTF, the technologies and services it supports, and how it all intersects with open source, I found it a novel angle to the decades-long story I’ve so often told. The history of IF is longer than—but quite enmeshed with—the modern FOSS movement. I hope you’ll enjoy my sharing it here.
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### Definitions and history
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To me, the term interactive fiction includes any video game or digital artwork whose audience interacts with it primarily through text. The term originated in the 1980s when parser-driven text adventure games—epitomized in the United States by [Zork][2], [The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy][3], and the rest of [Infocom][4]’s canon—defined home-computer entertainment. Its mainstream commercial viability had guttered by the 1990s, but online hobbyist communities carried on the tradition, releasing both games and game-creation tools.
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After a quarter century, interactive fiction now comprises a broad and sparkling variety of work, from puzzle-laden text adventures to sprawling and introspective hypertexts. Regular online competitions and festivals provide a great place to peruse and play new work: The English-language IF world enjoys annual events including [Spring Thing][5] and [IFComp][6], the latter a centerpiece of modern IF since 1995—which also makes it the longest-lived continually running game showcase event of its kind in any genre. [IFComp’s crop of judged-and-ranked entries from 2017][7] shows the amazing diversity in form, style, and subject matter that text-based games boast today.
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(I specify "English-language" above because IF communities tend to self-segregate by language, perhaps due to the technology's focus on writing. There are also annual IF events in [French][8] and [Italian][9], for example, and I've heard of at least one Chinese IF festival. Happily, these borders are porous; during the four years I managed IFComp, it has welcomed English-translated work from all international communities.)
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![counterfeit monkey game screenshot][11]
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Starting a new game of Emily Short's "Counterfeit Monkey," running on the interpreter Lectrote (both open source software).
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Also due to its focus on text, IF presents some of the most accessible platforms for both play and authorship. Almost anyone who can read digital text—including users of assistive technology such as text-to-speech software—can play most IF works. Likewise, IF creation is open to all writers willing to learn and work with its tools and techniques.
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This brings us to IF’s long relationship with open source, which has helped enable the art form’s availability since its commercial heyday. I'll provide an overview of contemporary open-source IF creation tools, and then discuss the ancient and sometimes curious tradition of IF works that share their source code.
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### The world of open source IF tools
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A number of development platforms, most of which are open source, are available to create traditional parser-driven IF in which the user types commands—for example, `go north,` `get lamp`, `pet the cat`, or `ask Zoe about quantum mechanics`—to interact with the game’s world. The early 1990s saw the emergence of several hacker-friendly parser-game development kits; those still in use today include [TADS][12], [Alan][13], and [Quest][14]—all open, with the latter two bearing FOSS licenses.
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But by far the most prominent of these is [Inform][15], first released by Graham Nelson in 1993 and now maintained by a team Nelson still leads. Inform source is semi-open, in an unusual fashion: Inform 6, the previous major version, [makes its source available through the Artistic License][16]. This has more immediate relevance than may be obvious, since the otherwise proprietary Inform 7 holds Inform 6 at its core, translating its [remarkable natural-language syntax][17] into its predecessor’s more C-like code before letting it compile the work down into machine code.
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![inform 7 IDE screenshot][19]
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The Inform 7 IDE, loaded up with documentation and a sample project.
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Inform games run on a virtual machine, a relic of the Infocom era when that publisher targeted a VM so that it could write a single game that would run on Apple II, Commodore 64, Atari 800, and other flavors of the "[home computer][20]." Fewer popular operating systems exist today, but Inform’s virtual machines—the relatively modern [Glulx][21] or the charmingly antique [Z-machine][22], a reverse-engineered clone of Infocom’s historical VM—let Inform-created work run on any computer with an Inform interpreter. Currently, popular cross-platform interpreters include desktop programs like [Lectrote][23] and [Gargoyle][24] or browser-based ones like [Quixe][25] and [Parchment][26]. All are open source.
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If the pace of Inform’s development has slowed in its maturity, it remains vital through an active and transparent ecosystem—just like any other popular open source project. In Inform’s case, this includes the aforementioned interpreters, [a collection of language extensions][27] (usually written in a mix of Inform 6 and 7), and of course, all the work created with it and shared with the world, sometimes with source included (I’ll return to that topic later in this article).
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IF creation tools invented in the 21st century tend to explore player interactions outside of the traditional parser, generating hypertext-driven work that any modern web browser can load. Chief among these is [Twine][28], originally developed by Chris Klimas in 2009 and under active development by many contributors today as [a GNU-licensed open source project][29]. (In fact, [Twine][30] can trace its OSS lineage back to [TiddlyWiki][31], the project from which Klimas initially derived it.)
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Twine represents a sort of maximally [open and accessible approach][30] to IF development: Beyond its own FOSS nature, it renders its output as self-contained websites, relying not on machine code requiring further specialized interpretation but the open and well-exercised standards of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. As a creative tool, Twine can match its own exposed complexity to the creator’s skill level. Users with little or no programming knowledge can create simple but playable IF work, while those with more coding and design skills—including those developing these skills by making Twine games—can develop more sophisticated projects. Little wonder that Twine’s visibility and popularity in educational contexts has grown quite a bit in recent years.
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Other noteworthy open source IF development projects include the MIT-licensed [Undum][32] by Ian Millington, and [ChoiceScript][33] by Dan Fabulich and the [Choice of Games][34] team—both of which also target the web browser as the gameplay platform. Looking beyond strict development systems like these, web-based IF gives us a rich and ever-churning ecosystem of open source work, such as furkle’s [collection of Twine-extending tools][35] and Liza Daly’s [Windrift][36], a JavaScript framework purpose-built for her own IF games.
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### Programs, games, and game-programs
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Twine benefits from [a standing IFTF program dedicated to its support][37], allowing the public to help fund its maintenance and development. IFTF also directly supports two long-time public services, IFComp and the IF Archive, both of which depend upon and contribute back into open software and technologies.
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![Harmonia opening screen shot][39]
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The opening of Liza Daly's "Harmonia," created with the Windrift open source IF-creation framework.
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The Perl- and JavaScript-based application that runs the IFComp’s website has been [a shared-source project][40] since 2014, and it reflects [the stew of FOSS licenses used by its IF-specific sub-components][41], including the various code libraries that allow parser-driven competition entries to run in a web browser. [The IF Archive][42]—online since 1992 and [an IFTF project since 2017][43]—is a set of mirrored repositories based entirely on ancient and stable internet standards, with [a little open source Python script][44] to handle indexing.
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### At last, the fun part: Let's talk about open source text games
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The bulk of the archive [comprises games][45], of course—years and years of games, reflecting decades of evolving game-design trends and IF tool development.
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Lots of IF work shares its source code, and the community’s quick-start solution for finding it is simple: [Search the IFDB for the tag "source available"][46]. (The IFDB is yet another long-running IF community service, run privately by TADS creator Mike Roberts.) Users who are comfortable with a more bare-bones interface may also wish to browse [the `/games/source` directory][47] of the IF Archive, which groups content by development platform and written language (there's also a lot of work either too miscellaneous or too ancient to categorize floating at the top).
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A little bit of random sampling of these code-sharing games reveals an interesting dilemma: Unlike the wider world of open source software, the IF community lacks a generally agreed-upon way of licensing all the code that it generates. Unlike a software tool—including all the tools we use to build IF—an interactive fiction game is a work of art in the most literal sense, meaning that an open source license intended for software would fit it no better than it would any other work of prose or poetry. But then again, an IF game is also a piece of software, and it exhibits source-code patterns and techniques that its creator may legitimately wish to share with the world. What is an open source-aware IF creator to do?
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Some games address this by passing their code into the public domain, either through explicit license or—as in the case of [the original 42-year-old Adventure by Crowther and Woods][48]—through community fiat. Some try to split the difference, rolling their own license that allows for free re-use of a game’s exposed business logic but prohibits the creation of work derived specifically from its prose. This is the tack I took when I opened up the source of my own game, [The Warbler’s Nest][49]. Lord knows how well that’d stand up in court, but I didn’t have any better ideas at the time.
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Naturally, you can find work that simply puts everything under a single common license and never mind the naysayers. A prominent example is [Emily Short’s epic Counterfeit Monkey][50], released in its entirety under a Creative Commons 4.0 license. [CC frowns at its application to code][51], but you could argue that [the strangely prose-like nature of Inform 7 source][52] makes it at least a little more compatible with a CC license than a more traditional software project would be.
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### What now, adventurer?
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If you are eager to start exploring the world of interactive fiction, here are a few links to check out:
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+ As mentioned above, IFDB and the IF Archive both present browsable interfaces to more than 40 years worth of collected interactive fiction work. Much of this is playable in a web browser, but some require additional interpreter programs. IFDB can help you find and install these.
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IFComp’s annual results pages provide another view into the best of this free and archive-available work.
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+ The Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation is a charitable non-profit organization that helps support Twine, IFComp, and the IF Archive, as well as improve the accessibility of IF, explore IF’s use in education, and more. Join its mailing list to receive IFTF’s monthly newsletter, peruse its blog, and browse some thematic merchandise.
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+ John Paul Wohlscheid wrote this article about open-source IF tools earlier this year. It covers some platforms not mentioned here, so if you’re still hungry for more, have a look.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools
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作者：[Jason Mclntosh][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jmac
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[1]:http://iftechfoundation.org/
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[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zork
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[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(video_game)
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[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocom
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[5]:http://www.springthing.net/
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[6]:http://ifcomp.org/
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[7]:https://ifcomp.org/comp/2017
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[8]:http://www.fiction-interactive.fr/
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[9]:http://www.oldgamesitalia.net/content/marmellata-davventura-2018
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[10]:/file/403396
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[11]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/monkey.png (counterfeit monkey game screenshot)
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[12]:http://tads.org/
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[13]:https://www.alanif.se/
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[14]:http://textadventures.co.uk/quest/
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[15]:http://inform7.com/
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[16]:https://github.com/DavidKinder/Inform6
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[17]:http://inform7.com/learn/man/RB_4_1.html#e307
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[18]:/file/403386
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[19]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/inform.png (inform 7 IDE screenshot)
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[20]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu55q_3YtOY
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[21]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Glulx
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[22]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Z-machine
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[23]:https://github.com/erkyrath/lectrote
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[24]:https://github.com/garglk/garglk/
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[25]:http://eblong.com/zarf/glulx/quixe/
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[26]:https://github.com/curiousdannii/parchment
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[27]:https://github.com/i7/extensions
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[28]:http://twinery.org/
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[29]:https://github.com/klembot/twinejs
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[30]:/article/18/7/twine-vs-renpy-interactive-fiction
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[31]:https://tiddlywiki.com/
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[32]:https://github.com/idmillington/undum
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[33]:https://github.com/dfabulich/choicescript
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[34]:https://www.choiceofgames.com/
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[35]:https://github.com/furkle
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[36]:https://github.com/lizadaly/windrift
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[37]:http://iftechfoundation.org/committees/twine/
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[38]:/file/403391
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[39]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/harmonia.png (Harmonia opening screen shot)
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[40]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp
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[41]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp/blob/master/LICENSE.md
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[42]:https://www.ifarchive.org/
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[43]:http://blog.iftechfoundation.org/2017-06-30-iftf-is-adopting-the-if-archive.html
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[44]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifarchive-ifmap-py
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[45]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgames
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[46]:http://ifdb.tads.org/search?sortby=ratu&searchfor=%22source+available%22
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[47]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgamesXsource.html
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[48]:http://ifdb.tads.org/viewgame?id=fft6pu91j85y4acv
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[49]:https://github.com/jmacdotorg/warblers-nest/
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[50]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey
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[51]:https://creativecommons.org/faq/#can-i-apply-a-creative-commons-license-to-software
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[52]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey/blob/master/Counterfeit%20Monkey.materials/Extensions/Counterfeit%20Monkey/Liquids.i7x
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@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Back to School: Your SD-WAN Reading List)
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[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433618/back-to-school-your-sd-wan-reading-list.html)
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[#]: author: (Cato Networks https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/)
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Back to School: Your SD-WAN Reading List
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======
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Summer is about to end. Time to head back to work, understand next year’s projects and plans, and set your IT infrastructure objectives accordingly.
