mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-25 23:11:02 +08:00
joeren
commit
fc16863701
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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Linux中7个用来浏览网页和下载文件的命令
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Linux中7个用来浏览网页和下载文件的命令
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================================================================================
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上一篇文章中，我们提到了`rTorrent`、`wget`、`cURL`、`w3m`、`Elinks`等几个有用的工具，很多人回信说还有其它几个类似的工具也值得讨论，所以就有了这篇文章。如果错过了第一部分的讨论，可以通过下面的链接来回顾。
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- [5个下载文件和浏览网页的命令行工具][1]
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- [5 个基于Linux命令行的文件下载和网站浏览工具][1]
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这篇文章介绍了Linux下用于浏览网页和下载文件的其它几个命令行工具。
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Links是用C语言写的一个开源web浏览器，支持包括Linux、Windows
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如何你想安装links的图形界面版本，可能需要从[http://links.twibright.com/download/][2]下载最新的版本tarball（version 2.9）的源代码。
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如何你想安装links的图形界面版本，可能需要从[http://links.twibright.com/download/][2]下载最新的版本（version 2.9）的源代码压缩包。
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同样，也可以像下面那样使用wget下载安装。
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Links是用C语言写的一个开源web浏览器，支持包括Linux、Windows
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# make
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# make install
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**注意**：links源代码的编译需要安装libpng, libjpeg, TIFF library, SVGAlib, XFree86, C Compiler and make这几个包。
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**注意**：links源代码的编译需要安装libpng, libjpeg, TIFF library, SVGAlib, XFree86, C Compiler 和 make这几个包。
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### 2. links2 ###
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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Links是Twibright实验室编写的web浏览器，而Links2是基于它的一个
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lynx是一个基于文本的web浏览器，使用GNU GPLv2协议发布，用ISO C编写。lynx是一个可高度配置的web浏览器，是许多系统管理员的救世主，有最悠久的web浏览器之称，并且至今仍然处在积极开发中。
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通过下面的命令安装lyns。
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通过下面的命令安装lynx。
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# apt-get install lynx
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# yum install lynx
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@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ aria2安装完成后，可以像下图那样运行这个命令下载任意文件
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Aria2: Linux命令行下载工具
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*Aria2: Linux命令行下载工具*
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目前就这么多了。稍后咱们讨论另一个有意思的话题。请保持联系，常来Tecmint逛逛。别忘了在评论中给我们提供您的宝贵反馈，您的喜爱和分享帮助我们不断前行。
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@ -135,12 +135,12 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-web-browser-download-file-in-linux/
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作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
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译者：[fyh](https://github.com/fyh)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-command-line-tools-for-downloading-files/
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[1]:https://linux.cn/article-5546-1.html
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[2]:http://links.twibright.com/download/
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[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-web-browsers/
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[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-youtube-dl-command-line-video-download-tool/
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@ -2,33 +2,35 @@ Linux中，创建聊天服务器、移除冗余软件包的实用命令
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=============================================================================
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这里,我们来看Linux命令行实用技巧的下一个部分。如果你错过了Linux Tracks之前的文章，可以从这里找到。
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- [5 Linux Command Line Tracks][1]
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- [5个有趣的Linux命令行技巧][1]
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本篇中，我们将会介绍6个命令行小技巧，包括使用Netcat命令创建Linux命令行聊天，从某个命令的输出中对某一列做加法，移除Debian和CentOS上多余的包，从命令行中获取本地与远程的IP地址，在终端获得彩色的输出与解码各样的颜色，最后是Linux命令行里井号标签的使用。让我们来一个一个地看一下。
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6个实用的命令行技巧
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*6个实用的命令行技巧*
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### 1. 创建Linux命令行聊天服务 ###
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我们大家使用聊天服务都有很长一段时间了。对于Google Chat，Hangout，Facebook Chat，Whatsapp，Hike和其他一些应用与集成的聊天服务，我们都很熟悉了。那你知道Linux的nc命令可以使你的Linux盒子变成一个聊天服务器，而仅仅只需要一行命令吗。什么是nc命令，它又是怎么工作的呢？
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nc是Linux netcat命令的旧版。nc就像瑞士军刀一样，内建呢大量的功能。nc可用做调式工具，调查工具，使用TCP/UDP读写网络连接，DNS正向/反向检查。
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我们大家使用聊天服务都有很长一段时间了。对于Google Chat，Hangout，Facebook Chat，Whatsapp，Hike和其他一些应用与集成的聊天服务，我们都很熟悉了。那你知道Linux的nc命令可以使你的Linux机器变成一个聊天服务器，而仅仅只需要一行命令吗。什么是nc命令，它又是怎么工作的呢？
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nc即Linux netcat命令。nc就像瑞士军刀一样，内建了大量的功能。nc可用做调式工具，调查工具，使用TCP/UDP读写网络连接，DNS正向/反向查询等等。
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nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使用任何闲置的端口和任何本地网络源地址。
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使用nc命令（在192.168.0.7的服务器上）创建一个命令行即时信息传输服务器。
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$ nc -l -vv 11119
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$ nc -l -vv -p 11119
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对上述命令的解释。
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- -v : 表示 Verbose
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- -vv : 更多的 Verbose
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- -v : 显示冗余信息
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- -vv : 显示更多的冗余信息
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- -p : 本地端口号
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你可以用任何其他的本地端口号替换11119。
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接下来在客户端机器（IP地址：192.168.0.15），运行下面的命令初始化聊天会话（信息传输服务正在运行）。
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接下来在客户端机器（IP地址：192.168.0.15），运行下面的命令初始化聊天会话（这里需要上面提到的信息服务器正在运行）。
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$ nc 192.168.0.7:11119
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@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
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### 2. Linux中如何统计某一列的总值 ###
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如何统计在终端里，某个命令的输出中，其中一列的数值总和，
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如何在终端里统计某个命令的输出中其中一列的数值总和，
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‘ls -l’命令的输出。
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@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
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废弃包是指那些作为其他包的依赖而被安装，但是当源包被移除之后就不再需要的包。
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假设我们安装了gtprogram，依赖是gtdependency。除非我们安装了gtdependency，否则安装不了gtprogram。
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假设我们安装了一个叫gtprogram的软件包，其依赖是gtdependency。除非我们安装了gtdependency，否则安装不了gtprogram。
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当我们移除gtprogram的时候，默认并不会移除gtdependency。并且如果我们不移除gtdependency的话，它就会遗留下来成为废弃包，与其他任何包再无联系。
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@ -116,13 +118,13 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
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### 5.如何在Linux终端彩色输出 ###
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你可能在终端看见过彩色的输出。同时你也可能知道在终端里允许/禁用彩色输出。如果都不知道的话，里可以参考下面的步骤。
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你可能在终端看见过彩色的输出。同时你也可能知道在终端里允许/禁用彩色输出。如果都不知道的话，你可以参考下面的步骤。
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在Linux中，每个用户都有`'.bashrc'`文件，被用来管理你的终端输出。打开并且编辑该文件，用你喜欢的编辑器。注意一下，这个文件是隐藏的（文件开头为点的代表隐藏文件）。
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$ vi /home/$USER/.bashrc
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确保以下的行没有被注释掉。ie.，行开头没有#。
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确保以下的行没有被注释掉。即，行开头没有#。
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if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
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test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dirc$
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@ -139,27 +141,27 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
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完成后！保存并退出。为了让改动生效，需要注销账户后再次登录。
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现在，你会看见列出的文件和文件夹名字有着不同的颜色，根据文件类型来决定。为了解码颜色，可以运行下面的命令。
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现在，你会看见列出的文件和文件夹名字有着不同的颜色，根据文件类型来决定。要了解所用的颜色代码，可以运行下面的命令。
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$ dircolors -p | less
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### 6.如何用井号标记和Linux命令和脚本 ###
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### 6.如何用#号标记Linux命令和脚本 ###
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我们一直在Twitter，Facebook和Google Plus（可能是其他我们没有提到的地方）上使用井号标签。那些井号标签使得其他人搜索一个标签更加容易。可是很少人知道，我们可以在Linux命令行使用井号标签。
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我们一直在Twitter，Facebook和Google Plus（可能是其他我们没有提到的地方）上使用#号标签。那些#号标签使得其他人搜索一个标签更加容易。可是很少人知道，我们可以在Linux命令行使用#号标签。
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我们已经知道配置文件里的`#`，在大多数的编程语言中，这个符号被用作注释行，即不被执行。
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运行一个命令，然后为这个命令创建一个井号标签，这样之后我们就可以找到它。假设我们有一个很长的脚本，就上面第四点被执行的命令。现在为它创建一个井号标签。我们知道ifconfig可以被sudo或者root执行，因此用root来执行。
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运行一个命令，然后为这个命令创建一个#号标签，这样之后我们就可以找到它。假设我们有一个很长的脚本，就上面第四点被执行的命令。现在为它创建一个#号标签。我们知道ifconfig可以被sudo或者root执行，因此用root来执行。
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# ifconfig | grep "inet addr:" | awk '{print $2}' | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | cut -f2 -d: #myip
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上述脚本被’mytag‘给标记了。现在在reverse-i-search（按下ctrl+r）搜索一下这个标签，在终端里，并输入’mytag‘。你可以从这里开始执行。
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上述脚本被’myip‘给标记了。现在在reverse-i-search（按下ctrl+r）搜索一下这个标签，在终端里，并输入’myip‘。你可以从这里开始执行。
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你可以创建很多的井号标签，为每个命令，之后使用reverse-i-search找到它。
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你可以为每个命令创建#号标签，之后使用reverse-i-search找到它。