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![baona][1]
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Summer is about to end. Time to head back to work, understand next year’s projects and plans, and set your IT infrastructure objectives accordingly. SD-WAN and MPLS transformation are huge trends that cannot be overlooked. How will it impact your existing IT?
|
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|
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MPLS transformations can send chills down any IT pro’s spine but these suggested readings will help calm the nerves. They’re a series of clear, concise, and practical manuals divided into lessons on how to migrate from the prehistoric world of MPLS into the light of [SD-WAN][2]. Finish all of them and you’ll have an A+ in WAN Transformation 101.
|
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**Lesson 1 – SD-WAN as an MPLS Alternative **
|
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|
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Are you still running MPLS to your branch offices? If so, you’re probably undermining cloud performance, wasting expensive bandwidth backhauling branch office Internet and cloud traffic, and taking far too long to open new locations. [**How to Re-evaluate your MPLS Provider**][3] delves into all the issues to consider when replacing or supplementing your MPLS. If nothing else, the table comparing MPLS, basic SD-WAN, and cloud-based SD-WAN is a gem you shouldn’t miss.
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**Lesson 2 – Why the Internet Is Broken **
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Public Internet connections work — sort of — but everyone knows that they’re not always as fast and reliable as they could be. If you’ve ever wondered why and what to do about it, [The Secrets Behind Internet Routing][4] dives into the gory details of Internet routing and the BGP protocol, including why their fragmented, opaque workings are not ideal for today’s business uses. It does the same for MPLS, for those of you with hybrid networks, clarifying two complicated subjects and outlining exactly why you might want to consider alternatives.
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**Lesson 3** **–** **How to Transition from MPLS to SD-WAN**
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You’re probably aware of the cost, flexibility, and cloud benefits of SD-WAN but you may not have a clear idea of what it takes to get from here to there. [**How to Migrate from MPLS to SD-WAN**][5] is a high-level overview — based on insights from SD-WAN adopters, industry best practices, and years of network transition experience — of the steps you need to take to get from MPLS to SD-WAN. It’s a good start if you’re looking for a quick read to get you thinking about how to do your own migration.
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**Lesson 4** **–** **How to Migrate Your Sites to SD-WAN**
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If you’ve read the previous high-level view and are ready for more specifics on site migration to SD-WAN, check out** **[**How to Migrate Sites to SD-WAN**][6]. It takes step one from the first e-book and delves deeply into the issues and sub-steps involved in transforming each site. The steps it covers in depth include:
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* Categorize Your Locations
|
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* Select the Right Last Mile
|
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* Decide on the Middle Mile
|
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* Engineer your End-To-End Network Architecture
|
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* Procure Your Last Mile Services
|
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|
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**Lesson 5 – SD-WAN Security, Cloud, and Mobility Challenges**
|
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Once you have a solid grasp of the steps for migrating your sites to SD-WAN, it’s time to start thinking about how to handle security, mobility, and the cloud. [**The Security, Cloud and Mobility Challenges Facing SD-WAN and How to Address Them**][7] addresses these topics, including:
|
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|
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* **Transform Security**, which compares security appliances and cloud security services.
|
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* **Connect the Cloud to SD-WAN**, including agent-based vs. agentless cloud deployments, routing optimization, and security.
|
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* **Optimize the Mobile experience**, including SD-WAN mobile access considerations.
|
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* **Determine the right SD-WAN Management Model**, which compares SD-WAN appliances and services and discusses four SD-WAN management models.
|
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|
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|
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|
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**Lesson 6 – SD-WAN Migration Realities**
|
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|
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You’ve done your homework on the MPLS to SD-WAN transition, but really, wouldn’t it be a big help to hear from someone who has lived it? Definitely. Which is why you should listen to this exciting “reality show,” [Nick Dell Webinar: How I Migrated from MPLS to SD-WAN. ][8]
|
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|
||||
Nick Dell, an IT manager at a leading automotive manufacturer with 2,000 employees and nine locations, describes his experience transitioning to SD-WAN for just-in-time manufacturing, including connecting to his company’s critical cloud-based ERP and VoIP applications. He covers the problems and heartbreaks of his MPLS deployment, the alternatives he considered, the migration process, questions he asked, and how he got 5X to 20X the bandwidth and better availability and security for less.
|
||||
|
||||
**Lesson 7 – MPLS or SLA-Backed Affordable Backbone**
|
||||
|
||||
Enterprises that depend on global network backbone connections may think that their choice is only between reliable but expensive MPLS and flexible but unreliable SD-WAN Internet routing. Think again. [MPLS or SLA-backed Affordable Backbone: Which is Right for Your Global Network? ][9]digs into the challenges of MPLS and traditional SD-WAN global backbones and presents a potentially superior alternative: the SLA-backed Affordable Backbone. This new architecture combines global IP transit services from Tier-1 providers, an SD-WAN overlay, and commercial off-the-shelf hardware to deliver a much less expensive, more reliable, and agile alternative to MPLS. Get the details of how you can take advantage of this new global WAN alternative.
|
||||
|
||||
**Lesson 8 – How to Migrate from MPLS to Cato**
|
||||
|
||||
If you yearn for a less complex, more transformational alternative to traditional SD-WAN edge appliances and services, check out [**How to Migrate from MPLS to the Cat**][10]**o Cloud.** This e-book tells you how moving to the Cato Cloud can achieve a simpler, more agile infrastructure that connects any user to any resource quickly and securely. It covers each step necessary for transitioning your network to Cato and how Cato slashes WAN costs, doubles throughput, and decreases deployment times from months to as little as 30 minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
**Lesson 9 – SD-WAN Use Cases and Success Stories**
|
||||
|
||||
In this on-demand webinar, [5 MPLS Migration Challenges SD-WAN Solves][11], learn how SD-WAN can help you slash remote office latency without paying MPLS prices, secure Internet access without appliance sprawl, optimize voice and unified communications, enhance branch office and mobile user cloud performance, and manage last mile communications intelligently. It includes six case studies of how real companies solved these issues using SD-WAN.
|
||||
|
||||
**Bonus** **–** **SD-WAN Cheat Sheet**
|
||||
|
||||
Are you ready to make the leap to SD-WAN, but feel a little lost about how to choose an SD-WAN vendor and what questions to ask? Believe it or not, the answers can be found on a single page. Based on Nick Dell’s own experience and adventures migrating his company to SD-WAN, [Nick Dell’s Questions to Ask Yourself about SD-WAN ][12]spells out the questions you need to ask your vendor and yourself before embarking on an SD-WAN journey, such as what do you want to replace, how important is high availability, does you SD-WAN vendor fulfill your future needs, and who provides support?
|
||||
|
||||
Finish one of these e-books and you’ll feel enlightened. Finish all of them and you’ll get a solid SD-WAN education in surprisingly little time. But don’t get so immersed in SD-WAN that you forget to enjoy the rest of your time off.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433618/back-to-school-your-sd-wan-reading-list.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Cato Networks][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Matt-Conran/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/08/istock-1065824638-100809025-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.catonetworks.com/glossary-use-cases/sd-wan?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[3]: https://go.catonetworks.com/What-to-consider-before-renewing-your-MPLS-contract?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[4]: https://go.catonetworks.com/The_Internet_is_Broken?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[5]: https://go.catonetworks.com/How-to-Migrate-from-MPLS-to-SD-WAN?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[6]: https://go.catonetworks.com/How-to-Migrate-Sits-to-SD-WAN?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[7]: https://go.catonetworks.com/Challenges-Facing-SD-WAN-and-How-to-Address-Them?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[8]: https://go.catonetworks.com/VOD-How-I-Migrated-From-MPLS-to-SD-WAN?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[9]: https://go.catonetworks.com/MPLS-or-SLA-backed-Affordable-Backbone?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[10]: https://go.catonetworks.com/How-to-Migrate-from-MPLS-to-Cato-Cloud?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[11]: https://go.catonetworks.com/VOD-5-MPLS-migration-challenges?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
[12]: https://go.catonetworks.com/LP-Questions-to-ask-yourself-before-purchasing-SD-WAN?utm_source=IDG&utm_campaign=IDG
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Don’t worry about shadow IT. Shadow IoT is much worse.)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433496/dont-worry-about-shadow-it-shadow-iot-is-much-worse.html)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Fredric Paul https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/)
|
||||
|
||||
Don’t worry about shadow IT. Shadow IoT is much worse.
|
||||
======
|
||||
Shadow IoT – the use of unauthorized internet-of-things devices and networks – poses a new level of threats for enterprises
|
||||
![Air Force photo illustration by Margo Wright][1]
|
||||
|
||||
For years, IT departments have been railing about the dangers of shadow IT and bring-your-own-device. The worry is that these unauthorized practices bring risks to corporate systems, introducing new vulnerabilities and increasing the attack surface.
|
||||
|
||||
That may be true, but it’s not the whole story. As I’ve long argued, shadow IT may increase risks, but it can also cut costs, boost productivity and speed innovation. That’s why users are often [so eager to circumvent what they see as slow and conservative IT departments][2] by adopting increasingly powerful and affordable consumer and cloud-based alternatives, with or without the blessing of the powers that be. Just as important, there’s plenty of evidence of that [enlightened IT departments should work to leverage those new approaches][3] to serve their internal customers in a more agile manner.
|
||||
|
||||
**Also on Network World:** [**5 key enterprise IoT security recommendations**][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Shadow IoT takes shadow IT to the next level
|
||||
|
||||
So far so good. But this reasoning emphatically does not carry over to the [emerging practice of shadow IoT][5], which has become a growing concern in the last year or so. Basically, we are talking about when people in your organization connect internet-connected devices (or worse, entire [IoT][6] networks!) without IT’s knowledge.