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目前就这么多了。我们一直在辛苦的工作，创造有趣的，有知识性的内容给你。你觉得我们是如何工作的呢？欢迎咨询任何问题。你可以在下面评论。保持联络！Kudox。
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@ -169,9 +171,9 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-commandline-chat-server-and-remove-unwanted-pa
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作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
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||||
译者：[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/5-linux-command-line-tricks/
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[1]:https://linux.cn/article-5485-1.html
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@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
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sevenot translating
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The top 10 rookie open source projects
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================================================================================
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Black Duck presents its Open Source Rookies of the Year -- the 10 most exciting, active new projects germinated by the global open source community
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### Open Source Rookies of the Year ###
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Each year sees the start of thousands of new open source projects. Only a handful gets real traction. Some projects gain momentum by building on existing, well-known technologies; others truly break new ground. Many projects are created to solve a simple development problem, while others begin with loftier intentions shared by like-minded developers around the world.
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Since 2009, the open source software logistics company Black Duck has identified the [Open Source Rookies of the Year][1], based on activity tracked by its [Open Hub][2] (formerly Ohloh) site. This year, we're delighted to present 10 winners and two honorable mentions for 2015, selected from thousands of open source projects. Using a weighted scoring system, points were awarded based on project activity, the pace of commits, and several other factors.
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Open source has become the industry's engine of innovation. This year, for example, growth in projects related to Docker containerization trumped every other rookie area -- and not coincidentally reflected the most exciting area of enterprise technology overall. At the very least, the projects described here provide a window on what the global open source developer community is thinking, which is fast becoming a good indicator of where we're headed.
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### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: DebOps ###
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[DebOps][3] is a collection of [Ansible][4] playbooks and roles, scalable from one container to an entire data center. Founder Maciej Delmanowski open-sourced DebOps to ensure his work outlived his current work environment and could grow in strength and depth from outside contributors.
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||||
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||||
DebOps began at a small university in Poland that ran its own data center, where everything was configured by hand. Crashes sometimes led to days of downtime -- and Delmanowski realized that a configuration management system was needed. Starting with a Debian base, DebOps is a group of Ansible playbooks that configure an entire data infrastructure. The project has been implemented in many different working environments, and the founders plan to continue supporting and improving it as time goes on.
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### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Code Combat ###
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The traditional pen-and-paper way of learning falls short for technical subjects. Games, however, are all about engagement -- which is why the founders of [CodeCombat][5] went about creating a multiplayer programming game to teach people how to code.
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||||
At its inception, CodeCombat was an idea for a startup, but the founders decided to create an open source project instead. The idea blossomed within the community, and the project gained contributors at a steady rate. A mere two months after its launch, the game was accepted into Google’s Summer of Code. The game reaches a broad audience and is available in 45 languages. CodeCombat hopes to become the standard for people who want to learn to code and have fun at the same time.
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### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Storj ###
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||||
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||||
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[Storj][6] is a peer-to-peer cloud storage network that implements end-to-end encryption, enabling users to transfer and share data without reliance on a third party. Based on bitcoin blockchain technology and peer-to-peer protocols, Storj provides secure, private, and encrypted cloud storage.