|
||||
|
||||
Those renegades are likely seeking the same speed and flexibility that drove shadow IT, but they are taking a far bigger risk for a much smaller reward. Shadow IoT takes shadow IT to another level, with the potential for many more devices as well as new types of devices and use cases, not to mention the addition of wholly new networks and technologies.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why shadow IoT is worse than shadow IT
|
||||
|
||||
According to a 2018 report from [802 Secure][7], “IoT introduces [new operating systems, protocols and wireless frequencies][8]. Companies that rely on legacy security technologies are blind to this rampant IoT threat. Organizations need to broaden their view into these invisible devices and networks to identify rogue IoT devices on the network, visibility into shadow-IoT networks, and detection of nearby threats such as drones and spy cameras.”
|
||||
|
||||
The report noted that _all_ of the organizations surveyed had rogue consumer IoT wireless devices on their enterprise networks, and nine out of 10 had shadow IoT/[IIoT][9] wireless networks, defined as “undetected company-deployed wireless networks separate from the enterprise infrastructure.”
|
||||
|
||||
**[ [Prepare to become a Certified Information Security Systems Professional with this comprehensive online course from PluralSight. Now offering a 10-day free trial!][10] ]**
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, a 2018 [Infoblox report][11] found that a third of companies have more than 1,000 shadow-IoT devices connected to their networks on a typical day, including fitness trackers, digital assistants, smart TVs, smart appliances and gaming consoles. (And yes, Infoblox is talking about _enterprise_ networks.)
|
||||
|
||||
It gets worse. Many of these consumer IoT devices don’t even _try_ to be secure. And, per Microsoft, criminal and [state-sponsored actors][12] are already weaponizing these devices and networks (both shadow and IT-approved), as shown by the [Mirai botnet][13] and many others.
|
||||
|
||||
One more thing: Unlike cloud and consumer shadow IT, shadow IoT implementations often don’t provide additional levels of speed, agility or usability, meaning that organizations are not getting much benefit in exchange for the heightened risks. But that doesn’t seem to be stopping people from using them on corporate networks.
|
||||
|
||||
### Security basics
|
||||
|
||||
Fortunately, protecting your organization from shadow IoT isn’t so different from security best practices for other threats, including shadow IT.
|
||||
|
||||
**Education:** Make sure your team is aware of the threat and try to get their buy-in on key IOT policies and security measures. According to that 802 Secure report, “88 percent of IT leaders in the US and UK believed they had an effective policy in place for mitigating security risks from connected devices. But a full 24 percent of employees represented in the survey said they did not even know such policies existed, while a bare 20 percent of the people who professed knowledge of these policies actually abided by them.” Sure, you’ll never get 100 percent participation, but people can’t follow a policy they don’t know exists.
|
||||
|
||||
**Assimilation:** Create policies to let team members easily connect their IoT devices and networks to the enterprise network with the IT department’s approval and support. It’s extra work, and some folks will inevitably go rogue anyway, but the more devices you know about, the better.
|
||||
|
||||
**Isolation:** Set up separate networks so you can support approved and shadow IoT devices while protecting your core corporate networks as much as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
**Monitoring:** Make regular checks of connected devices and networks, and proactively search for unknown devices on all your networks.
|
||||
|
||||
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][14] and [LinkedIn][15] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3433496/dont-worry-about-shadow-it-shadow-iot-is-much-worse.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Fredric Paul][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Fredric-Paul/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/02/fight-shadow-100787429-large.jpg
|
||||
[2]: http://www.networkworld.com/cms/article/6%20ways%20'shadow%20IT'%20can%20actually%20help%20IT
|
||||
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2885758/6-ways-shadow-it-can-actually-help-it.html
|
||||
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3269247/5-key-enterprise-iot-security-recommendations.html
|
||||
[5]: https://www.bbntimes.com/en/technology/shadow-iot-is-a-threat-to-your-business-here-s-how-to-deal-with-it
|
||||
[6]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3207535/what-is-iot-how-the-internet-of-things-works.html
|
||||
[7]: https://www.prnewswire.com/news/802-secure%2C-inc
|
||||
[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3235124/internet-of-things-definitions-a-handy-guide-to-essential-iot-terms.html
|
||||
[9]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3243928/what-is-the-industrial-iot-and-why-the-stakes-are-so-high.html
|
||||
[10]: https://pluralsight.pxf.io/c/321564/424552/7490?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluralsight.com%2Fpaths%2Fcertified-information-systems-security-professional-cisspr
|
||||
[11]: https://www.infoblox.com/company/news-events/press-releases/infoblox-research-finds-explosion-of-personal-and-iot-devices-on-enterprise-networks-introduces-immense-security-risk/
|
||||
[12]: https://diginomica.com/state-sponsored-cyber-spies-targeting-iot-warning-microsoft
|
||||
[13]: https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity17/technical-sessions/presentation/antonakakis
|
||||
[14]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
|
||||
[15]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world
|
||||
201
sources/talk/20190822 How the Linux desktop has grown.md
Normal file
201
sources/talk/20190822 How the Linux desktop has grown.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How the Linux desktop has grown)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/how-linux-desktop-grown)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hallhttps://opensource.com/users/jason-bakerhttps://opensource.com/users/jlacroixhttps://opensource.com/users/doni08521059https://opensource.com/users/etc-eterahttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravohttps://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss)
|
||||
|
||||
How the Linux desktop has grown
|
||||
======
|
||||
Since the early 1990s, the Linux desktop has matured from a simple
|
||||
window manager to a full desktop. Join us on a journey through the
|
||||
history of the Linux desktop.
|
||||
![Person typing on a 1980's computer][1]
|
||||
|
||||
I first installed Linux in 1993. At that time, you really didn't have many options for installing the operating system. In those early days, many people simply copied a running image from someone else. Then someone had the neat idea to create a "distribution" of Linux that let you customize what software you wanted to install. That was the Softlanding Linux System (SLS) and my first introduction to Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
My '386 PC didn't have much memory, but it was enough. SLS 1.03 required 2MB of memory to run, or 4MB if you wanted to compile programs. If you wanted to run the X Window System, you needed a whopping 8MB of memory. And my PC had just enough memory to run X.
|
||||
|
||||
As I'd grown up with the command line, a graphical user interface wasn't essential to me. But it sure was convenient. I could run applications in different windows and easily switch between tasks.
|
||||
|
||||
From my first experiment with Linux, I was hooked. I've stuck with Linux on my desktop ever since. Like many people, I ran Linux in a dual-boot configuration for a while so I could jump back to MS-DOS and Windows to run certain programs. Until 1998, when I finally took the plunge and went all-in with Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Over the last 26 years, I have watched the Linux desktop mature. I've also tried an interesting combination of desktop environments over that time, which I'll share by taking a journey through the history of the Linux desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### X and window managers
|
||||
|
||||
The first "desktops" on Linux weren't yet desktops. Instead, they were _window managers_ running on the X Window System. X provided the basic building blocks for a graphical user interface, such as creating windows on the screen and providing keyboard and mouse input. By itself, X didn't do much. To make the X graphical environment useful, you needed a way to manage all the windows in your session. That's where the _window manager_ came in. Running an X program like xterm or xclock opens that program in a window. The window manager keeps track of windows and does basic housekeeping, such as letting you move windows around and minimize them. The rest is up to you. You could launch programs when X started by listing them in the **~/.xinitrc** file, but usually, you'd run new programs from an xterm.
|
||||
|
||||
The most common window manager in 1993 was TWM, which dates back to 1988. TWM was quite simple and provided only basic window management.
|
||||
|
||||
![TWM on SLS 1.05][2]
|
||||
|
||||
TWM on SLS 1.05 showing xterm, xclock, and the Emacs editor
|
||||
|
||||
Yet another early window manager was the OpenLook Virtual Window Manager (OLVWM). OpenLook was a graphical user interface developed by Sun Microsystems in the 1980s and later ported to other Unix platforms. As a _virtual_ window manager, OLVWM supported multiple workspaces.
|
||||
|
||||
![OLVWM on SLS 1.05][3]
|
||||
|
||||
OLVWM on SLS 1.05 showing xterm and the Virtual Workspaces selector
|
||||
|
||||
When Linux began to grow in popularity, it didn't take long for others to create new window managers with smoother performance and improved interfaces. The first of these new window managers was FVWM, a virtual window manager. FVWM sported a more modern look than TWM or OLVWM. But we didn't yet have a desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
![FVWM on SLS 1.05][4]
|
||||
|
||||
FVWM on SLS 1.05 showing xterm and a file manager
|
||||
|
||||
To modern eyes, TWM and FVWM may look pretty plain. But it's important to remember what other graphical environments looked like at the time. The then-current version of Windows looked rather simple. Windows versions 1 through 3 used a plain launcher called the Program Manager.
|
||||
|
||||
![Windows 3.11][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 3.11 showing the Program Manager and the Notepad editor
|
||||
|
||||
In August 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95 and changed the modern PC desktop landscape. Certainly, I was impressed. I thought Windows 3.x was ungainly and ugly, but Windows 95 was smooth and pretty. More importantly, Windows 95 was what we now consider a _desktop_. The new desktop metaphor was a huge step forward. You could put icons on the desktop—and in fact, Windows 95 presented two default desktop icons, for My Computer (to open a file manager) and the Recycle Bin (where you put files to be deleted later).
|
||||
|
||||
But more importantly, the Windows 95 desktop meant _integration_. The Program Manager was gone, replaced by a Taskbar at the bottom of the screen that let you launch new programs using a simpler Start menu. The Taskbar was multifunctional and also showed your running programs via a series of buttons and a dock showing the time, speaker volume, and other simple controls. You could right-click on any object on the new desktop, and Windows 95 would present you with a context-sensitive menu with actions you could perform.
|
||||
|
||||
![Windows 95][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 95 showing the Notepad editor
|
||||
|
||||
The Windows 95 interface was slick and much easier to use than previous versions of Windows—and even other Linux window managers. Not to be outdone, Linux developers created a new version of FVWM that mimicked the Windows 95 interface. Called FVWM95, the new window manager still wasn't a desktop, but it looked very nice. The new taskbar let you start new X programs using the Start menu. The taskbar also showed your running programs using buttons similar to Windows 95's.
|
||||
|
||||
![FVWM95 on Red Hat Linux 5.2][7]
|
||||
|
||||
FVWM95 on Red Hat Linux 5.2 showing xterm and a quick-access program launcher with icons for xterm, the file manager, and other programs
|
||||
|
||||
While FVWM95 and other window managers were improving, the core problem remained: Linux didn't really have a desktop. It had a collection of window managers, and that was about it. Linux applications that used a graphical user interface (GUI, pretty much meaning they were X applications) all looked different and worked differently. You couldn't copy and paste from one application to another, except the simple text-only copy/paste provided by the X Window System. What Linux really needed was a complete redo in its GUI to create the first desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### The first Linux desktop
|
||||
|
||||
In 1996, Matthias Ettrich was troubled by the inconsistency of Linux applications under X. He wanted to make the graphical environment easy to use. And more importantly, he wanted to make everything _integrated_—like an actual desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
Matthias started work on the K Desktop Environment. That's K for "Kool." But the name KDE was also meant to be a play on the Common Desktop Environment (CDE) that was the standard in the "Big Unix" world. Although by 1996, CDE was looking pretty dated. CDE was based on the Motif widget set, which is the same design that FVWM mimicked. Finalized in July 1998, KDE 1.0 was a definite improvement over plain window managers like FVWM95.
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE 1.0][8]
|
||||
|
||||
K Desktop Environment (KDE) version 1.0
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: Paul Brown / KDE
|
||||
|
||||
KDE was a big step forward for Linux. Finally, Linux had a true desktop with application integration and more modern desktop icons. KDE's design was not dissimilar from Windows 95. You had a kind-of taskbar along the bottom of the screen that provided the equivalent of Windows 95's Start menu as well as several application shortcuts. KDE also supported virtual desktops, which were cleverly labeled One, Two, Three, and Four. Running applications were represented via buttons in a separate taskbar at the top of the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
But not everyone was happy with KDE. To abstract the GUI from the system, KDE used Trolltech's Qt toolkit library. Unfortunately, Qt was not distributed under a free software license. Trolltech allowed Qt to be used at no charge in free software applications but charged a fee to use it in commercial or proprietary applications. And that dichotomy is not aligned with free software. This caused problems for Linux distributions: Should they include KDE? Or default to an older but free software graphical user interface like FVWM?
|
||||
|
||||
In response, Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena started work in 1997 on a new Linux desktop. The new project was dubbed GNOME, for GNU Network Object Model Environment. GNOME aimed to be completely free software and used a different toolkit, called GTK, from the GIMP image editor. GTK literally stood for GIMP Tool Kit. When GNOME 1.0 was finally released in 1999, Linux had another modern desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME 1.0][9]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME version 1.0
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: GNOME Documentation Project
|
||||
|
||||
While it was great to have two desktop environments for Linux, the "KDE versus GNOME" rivalry continued for some time. By 1999, Trolltech re-released the Qt library under a new public license, the Q Public License (QPL). But the new license carried its own baggage—the QPL only applied to Qt's use in open source software projects, not commercial projects. Thus the Free Software Foundation deemed the QPL [not compatible][10] with the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL). This licensing issue would remain until Trolltech re-re-released the Qt library under the GNU GPL version 2 in 2000.
|
||||
|
||||
### Development over time
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux desktop continued to mature. KDE and GNOME settled into a friendly competition that pushed both to add new features and to exchange ideas and concepts. By 2004, both GNOME and KDE had made significant strides, yet brought only incremental changes to the user interface.
|
||||
|
||||
KDE 2 and 3 continued to rely on a taskbar concept at the bottom of the screen but incorporated the buttons for running applications. One of KDE's most visible changes was the addition of the Konqueror browser, which first appeared in KDE 2.
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE 2.2.2 \(2001\) showing the Konqueror browser][11]
|
||||
|
||||
KDE 2.2.2 (2001) showing the Konqueror browser
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: Paul Brown / KDE
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE 3.2.2][12]
|
||||
|
||||
KDE 3.2.2 (2004) on Fedora Core 2 showing the Konqueror file manager (using a Fedora Core 2 theme)
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 2 also used a taskbar concept but split the bar into two: a taskbar at the top of the screen to launch applications and respond to desktop alerts, and a taskbar at the bottom of the page to show running applications. On my own, I referred to the two taskbars as "things you can do" (top) and "things are you doing" (bottom). In addition to the streamlined user interface, GNOME also added an updated file manager called Nautilus, developed by Eazel.
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME 2.6.0][13]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 2.6.0 (2004) on Fedora Core 2 showing the Nautilus file manager (using a Fedora Core 2 theme)
|
||||
|
||||
Over time, KDE and GNOME have taken different paths. Both provide a feature-rich, robust, and modern desktop environment—but with different user interface goals. In 2011, there was a major deviation between how GNOME and KDE approached the desktop interface. KDE 4.6 (January 2011) and KDE 4.7 (July 2011) provided a more traditional desktop metaphor while continuing to rely on the taskbar concept familiar to many users. Of course, KDE saw lots of changes under the hood, but the familiar look and feel remained.
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE 4.6][14]
|
||||
|
||||
KDE 4.6 showing the Gwenview image viewer
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: KDE
|
||||
|
||||
In 2011, GNOME completely changed gears with a new desktop concept. GNOME 3 aimed to create a simpler, more streamlined desktop experience, allowing users to focus on what they were working on. The taskbar disappeared, replaced by a black status bar at the top of the screen that included volume and network controls, displayed the time and battery status, and allowed users to launch new programs via a redesigned menu.
|
||||
|
||||
The menu was the most dramatic change. Clicking the Activities menu or moving the mouse into the Activities "hot corner" showed all open applications as separate windows. Users could also click an Applications tab from the Overview to start a new program. The Overview also provided an integrated search function.
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME 3.0][15]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.0 showing the GNOME Pictures application
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME 3.0][16]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.0 showing the Activities Overview
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
### Your choice of desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Having two desktops for Linux means users have great choice. Some prefer KDE and others like GNOME. That's fine. Pick the desktop that best suits you.
|
||||
|
||||
To be sure, both KDE and GNOME have fans and detractors. For example, GNOME received a fair bit of criticism for dropping the taskbar in favor of the Activities Overview. Perhaps the most well-known critic was Linus Torvalds, who [loudly denounced and abandoned][17] the new GNOME as an "unholy mess" in 2011—before [moving back][18] to GNOME two years later.
|
||||
|
||||
Others have made similar criticisms of GNOME 3, to the point that some developers forked the GNOME 2 source code to create the MATE desktop. MATE (which stands for MATE Advanced Traditional Environment) continues the traditional taskbar interface from GNOME 2.
|
||||
|
||||
Regardless, there's no doubt that the two most popular Linux desktops today are KDE and GNOME. Their current versions are both very mature and packed with features. Both KDE 5.16 (2019) and GNOME 3.32 (2019) try to simplify and streamline the Linux desktop experience—but in different ways. GNOME 3.32 continues to aim for a minimal appearance, removing all distracting user interface elements so users can focus on their applications and work. KDE 5.16 takes a more familiar approach with the taskbar but has added other visual improvements and flair, especially around improved widget handling and icons.
|
||||
|
||||
![KDE 5.16 Plasma][19]
|
||||
|
||||
KDE 5.16 Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: KDE
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME 3.32][20]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.32
|
||||
|
||||
Image credit: GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
At the same time, you don't completely lose out on compatibility. Every major Linux distribution provides compatibility libraries, so you can run applications from, say, KDE while running GNOME. This is immensely useful when an application you really want to use is written for the other desktop environment—not a problem; you can run KDE applications on GNOME and vice versa.
|
||||
|
||||
I don't see this changing anytime soon. And I think that's a good thing. Healthy competition between KDE and GNOME has allowed developers in both camps to push the envelope. Whether you use KDE or GNOME, you have a modern desktop with great integration. And above all, this means Linux has the best feature in free software: choice.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/how-linux-desktop-grown
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Hall][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hallhttps://opensource.com/users/jason-bakerhttps://opensource.com/users/jlacroixhttps://opensource.com/users/doni08521059https://opensource.com/users/etc-eterahttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravohttps://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/1980s-computer-yearbook.png?itok=eGOYEKK- (Person typing on a 1980's computer)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/twm-sls105.png (TWM on SLS 1.05)
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/olvwm-sls105.png (OLVWM on SLS 1.05)
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fvwm-sls105.png (FVWM on SLS 1.05)
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/win311.png (Windows 3.11)
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/win95.png (Windows 95)
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/fvwm95-rh52.png (FVWM95 on Red Hat Linux 5.2)
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kde1.png (KDE 1.0)
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome10.png (GNOME 1.0)
|
||||
[10]: https://www.linuxtoday.com/developer/2000090500121OPLFKE
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kde_2.2.2.png (KDE 2.2.2 (2001) showing the Konqueror browser)
|
||||
[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kde322-fc2.png (KDE 3.2.2)
|
||||
[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome26-fc2.png (GNOME 2.6.0)
|
||||
[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kde46.png (KDE 4.6)
|
||||
[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome30.png (GNOME 3.0)
|
||||
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome30-overview.png (GNOME 3.0)
|
||||
[17]: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/08/05/linus_slams_gnome_three/
|
||||
[18]: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTMxNjc
|
||||
[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kde516.png (KDE 5.16 Plasma)
|
||||
[20]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome332.png (GNOME 3.32)
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (What piece of advice had the greatest impact on your career?)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-devops-principle-changed-your-career)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Matthew Broberg https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/juliegundhttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)
|
||||
|
||||
What piece of advice had the greatest impact on your career?
|
||||
======
|
||||
See what practices, principles, and patterns have influenced DevOps
|
||||
leaders' careers, and share your own wisdom.
|
||||
![Question and answer.][1]
|
||||
|
||||
I love learning the what, why, and how of new open source projects, especially when they gain popularity in the [DevOps][2] space. Classification as a "DevOps technology" tends to mean scalable, collaborative systems that go across a broad range of challenges—from message bus to monitoring and back again. There is always something new to explore, install, spin up, and explore.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, you don't have DevOps without principles. Some of these concepts are intuitive truths we have known from the start but needed a movement to help us adopt them. Others are quite different and help us acknowledge and grow beyond our [cognitive biases][3].
|
||||
|
||||
While not strictly DevOps, one principle that changed everything for me is [kanban][4]. The simple idea of work being visible and optimized for flow was radical for a chronic multi-tasker like me. To this day, I keep work in progress visible, and it's been a huge relief to not worry about losing a task along the way. Not only that, I no longer celebrate work in progress: I celebrate completed tasks.
|
||||
|
||||
To find out what things have influenced my colleagues, I asked members of the [Open Source DevOps Team][5] to share their thoughts on this question:
|
||||
|
||||
> **What is one DevOps concept (practice, principle, pattern) that changed your career?**
|
||||
|
||||
Here's what they had to say.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Alex Bunardzic][6]
|
||||
|
||||
**Fail fast, fail early, fail as frequently as you possibly can.** Before I clued into this amazing concept, I was toiling miserably in vain under the traditional waterfall model. My career was a series of botched projects; all of them commencing with the "failure is not an option!" cheer. It is an extremely tiresome way that always results in working inefficiently and lurching from one frustration to the next.
|
||||
|
||||
Embracing the fast and furious flurries of failure was the best thing that happened to my career. Frustration got replaced by the feeling of soaring. That lead to the wholesale adoption/embracing of [TDD][7] [test-driven development] practices and to the realization that TDD is NOT about testing, it is about DRIVING!