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|
||||
Opponents of cloud-based data storage worry about cost efficiencies and vulnerability to attack. Intended to address both concerns, Storj is a private cloud storage marketplace where space is purchased and traded via Storjcoin X (SJCX). Files uploaded to Storj are shredded, encrypted, and stored across the community. File owners are the sole individuals who possess keys to the encrypted information.
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||||
|
||||
The proof of concept for this decentralized cloud storage marketplace was first presented at the Texas Bitcoin Conference Hackathon in 2014. After winning first place in the hackathon, the project founders and leaders used open forums, Reddit, bitcoin forums, and social media to grow an active community, now an essential part of the Storj decision-making process.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Neovim ###
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||||
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||||
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||||
|
||||
Since its inception in 1991, Vim has been a beloved text editor adopted by millions of software developers. [Neovim][6] is the next generation.
|
||||
|
||||
The software development ecosystem has experienced exponential growth and innovation over the past 23 years. Neovim founder Thiago de Arruda knew that Vim was lacking in modern-day features and development speed. Although determined to preserve the signature features of Vim, the community behind Neovim seeks to improve and evolve the technology of its favorite text editor. Crowdfunding initially enabled de Arruda to focus six uninterrupted months on launching this endeavor. He credits the Neovim community for supporting the project and for inspiring him to continue contributing.
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||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: CockroachDB ###
|
||||
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||||
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Former Googlers are bringing a big-company data solution to open source in the form of [CockroachDB][8], a scalable, geo-replicated, transactional data store.
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|
||||
To maintain the terabytes of data transacted over its global online properties, Google developed Spanner. This powerful tool provides Google with scalability, survivability, and transactionality -- qualities that the team behind CockroachDB is serving up to the open source community. Like an actual cockroach, CockroachDB can survive without its head, tolerating the failure of any node. This open source project has a devoted community of experienced contributors, actively cultivated by the founders via social media, GitHub, networking, conferences, and meet-ups.
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||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Kubernetes ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In introducing containerized software development to the open source community, [Docker][9] has become the backbone of a strong, innovative set of tools and technologies. [Kubernetes][10], which Google introduced last June, is an open source container management tool used to accelerate development and simplify operations.
|
||||
|
||||
Google has been using containers for years in its internal operations. At the summer 2014 DockerCon, the Internet giant open-sourced Kubernetes, which was developed to meet the needs of the exponentially growing Docker ecosystem. Through collaborations with other organizations and projects, such as Red Hat and CoreOS, Kubernetes project managers have grown their project to be the No. 1 downloaded tool on the Docker Hub. The Kubernetes team hopes to expand the project and grow the community, so software developers can spend less time managing infrastructure and more time building the apps they want.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Open Bazaar ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[OpenBazaar][11] is a decentralized marketplace for trading with anyone using bitcoin. The proof of concept for OpenBazaar was born at a hackathon, where its founders combined BitTorent, bitcoin, and traditional financial server methodologies to create a censorship-resistant trading platform. The OpenBazaar team sought new members, and before long they were able to expand the OpenBazaar community immensely. The table stakes of OpenBazaar -- transparency and a common goal to revolutionize trade and commerce -- are helping founders and contributors work toward a real-world, uncontrolled, and decentralized marketplace.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: IPFS ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[IPFS (InterPlanetary File System)][12] is a global, versioned, peer-to-peer file system.It synthesizes many of the ideas behind Git, BitTorrent, and HTTP to bring a new data and data structure transport protocol to the open Web.
|
||||
|
||||
Open source is known for developing simple solutions to complex problems that result in many innovations, but these powerful projects represent only one slice of the open source community. IFPS belong to a more radical group whose proof of concept seems daring, outrageous, and even unattainable -- in this case, a peer-to-peer distributed file system that seeks to connect all computing devices. This possible HTTP replacement maintains a community through multiple mediums, including the Git community and an IRC channel that has more than 100 current contributors. This “crazy” idea will be available for alpha testing in 2015.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: cAdvisor ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[cAdvisor (Container Advisor)][13] is a daemon that collects, aggregates, processes, and exports information about running containers, providing container users with an understanding of resource usage and performance characteristics. For each container, cAdvisor keeps resource isolation parameters, historical resource usage, histograms of complete historical resource usage, and network statistics. This data is exported by container and across machines.