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Catherine Louis][8]
|
||||
|
||||
**Culture hacking.** I had no idea there was a name for the method I had (subversively) used to change a culture, but then I saw [Seb Paquet's "Ignite Montreal" video][9] and rejoiced that there were others out there.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Clement Verna][10]
|
||||
|
||||
**Continuous improvement.** Until I was introduced to continuous improvement, I was not really looking at ways to improve in my job or in my career. Continuous improvement made me realize that it was up to me to challenge myself with learning new things and getting out of my comfort zone. That led me to start contributing to an open source project (Fedora) and then led me to work for Red Hat. So that definitely changed my career.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Jason Hibbets][11]
|
||||
|
||||
It started with _**The Lean Startup**_ at [my first Code for America Summit][12]. In 2012, I distinctly remember a career-changing moment. Eric Ries, author of _The Lean Startup_ and Code for America board member, was on stage with Tim O'Reilly. The topic they were talking about was hacking on code, and culture and failure as validating learning. My biggest takeaway was discovering _The Lean Startup_. I downloaded the book and read most of it on the plane ride home. It changed how I approach my work and how I lead my team.
|
||||
|
||||
The biggest change I made was to **incorporate feedback loops**. This was a critical difference in how I transformed my work style and my team. I shifted my team habits to making data-driven decisions and sharing information and insights to create those feedback loops. We hold weekly health-check meetings and constantly examine our processes and assumptions. In addition to that, we experiment with new ideas and evaluate how those experiments went. We'll conduct start, stop, and continue sessions to help us understand what to tackle next or what didn't work so we can move on.
|
||||
|
||||
#### [Willy-Peter Schaub][13]
|
||||
|
||||
During a two-month sabbatical in 2018, it dawned on me that the fear of failure had paralyzed my energy and passion for software engineering, a career I used to love. **Realizing that failure is not bad, but an enabler for innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning that fuels DevOps, was a key moment in my career.** Transparent collaboration, progressive exposure, hypothesis-driven development, test-driven development, and continuous delivery of value are some of the core practices that generate frequent opportunities to fail fast, inspect, and adapt the solution (and the career) we are working on.
|
||||
|
||||
### Your turn
|
||||
|
||||
There are so many ways DevOps can teach us without ever opening a terminal or user interface. So, I ask you the same question: **What DevOps concept made the most impact on your career?** Please share your thoughts in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-devops-principle-changed-your-career
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matthew Broberg][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/juliegundhttps://opensource.com/users/mbbroberghttps://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/OSDC_HowToFish_520x292.png?itok=DHbdxv6H (Question and answer.)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/devops
|
||||
[3]: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cognitive_Bias_Codex_-_180%2B_biases,_designed_by_John_Manoogian_III_(jm3).jpg
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/devops-team
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/users/alex-bunardzic
|
||||
[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/users/catherinelouis
|
||||
[9]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojQT6U-gRAM
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/users/cverna
|
||||
[11]: https://opensource.com/users/jhibbets
|
||||
[12]: https://medium.com/@jhibbets/where-civic-tech-gets-inspired-rejuvenated-c77ae75af24b
|
||||
[13]: https://opensource.com/users/wpschaub
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Translating by robsean
|
||||
4 Ways to Customize Xfce and Give it a Modern Look
|
||||
======
|
||||
**Brief: Xfce is a great lightweight desktop environment with one drawback. It looks sort of old. But you don’t have to stick with the default looks. Let’s see various ways you can customize Xfce to give it a modern and beautiful look.**
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (beamrolling)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (MjSeven)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/reinstall-ubuntu/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
If you have messed up your Ubuntu system and after trying numerous ways to fix it, you finally give up and take the easy way out: you reinstall Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
We have all been in a situation when reinstalling Linux seems a better idea than try to troubleshoot and fix the issue for good. Troubleshooting a Linux system teaches you a lot but you cannot always afford to spend more time fixing a broken system.
|
||||
|
||||
There is no Windows like recovery drive system in Ubuntu as far as I know. So, the question then arises: how to reinstall Ubuntu? Let me show you how can you reinstall Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
Warning!
|
||||
|
||||
Playing with disk partitions is always a risky task. I strongly recommend to make a backup of your data on an external disk.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to reinstall Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Here are the steps to follow for reinstalling Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Create a live USB
|
||||
|
||||
First, download Ubuntu from its website. You can download [whichever Ubuntu version][2] you want to use.
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Ubuntu][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have got the ISO image, it’s time to create a live USB from it. If your Ubuntu system is still accessible, you can create a live disk using the startup disk creator tool provided by Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
If you cannot access your Ubuntu system, you’ll have to use another system. You can refer to this article to learn [how to create live USB of Ubuntu in Windows][4].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Reinstall Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have got the live USB of Ubuntu, plugin the USB. Reboot your system. At boot time, press F2/10/F12 key to go into the BIOS settings and make sure that you have set Boot from Removable Devices/USB option at the top. Save and exit BIOS. This will allow you to boot into live USB.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are in the live USB, choose to install Ubuntu. You’ll get the usual option for choosing your language and keyboard layout. You’ll also get the option to download updates etc.
|
||||
|
||||
![Go ahead with regular installation option][5]
|
||||
|
||||
The important steps comes now. You should see an “Installation Type” screen. What you see on your screen here depends heavily on how Ubuntu sees the disk partitioning and installed operating systems on your system.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Suggested read How to Update Ubuntu Linux [Beginner's Tip]
|
||||
|
||||
Be very careful in reading the options and its details at this step. Pay attention to what each options says. The screen options may look different in different systems.
|
||||
|
||||
![Reinstall Ubuntu option in dual boot mode][7]
|
||||
|
||||
In my case, it finds that I have Ubuntu 18.04.2 and Windows installed on my system and it gives me a few options.
|
||||
|
||||
The first option here is to erase Ubuntu 18.04.2 and reinstall it. It tells me that it will delete my personal data but it says nothing about deleting all the operating systems (i.e. Windows).
|
||||
|
||||
If you are super lucky or in single boot mode, you may see an option where you can see a “Reinstall Ubuntu”. This option will keep your existing data and even tries to keep the installed software. If you see this option, you should go for it it.
|
||||
|
||||
Attention for Dual Boot System
|
||||
|
||||
If you are dual booting Ubuntu and Windows and during reinstall, your Ubuntu system doesn’t see Windows, you must go for Something else option and install Ubuntu from there. I have described the [process of reinstalling Linux in dual boot in this tutorial][8].
|
||||
|
||||
For me, there was no reinstall and keep the data option so I went for “Erase Ubuntu and reinstall”option. This will install Ubuntu afresh even if it is in dual boot mode with Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
The reinstalling part is why I recommend using separate partitions for root and home. With that, you can keep your data in home partition safe even if you reinstall Linux. I have already demonstrated it in this video:
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have chosen the reinstall Ubuntu option, the rest of the process is just clicking next. Select your location and when asked, create your user account.
|
||||
|
||||
![Just go on with the installation options][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Once the procedure finishes, you’ll have your Ubuntu reinstalled afresh.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, I have assumed that you know things because you already has Ubuntu installed before. If you need clarification at any step, please feel free to ask in the comment section.
|
||||
|
||||
[][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Suggested read How To Fix No Wireless Network In Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/reinstall-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Reinstall-Ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/
|
||||
[3]: https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/create-live-usb-of-ubuntu-in-windows/
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/reinstall-ubuntu-1.jpg?resize=800%2C473&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/update-ubuntu/
|
||||
[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/reinstall-ubuntu-dual-boot.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/replace-linux-from-dual-boot/
|
||||
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/reinstall-ubuntu-3.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/fix-no-wireless-network-ubuntu/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
286
sources/tech/20190822 How to move a file in Linux.md
Normal file
286
sources/tech/20190822 How to move a file in Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to move a file in Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/moving-files-linux-depth)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/doni08521059)
|
||||
|
||||
How to move a file in Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
Whether you're new to moving files in Linux or experienced, you'll learn
|
||||
something in this in-depth writeup.
|
||||
![Files in a folder][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Moving files in Linux can seem relatively straightforward, but there are more options available than most realize. This article teaches beginners how to move files in the GUI and on the command line, but also explains what’s actually happening under the hood, and addresses command line options that many experience users have rarely explored.
|
||||
|
||||
### Moving what?
|
||||
|
||||
Before delving into moving files, it’s worth taking a closer look at what actually happens when _moving_ file system objects. When a file is created, it is assigned to an _inode_, which is a fixed point in a file system that’s used for data storage. You can what inode maps to a file with the [ls][2] command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls --inode example.txt
|
||||
7344977 example.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
When you move a file, you don’t actually move the data from one inode to another, you only assign the file object a new name or file path. In fact, a file retains its permissions when it’s moved, because moving a file doesn’t change or re-create it.
|
||||
|
||||
File and directory inodes never imply inheritance and are dictated by the filesystem itself. Inode assignment is sequential based on when the file was created and is entirely independent of how you organize your computer. A file "inside" a directory may have a lower inode number than its parent directory, or a higher one. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mkdir foo
|
||||
$ mv example.txt foo
|
||||
$ ls --inode
|
||||
7476865 foo
|
||||
$ ls --inode foo
|
||||
7344977 example.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
When moving a file from one hard drive to another, however, the inode is very likely to change. This happens because the new data has to be written onto a new filesystem. For this reason, in Linux the act of moving and renaming files is literally the same action. Whether you move a file to another directory or to the same directory with a new name, both actions are performed by the same underlying program.
|
||||
|
||||
This article focuses on moving files from one directory to another.
|
||||
|
||||
### Moving with a mouse
|
||||
|
||||
The GUI is a friendly and, to most people, familiar layer of abstraction on top of a complex collection of binary data. It’s also the first and most intuitive way to move files on Linux. If you’re used to the desktop experience, in a generic sense, then you probably already know how to move files around your hard drive. In the GNOME desktop, for instance, the default action when dragging and dropping a file from one window to another is to move the file rather than to copy it, so it’s probably one of the most intuitive actions on the desktop:
|
||||
|
||||
![Moving a file in GNOME.][3]
|
||||
|
||||
The Dolphin file manager in the KDE Plasma desktop defaults to prompting the user for an action. Holding the **Shift** key while dragging a file forces a move action:
|
||||
|
||||
![Moving a file in KDE.][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Moving on the command line
|
||||
|
||||
The shell command intended for moving files on Linux, BSD, Illumos, Solaris, and MacOS is **mv**. A simple command with a predictable syntax, **mv <source> <destination>** moves a source file to the specified destination, each defined by either an [absolute][5] or [relative][6] file path. As mentioned before, **mv** is such a common command for [POSIX][7] users that many of its additional modifiers are generally unknown, so this article brings a few useful modifiers to your attention whether you are new or experienced.
|
||||
|
||||
Not all **mv** commands were written by the same people, though, so you may have GNU **mv**, BSD **mv**, or Sun **mv**, depending on your operating system. Command options differ from implementation to implementation (BSD **mv** has no long options at all) so refer to your **mv** man page to see what’s supported, or install your preferred version instead (that’s the luxury of open source).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Moving a file
|
||||
|
||||
To move a file from one folder to another with **mv**, remember the syntax **mv <source> <destination>**. For instance, to move the file **example.txt** into your **Documents** directory:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ touch example.txt
|
||||
$ mv example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
example.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Just like when you move a file by dragging and dropping it onto a folder icon, this command doesn’t replace **Documents** with **example.txt**. Instead, **mv** detects that **Documents** is a folder, and places the **example.txt** file into it.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also, conveniently, rename the file as you move it:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ touch example.txt
|
||||
$ mv example.txt ~/Documents/foo.txt
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
foo.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
That’s important because it enables you to rename a file even when you don’t want to move it to another location, like so:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ touch example.txt $ mv example.txt foo2.txt $ ls foo2.txt`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Moving a directory
|
||||
|
||||
The **mv** command doesn’t differentiate a file from a directory the way [**cp**][8] does. You can move a directory or a file with the same syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ touch file.txt
|
||||
$ mkdir foo_directory
|
||||
$ mv file.txt foo_directory
|
||||
$ mv foo_directory ~/Documents
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Moving a file safely
|
||||
|
||||
If you copy a file to a directory where a file of the same name already exists, the **mv** command replaces the destination file with the one you are moving, by default. This behavior is called _clobbering_, and sometimes it’s exactly what you intend. Other times, it is not.
|
||||
|
||||
Some distributions _alias_ (or you might [write your own][9]) **mv** to **mv --interactive**, which prompts you for confirmation. Some do not. Either way, you can use the **\--interactive** or **-i** option to ensure that **mv** asks for confirmation in the event that two files of the same name are in conflict:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv --interactive example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
mv: overwrite '~/Documents/example.txt'?
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you do not want to manually intervene, use **\--no-clobber** or **-n** instead. This flag silently rejects the move action in the event of conflict. In this example, a file named **example.txt** already exists in **~/Documents**, so it doesn't get moved from the current directory as instructed:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv --no-clobber example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
example.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Moving with backups
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re using GNU **mv**, there are backup options offering another means of safe moving. To create a backup of any conflicting destination file, use the **-b** option:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv -b example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
example.txt example.txt~
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This flag ensures that **mv** completes the move action, but also protects any pre-existing file in the destination location.
|
||||
|
||||
Another GNU backup option is **\--backup**, which takes an argument defining how the backup file is named:
|
||||
|
||||
* **existing**: If numbered backups already exist in the destination, then a numbered backup is created. Otherwise, the **simple** scheme is used.
|
||||
* **none**: Does not create a backup even if **\--backup** is set. This option is useful to override a **mv** alias that sets the backup option.
|
||||
* **numbered**: Appends the destination file with a number.
|
||||
* **simple**: Appends the destination file with a **~**, which can conveniently be hidden from your daily view with the **\--ignore-backups** option for **[ls][2]**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv --backup=numbered example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:23 example.txt
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:20 example.txt.~1~
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
A default backup scheme can be set with the environment variable VERSION_CONTROL. You can set environment variables in your **~/.bashrc** file or dynamically before your command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ VERSION_CONTROL=numbered mv --backup example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:23 example.txt
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:20 example.txt.~1~
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:22 example.txt.~2~
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The **\--backup** option still respects the **\--interactive** or **-i** option, so it still prompts you to overwrite the destination file, even though it creates a backup before doing so:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv --backup=numbered example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
mv: overwrite '~/Documents/example.txt'? y
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:24 example.txt
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:20 example.txt.~1~
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:22 example.txt.~2~
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:23 example.txt.~3~
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can override **-i** with the **\--force** or **-f** option.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv --backup=numbered --force example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:26 example.txt
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:20 example.txt.~1~
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:22 example.txt.~2~
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:24 example.txt.~3~
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:25 example.txt.~4~
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The **\--backup** option is not available in BSD **mv**.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Moving many files at once
|
||||
|
||||
When moving multiple files, **mv** treats the final directory named as the destination:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv foo bar baz ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
foo bar baz
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If the final item is not a directory, **mv** returns an error:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv foo bar baz
|
||||
mv: target 'baz' is not a directory
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax of GNU **mv** is fairly flexible. If you are unable to provide the **mv** command with the destination as the final argument, use the **\--target-directory** or **-t** option:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ mv --target-directory=~/Documents foo bar baz
|
||||
$ ls ~/Documents
|
||||
foo bar baz
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This is especially useful when constructing **mv** commands from the output of some other command, such as the **find** command, **xargs**, or [GNU Parallel][10].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Moving based on mtime
|
||||
|
||||
With GNU **mv**, you can define a move action based on whether the file being moved is newer than the destination file it would replace. This option is possible with the **\--update** or **-u** option, and is not available in BSD **mv**:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls -l ~/Documents
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:32 example.txt
|
||||
$ ls -l
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:42 example.txt
|
||||
$ mv --update example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ ls -l ~/Documents
|
||||
-rw-rw-r--. 1 seth users 128 Aug 1 17:42 example.txt
|
||||
$ ls -l
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This result is exclusively based on the files’ modification time, not on a diff of the two files, so use it with care. It’s easy to fool **mv** with a mere **touch** command:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cat example.txt
|
||||
one
|
||||
$ cat ~/Documents/example.txt
|
||||
one
|
||||
two
|
||||
$ touch example.txt
|
||||
$ mv --update example.txt ~/Documents
|
||||
$ cat ~/Documents/example.txt
|
||||
one
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Obviously, this isn’t the most intelligent update function available, but it offers basic protection against overwriting recent data.
|
||||
|
||||
### Moving
|
||||
|
||||
There are more ways to move data than just the **mv** command, but as the default program for the job, **mv** is a good universal option. Now that you know what options you have available, you can use **mv** smarter than ever before.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/moving-files-linux-depth
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/sethhttps://opensource.com/users/doni08521059
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/files_documents_paper_folder.png?itok=eIJWac15 (Files in a folder)
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/master-ls-command
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-mv.jpg (Moving a file in GNOME.)
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kde-mv.jpg (Moving a file in KDE.)
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/understanding-file-paths-and-how-use-them
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/navigating-filesystem-relative-paths
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains
|
||||
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/copying-files-linux
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/bash-aliases
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/gnu-parallel
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Delete Lines from a File Using the sed Command)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-lines-in-file-sed-command/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
How to Delete Lines from a File Using the sed Command
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Sed command stands for Stream Editor, is used to perform basic text transformations in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
sed is one of the important command, which plays major role for file manipulation. It can be used to delete or remove specific lines which matches a given pattern.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, it’s used to remove a particular line in a file.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s capable to delete expressions as well from a file, which can be identified by a specifying delimiter (such as a comma, tab, or space).
|
||||
|
||||
There are fifteen examples are listed in this article, which helps you to become a master in sed command.
|
||||
|
||||
If you understand and remember all these commands that can be useful in many ways. Also, it saves lot of time when you have some requirements to perform sed command.
|
||||
|
||||
**`Note:`**` ` Since it’s demonstration purpose so, i use sed command without `-i` option which prints the contents of the file on Linux terminal by removing the lines.
|
||||
|
||||
But, if you would like to remove the lines from the source file in real environment then use `-i` option with sed command.
|
||||
|
||||
To test this, i have created the sed-demo.txt file and added the following contents with line number for better understanding.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cat sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
1 Linux Operating System
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 1) How to Delete First Line from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
If you would like to delete first line from a file, use the following syntax.
|
||||
|
||||
**`N`**` ` denotes Nth line in a file and d option in sed command is used to delete a line.
|
||||
|
||||
**Syntax:**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sed 'Nd' file
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes the first line in sed-demo.txt file.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '1d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2) How to Delete Last Line from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
If you would like to delete first line from a file, use the following syntax.
|
||||
|
||||
The **`$`**` ` denotes the last line of a file.
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes the last line in sed-demo.txt file.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '$d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
1 Linux Operating System
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3) How to Delete Particular Line from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes the third line in sed-demo.txt file.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '3d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
1 Linux Operating System
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4) How to Delete Range of Lines from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes the lines ranging from 5 to 7.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '5,7d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
1 Linux Operating System
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5) How to Delete Multiple Lines from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The sed command is capable to removes set of given lines.
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, the following sed command removes 1st line, 5th line, 9th line, and last line.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '1d;5d;9d;$d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5a) How to Delete Lines Other Than the Specified Range from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following sed command to remove all the lines from the file only except specified range.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '3,6!d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 6) How to Delete Empty or Blank Lines from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes the empty or blank lines from sed-demo.txt file.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/^$/d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
1 Linux Operating System
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 7) How to Delete Lines That Contain a Pattern from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes the lines in sed-demo.txt file which match the **`System`**` ` pattern.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/System/d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 8) How to Delete Lines That Containing One of Multiple Strings from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes the lines in sed-demo.txt file which match the **`System`**` ` or **`Linux`**` ` pattern.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/System\|Linux/d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 9) How to Delete Lines That Begin with Specified Character from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes all the lines that start with given character.
|
||||
|
||||
To test this, i have created another file called sed-demo-1.txt with following contents.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# cat sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Operating System
|
||||
Unix Operating System
|
||||
RHEL
|
||||
Red Hat
|
||||
Fedora
|
||||
debian
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
Arch Linux - 1
|
||||
2 - Manjaro
|
||||
3 4 5 6
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes all the lines that start with character **`R`**` `.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/^R/d' sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Operating System
|
||||
Unix Operating System
|
||||
Fedora
|
||||
debian
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
Arch Linux - 1
|
||||
2 - Manjaro
|
||||
3 4 5 6
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes all the lines that start with character either **`R`**` ` or **`F`**` `.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/^[RF]/d' sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Operating System
|
||||
Unix Operating System
|
||||
debian
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
Arch Linux - 1
|
||||
2 - Manjaro
|
||||
3 4 5 6
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 10) How to Delete Lines That End with Specified Character from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes all the lines that end with character **`m`**` `.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/m$/d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The following sed command removes all the lines that end with character either **`x`**` ` or **`m`**` `.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/[xm]$/d' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 11) How to Delete All Lines That Start with Capital Letters
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following sed command to remove all the lines that start with entirely in capital letters.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/^[A-Z]/d' sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
debian
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
2 - Manjaro
|
||||
3 4 5 6
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 12) How to Delete a Matching Pattern Lines with Specified Range in a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes the pattern **`Linux`**` ` only if it is present in the lines from 1 to 6.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '1,6{/Linux/d;}' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
2 Unix Operating System
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 13) How to Delete Pattern Matching Line and also the Next Line?
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following sed command to delete the line which containing the pattern ‘System’ and also the next line.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/System/{N;d;}' sed-demo.txt
|
||||
|
||||
3 RHEL
|
||||
4 Red Hat
|
||||
5 Fedora
|
||||
6 Arch Linux
|
||||
7 CentOS
|
||||
8 Debian
|
||||
9 Ubuntu
|
||||
10 openSUSE
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 14) How Delete lines that contains Digits from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes all the lines that contains digits.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/[0-9]/d' sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Operating System
|
||||
Unix Operating System
|
||||
RHEL
|
||||
Red Hat
|
||||
Fedora
|
||||
debian
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes all the lines Begin with digits.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/^[0-9]/d' sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Operating System
|
||||
Unix Operating System
|
||||
RHEL
|
||||
Red Hat
|
||||
Fedora
|
||||
debian
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
Arch Linux - 1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes all the lines End with digits.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/[0-9]$/d' sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Operating System
|
||||
Unix Operating System
|
||||
RHEL
|
||||
Red Hat
|
||||
Fedora
|
||||
debian
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
2 - Manjaro
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 15) How Delete lines that contains Alphabetic Characters from a File?
|
||||
|
||||
The below sed command removes all the lines that contains alphabetic characters.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# sed '/[A-Za-z]/d' sed-demo-1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
3 4 5 6
|
||||
```
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-remove-delete-lines-in-file-sed-command/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (cycoe)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (A brief history of text-based games and open source)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Jason Mclntosh https://opensource.com/users/jmac)
|
||||
|
||||
关于文字游戏与开源的简史
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[互动小说技术基金会（IFTF: Interactive Fiction Technology Foundation）][1] 是一个非营利组织，致力于保护那些用来生成我们称之为互动小说的数字艺术形式的技术。当 Opensource.com 的一位社区版主提出一篇关于 IFTF、它支持的技术与服务，以及它如何与开源相交织的文章时，我发现这对于我经常讲的几十的故事来说，是个新颖的视角。互动小说的历史比自由及开源软件（FOSS: Free and Open Source Software）运动的历史要长，但同时也与之密切相关。希望你们能喜欢我在这里的分享。
|
||||
|
||||
### 定义和历史
|
||||
|
||||
对于我来说，交互式小说这个术语包括了读者主要通过文本与之交互的任何视频游戏或数字化艺术作品。这个术语起源于 20 世纪 80 年代，当时由语法解析器驱动的文本冒险游戏在美国主要体现在，[魔域][2]、[银河系漫游指南][3]，以及 [Infocom][4] 正规定义的家用电脑娱乐。在 20 世纪 90 年代，它的主流商业价值被挖掘出来，但在线爱好者社区还是依照传统，发布游戏和游戏创建工具。
|
||||
|
||||
在四分之一个世纪之后的今天，互动小说包括了品种繁多并且妙趣橫生的作品，如从充满谜题的文字冒险游戏到衍生改良的超文本类型。定期的在线竞赛和节日为品鉴试玩新作品提供了个好地方---英语互动小说世界每年都会举办一次活动，包括 [Spring Thing][5] 和 [IFComp][6]。后者是自 1995 年以来现代互动小说的核心活动，这也使它成为在同类型中持续举办时间最长的游戏展示活动。[IFComp 从 2017 年开始的评选和排名记录][7] 展示了如今基于文本的游戏在形式、风格和主题方面的惊人多样性。
|
||||
|
||||
(作者注：以上我特指英语，因为可能出于写作方面的技术原因，互动小说社区倾向于按语言进行区分。当然也有 [法语][8] 或 [意大利语][9] 的互动小说年度活动，比如我就听说过至少一届中文互动小说节。幸运的是，这些边界易于打破。在我管理 IFComp 的四年中，我们很欢迎来自国际社区的英语翻译作品。)
|
||||
|
||||
![”假冒的猴子“游戏截图][11]
|
||||
|
||||
在解释器 Lectrote 上启动 Emily Short 的”假冒的猴子“新游戏（二者皆为开源软件）。
|
||||
|
||||
此外由于互动小说专注于文本，它为玩家和作者都提供了最方便的平台。几乎所有能阅读数字化文本的人（包括能通过文字转语音软件等辅助技术阅读的用户）都能玩大部分的互动小说作品。互动小说创作对所有愿意学习和使用其工具和技术的作家开放。
|
||||
|
||||
这使我们了解了互动小说与开源的长期关系，以及从它的全盛时期以来，对于艺术形式可用性的积极影响。接下来我将提供现代开源互动小说创建工具的概览，并讨论关于共享源代码这个古老且有点稀奇的互动小说作品传统。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开源互动小说工具的世界
|
||||
|
||||
一些开发平台（其中大部分是开源的）可用于创建传统的语法解析器驱动互动小说，其中用户可通过输入命令（如 `向北走`、`拾取提灯`、`收养小猫` 或 `向 Zoe 询问量子机械学`）来与游戏世界交互。20 世纪 90 年代初期出现了几个黑客（此处指拥有友好的语法解析器）游戏开发工具箱，其中目前还在使用的有 [TADS][12]、[Alan][13] 和 [Quest][14]，它们都是开源的，并且后两者兼容 FOSS 许可证。
|
||||
|
||||
其中最出名的是 [Inform][15]，1993 年 Graham Nelson 发布了第一个版本，目前由 Nelson 领导的一个团队进行维护。Inform 的源代码是半开源的：Inform 6 是前一个主要版本，[它通过 Artistic 许可证开放源码][16]。这其中蕴涵比我们所看到的更直接的相关性，因为其它专有的 Inform 7 将 Inform 6 作为其核心，在让它将作品编译为机器码之前，将其 [杰出的自然语言语法][17] 翻译为其前身那种更类似 C 的代码。
|
||||
|
||||
![inform 7 集成式开发环境截图][19]
|
||||
|
||||
包含文档以及一个示例项目的 Inform 7 集成式开发环境
|
||||
|
||||
Inform 游戏运行在虚拟机上，这是 Inform 时代的遗留产物。当时的发行者为了让同一个游戏运行在 Apple II、Commodore 4、Atari 800 以及其它种类的“[家用计算机][20]”上，将虚拟机作为解决方案。这些原本流行的操作系统中只有少数至今仍存在，但 Inform 的虚拟机使得 Inform 创建的作品能够通过 Inform 解释器运行在任何的计算机上。这些虚拟机包括相对现代的 [Glulx][21]，或者通过对 Inform 过去的虚拟机进行逆向工程克隆得到的可爱的古董 [Z-machine][22]。现在，流行的跨平台解释器包括如 [lectrote][23] 和 [Gargoyle][24] 等桌面程序，以及如 [Quixe][25] 和 [Parchment][26] 等基于浏览器的程序。以上所有均为开源软件。
|
||||
|
||||
如其它的流行开源项目一样，如果 Inform 的发展进程随着它的成熟而逐渐变缓，它为我们留下的最重要的财富就是其活跃透明的生态环境。对于 Inform 来说，（这些财富）包括前面提到的解释器、[语言扩展集合][27]（通常混合使用 Inform 6 和 Inform 7 写成），当然也包括所有用它们写成并分享于世界的作品，有的时候也包括那些源代码。（在这篇文章的后半部分我会回到这个话题）
|
||||
|
||||
互动小说创建工具在 21 世纪被发明，力求在传统的语法解析器之外探索一种新的玩家交互方式，即创建任何现代 Web 浏览器都能加载的超文本驱动作品。其中的领头羊是 [Twine][28]，原本由 Klimas 在 2009 年开发，目前作为 [GNU 许可证开源项目][29] 由许多贡献者进行活跃开发。（事实上，[Twine][30] 的开源软件血统可追溯到 [TiddlyWiki][31]，一个由 Klimas 最初继承的项目）
|
||||
|
||||
对于互动小说开发来说，Twine 代表一系列最开放及最可用的方法。由于它的 FOSS 天性，它通过完备的网页来展示渲染输出，不依赖于需要进一步特殊编译的机器码，而是使用开放并且成熟的 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript 标准。作为一个创建工具，Twine 能够根据创建者的技能等级，暴露与之相匹配的复杂度。拥有很少或没有编程知识的用户能够创建简单但是可玩的互动小说作品，但那些拥有更多编码和设计技能（包括通过开发 Twine 游戏获得的技能提升）的用户能够创建更复杂的项目。近几年 Twine 在教育领域的可见度和流行度有不小的提升，对此你不要感到太惊讶哦。
|
||||
|
||||
另一些值得注意的开源互动小说开发项目包括由 Ian Millington 开发的以 MIT 许可证发布的 [Undum][32]，以及由 Dan Fabulich 和 [Choice of Games][34] 团队开发的 [ChoiceScript][33]，两者也专注于将 Web 浏览器作为游戏平台。除了以上严格的开发系统以外，基于 Web 的互动小说也呈现给我们以开源作品的丰富、变幻的生态。比如 Furkle 的 [Twine 扩展工具集][35]，以及 Liza Daly 为自己的互动小说游戏创建的名为 [Windrift][36] 的 JavaScript 框架。
|
||||
|
||||
### 程序、游戏，以及游戏程序
|
||||
|
||||
Twine 受益于 [一个致力于提供支持的长期 IFTF 计划][37]，它允许公众为其维护和发展提供资助。IFTF 还直接支持两个长期公共服务，IFComp 和互动小说归档，这两个服务都依赖并回馈开放软件和技术。
|
||||
|
||||
![Harmonia 开场截图][39]
|
||||
|
||||
由 Liza Daly 开发的“Harmonia”的开场画面，该游戏使用 Windrift 开源互动小说创建框架创建。
|
||||
|
||||
自 2014 年以来，用于运行 IFComp 网站的基于 Perl 和 JavaScript 的应用程序一直是 [一个共享源代码项目][40]，它反映了 [互动小说特有子组件使用的 FOSS 许可证是个大杂烩][41]，其中包括那些允许解析器驱动的竞争条目在 Web 浏览器中运行的各式各样的代码库。在 1992 年上线并 [在 2017 年成为一个 IFTF 项目][43] 的 [互动小说归档][42]，是一套完全基于古老且稳定的互联网标准的镜像仓库，只使用了 [一点开源 Pyhon 脚本][44] 用来处理索引。
|
||||
|
||||
### 最后，也是最有趣的部分，让我们聊聊开源文字游戏
|
||||
|
||||
归档的主体 [由游戏组成][45]，当然，是那些历经岁月的游戏。它们反映了数十年来不断发展的游戏设计趋势和互动小说工具发展。
|
||||
|
||||
许多互动小说作品都共享其源代码，社区对于找到它们的快速入门解决方案很简单---[在 IFDB 中搜索标签“source available”][46]。IFDB 是另一个长期运行的互动小说社区服务，由 TADS 的创立者 Mike Roberts 私人运营。对更加简单的界面感到舒适的用户，也可能希望浏览互动小说归档的 [`games/source` 目录][47]，该目录按开发平台和编写语言对内容运行分组（也有很多作品，由于太繁杂或太古老而无法分类，只能浮于列表的开头）。
|
||||
|
||||
对这些代码共享游戏随机抽取的几个样本，揭示了一个有趣的窘境：与更广阔的开源软件世界不同，互动小说社区缺少一种普遍认同的方式来授权它生成的所有代码。与软件工具（包括我们用来创建互动小说的所有工具）不同的是，从字面意思上讲，交互式小说游戏是一件艺术作品。这意味着，将面向软件的开源许可证用于交互式小说游戏，并没有比用于其它像散文或诗歌作品更适合。但同样，互动小说游戏也是一个软件，它展示了创建者希望合法地与世界分享的源代码模式和技术。一个拥有开源意识的互动小说创建者会怎么做呢？
|
||||
|
||||
有些游戏通过将其代码传递到公共领域来解决这一问题，或者通过明确的许可证，亦或者如 [42 年前由 Crowther 和 Woods 开发的”冒险之旅“][48] 一样通过社区发布。一些人试图将其中的不同部分分开，应用他们自己的许可证，允许免费复用游戏公开的业务逻辑，但禁止针对其散文内容的再创作。这是我在开源自己的游戏 [莺巢][49] 时采取的策略。天知道这是否能在法律上站得住脚，但我当时没有更好的主意。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，你会发现一些作品对所有部分使用单一的许可证，而不介意反对者。一个突出的例子就是 [Emily Short 的史诗作品”假冒的猴子“][50]，其全部采用 Creative Commons 4.0 许可证发布。[CC 对其应用于代码感到不满][51]，但你可以认为 [Inform 7 源码这种不寻常的散文风格特性][52] 至少比传统的软件项目更适合 CC 许可证。
|
||||
|
||||
### 接下来要做什么呢，冒险者？
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望开始探索互动小说的世界，这里有几个链接可供你参考：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
+ 如上所述，IFDB 和互动小说归档都提供了可浏览的界面，用于浏览超过 40 年价值的互动小说作品。其中大部分可以在 Web 浏览器中播放，但有些需要额外的解释器程序。IFDB 能帮助你找到并安装它们。
|
||||
|
||||
IFComp 的年度结果页面展现了另一个视图，帮助你了解最佳的免费和归档可用作品。
|
||||
|
||||
+ 互动小说技术基金会是一个非营利的慈善组织，主要帮助并支持 Twine、IFComp 和互动小说归档的发展，以及提升互动小说的无障碍功能、探索互动小说在教育领域中的应用等等。加入其邮件列表，可以接收 IFTF 的每月资讯，浏览其博客，亦或浏览一些主题商品。
|
||||
|
||||
+ 在今年的早些时候，John Paul Wohlscheid 写了这篇关于开源互动小说工具的文章。它涵盖了一些这里没有提及的平台，所以如果你还想了解更多，请看一看这篇文章。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/interactive-fiction-tools
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jason Mclntosh][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[cycoe](https://github.com/cycoe)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jmac
|
||||
[1]:http://iftechfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zork
|
||||
[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(video_game)
|
||||
[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocom
|
||||
[5]:http://www.springthing.net/
|
||||
[6]:http://ifcomp.org/
|
||||
[7]:https://ifcomp.org/comp/2017
|
||||
[8]:http://www.fiction-interactive.fr/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.oldgamesitalia.net/content/marmellata-davventura-2018
|
||||
[10]:/file/403396
|
||||
[11]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/monkey.png (counterfeit monkey game screenshot)
|
||||
[12]:http://tads.org/
|
||||
[13]:https://www.alanif.se/
|
||||
[14]:http://textadventures.co.uk/quest/
|
||||
[15]:http://inform7.com/
|
||||
[16]:https://github.com/DavidKinder/Inform6
|
||||
[17]:http://inform7.com/learn/man/RB_4_1.html#e307
|
||||
[18]:/file/403386
|
||||
[19]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/inform.png (inform 7 IDE screenshot)
|
||||
[20]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bu55q_3YtOY
|
||||
[21]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Glulx
|
||||
[22]:http://ifwiki.org/index.php/Z-machine
|
||||
[23]:https://github.com/erkyrath/lectrote
|
||||
[24]:https://github.com/garglk/garglk/
|
||||
[25]:http://eblong.com/zarf/glulx/quixe/
|
||||
[26]:https://github.com/curiousdannii/parchment
|
||||
[27]:https://github.com/i7/extensions
|
||||
[28]:http://twinery.org/
|
||||
[29]:https://github.com/klembot/twinejs
|
||||
[30]:/article/18/7/twine-vs-renpy-interactive-fiction
|
||||
[31]:https://tiddlywiki.com/
|
||||
[32]:https://github.com/idmillington/undum
|
||||
[33]:https://github.com/dfabulich/choicescript
|
||||
[34]:https://www.choiceofgames.com/
|
||||
[35]:https://github.com/furkle
|
||||
[36]:https://github.com/lizadaly/windrift
|
||||
[37]:http://iftechfoundation.org/committees/twine/
|
||||
[38]:/file/403391
|
||||
[39]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/harmonia.png (Harmonia opening screen shot)
|
||||
[40]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp
|
||||
[41]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifcomp/blob/master/LICENSE.md
|
||||
[42]:https://www.ifarchive.org/
|
||||
[43]:http://blog.iftechfoundation.org/2017-06-30-iftf-is-adopting-the-if-archive.html
|
||||
[44]:https://github.com/iftechfoundation/ifarchive-ifmap-py
|
||||
[45]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgames
|
||||
[46]:http://ifdb.tads.org/search?sortby=ratu&searchfor=%22source+available%22
|
||||
[47]:https://www.ifarchive.org/indexes/if-archiveXgamesXsource.html
|
||||
[48]:http://ifdb.tads.org/viewgame?id=fft6pu91j85y4acv
|
||||
[49]:https://github.com/jmacdotorg/warblers-nest/
|
||||
[50]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey
|
||||
[51]:https://creativecommons.org/faq/#can-i-apply-a-creative-commons-license-to-software
|
||||
[52]:https://github.com/i7/counterfeit-monkey/blob/master/Counterfeit%20Monkey.materials/Extensions/Counterfeit%20Monkey/Liquids.i7x
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Reinstall Ubuntu in Dual Boot or Single Boot Mode)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/reinstall-ubuntu/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
如何在双启动或单启动模式下重新安装 Ubuntu
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
如果你弄坏了你的 Ubuntu 系统，并尝试了很多方法来修复，你最终放弃并采取简单的方法：重新安装 Ubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
我们一直遇到这样一种情况，重新安装 Linux 似乎比找出问题并解决来得更好。排查 Linux 故障能教你很多，但你不会总是花费更多时间来修复损坏的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
据我所知，Ubuntu 中没有像 Windows 那样的系统恢复分区。那么，问题出现了：如何重新安装 Ubuntu？让我告诉你如何重新安装 Ubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
警告！
|
||||
|
||||
磁盘分区始终是一项危险的任务。我强烈建议你在外部磁盘上备份数据。
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何重新安装 Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
以下是重新安装 Ubuntu 的步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 步骤 1：创建一个 live USB
|
||||
|
||||
首先，在网站上下载 Ubuntu。你可以下载[任何需要的 Ubuntu 版本][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Ubuntu][3]
|
||||
|
||||
获得 ISO 镜像后，就可以创建 live USB 了。如果 Ubuntu 系统仍然可以使用，那么可以使用 Ubuntu 提供的启动盘创建工具创建它。
|
||||
|
||||
如果无法使用你的 Ubuntu，那么你可以使用其他系统。你可以参考这篇文章来学习[如何在 Windows 中创建 Ubuntu的 live USB][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 步骤 2：重新安装 Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
有了 Ubuntu 的 live USB 之后插入 USB。重新启动系统。在启动时，按下 F2/10/F12 键进入 BIOS 设置，并确保已在顶部设置 “Boot from Removable Devices/USB”。保存并退出 BIOS。这将启动进入 live USB。
|
||||
|
||||
进入 live USB 后，选择安装 Ubuntu。你将看到选择语言和键盘布局这些常用选项。你还可以选择下载更新等。
|
||||
|
||||
![Go ahead with regular installation option][5]
|
||||
|
||||
现在是重要的步骤。你应该看到一个“安装类型”页面。你在屏幕上看到的内容在很大程度上取决于 Ubuntu 如何处理系统上的磁盘分区和安装的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
在此步骤中仔细阅读选项及它的细节。注意每个选项的说明。屏幕上的选项可能在不同的系统中看上去不同。
|
||||
|
||||
![Reinstall Ubuntu option in dual boot mode][7]
|
||||
|
||||
在这里，它发现我的系统上安装了 Ubuntu 18.04.2 和 Windows，它给了我一些选项。
|
||||
|
||||
第一个选项是擦除 Ubuntu 18.04.2 并重新安装它。它告诉我它将删除我的个人数据，但它没有说删除所有操作系统（即 Windows）。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你非常幸运或处于单一启动模式，你可能会看到一个“重新安装 Ubuntu” 的选项。此选项将保留现有数据，甚至尝试保留已安装的软件。如果你看到这个选项，那么就用它吧。
|
||||
|
||||
双启动系统注意
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是双启动 Ubuntu 和 Windows，并且在重新安装中，你的 Ubuntu 系统看不到 Windows，你必须选择 “Something else” 选项并从那里安装 Ubuntu。我已经在[在双启动下安装 Linux 的过程][8]这篇文章中说明了。
|
||||
|
||||
对我来说，没有重新安装并保留数据的选项，因此我选择了“擦除 Ubuntu 并重新安装”。该选项即使在 Windows 的双启动模式下，也将重新安装 Ubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
我建议为 root 和 home 使用单独分区就是为了重新安装。这样，即使重新安装 Linux，也可以保证 home 分区中的数据安全。我已在此视频中演示过：
|
||||
|
||||
选择重新安装 Ubuntu 后，剩下就是单击下一步。选择你的位置、创建用户账户。
|
||||
|
||||
![Just go on with the installation options][9]
|
||||
|
||||
以上完成后，你就完成重装 Ubuntu 了。
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我假设你已经知道我说的东西，因为你之前已经安装过 Ubuntu。如果需要澄清任何一个步骤，请随时在评论栏询问。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/reinstall-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Reinstall-Ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/
|
||||
[3]: https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/create-live-usb-of-ubuntu-in-windows/
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/reinstall-ubuntu-1.jpg?resize=800%2C473&ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/reinstall-ubuntu-dual-boot.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/replace-linux-from-dual-boot/
|
||||
[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/reinstall-ubuntu-3.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user