|
||||
|
||||
cAdvisor can run on most Linux distros and supports many container types, including Docker. It has become the de facto monitoring agent for containers, has been integrated into many systems, and is one of the most downloaded images on the Docker Hub. The team hopes to grow cAdvisor to understand application performance more deeply and to integrate this information into clusterwide systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Terraform ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Terraform][14] provides a common configuration to launch infrastructure, from physical and virtual servers to email and DNS providers. The idea is to encompass everything from custom in-house solutions to services offered by public cloud platforms. Once launched, Terraform enables ops to change infrastructure safely and efficiently as the configuration evolves.
|
||||
|
||||
Working at a devops company, Terraform.io's founders identified a pain point in codifying the knowledge required to build a complete data center, from plugged-in servers to a fully networked and functional data center. Infrastructure is described using a high-level configuration syntax, which allows a blueprint of your data center to be versioned and treated as you would any other code. Sponsorship from the well-respected open source company HashiCorp helped launch the project.
|
||||
|
||||
### Honorable mention: Docker Fig ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Fig][15] provides fast, isolated development environments using [Docker][16]. It moves the configuration required to orchestrate Docker into a simple fig.yml file. It handles all the work of building and running containers and forwarding their ports, as well as sharing volumes and linking them.
|
||||
|
||||
Orchard formed Fig last year to create a new system of tools to make Docker work. It was developed as a way of setting up development environments with Docker, enabling users to define the exact environment for their apps, while also running databases and caches inside Docker. Fig solved a major pain point for developers. Docker fully supports this open source project and [recently purchased Orchard][17] to expand the reach of Fig.
|
||||
|
||||
### Honorable mention: Drone ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Drone][18] is a Continuous Integration platform built on Docker and [written in Go][19]. The Drone project grew out of frustration with existing available technologies and processes for setting up development environments.
|
||||
|
||||
Drone provides a simple approach to automated testing and continuous delivery: Simply pick a Docker image tailored to your needs, connect GitHub, and commit. Drone uses Docker containers to provision isolated testing environments, giving every project complete control over its stack without the burden of traditional server administration. The community behind Drone is 100 contributors strong and hopes to bring this project to the enterprise and to mobile app development.
|
||||
|
||||
### Open source rookies ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [Open Source Rookies of the 2014 Year][20]
|
||||
- [InfoWorld's 2015 Technology of the Year Award winners][21]
|
||||
- [Bossies: The Best of Open Source Software Awards][22]
|
||||
- [15 essential open source tools for Windows admins][23]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2875439/open-source-software/the-top-10-rookie-open-source-projects.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Black Duck Software][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Black-Duck-Software/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[2]:https://www.openhub.net/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/debops/debops
|
||||
[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2612397/data-center/review--ansible-orchestration-is-a-veteran-unix-admin-s-dream.html
|
||||
[5]:https://codecombat.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://storj.io/
|
||||
[7]:http://neovim.org/
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach
|
||||
[9]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[10]:http://kubernetes.io/
|
||||
[11]:https://openbazaar.org/
|
||||
[12]:http://ipfs.io/
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/google/cadvisor
|
||||
[14]:https://www.terraform.io/
|
||||
[15]:http://www.fig.sh/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[17]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2608546/application-virtualization/docker-acquires-orchard-in-a-sign-of-rising-ambitions.html
|
||||
[18]:https://drone.io/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2683845/google-go/164121-Fast-guide-to-Go-programming.html
|
||||
[20]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[21]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2871935/application-development/infoworlds-2015-technology-of-the-year-award-winners.html
|
||||
[22]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2688104/open-source-software/article.html
|
||||
[23]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2854954/microsoft-windows/15-essential-open-source-tools-for-windows-admins.html
|
||||
435
sources/tech/20150617 The Art of Command Line.md
Normal file
435
sources/tech/20150617 The Art of Command Line.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
|
||||
The Art of Command Line
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
- [Basics](#basics)
|
||||
- [Everyday use](#everyday-use)
|
||||
- [Processing files and data](#processing-files-and-data)
|
||||
- [System debugging](#system-debugging)
|
||||
- [One-liners](#one-liners)
|
||||
- [Obscure but useful](#obscure-but-useful)
|
||||
- [More resources](#more-resources)
|
||||
- [Disclaimer](#disclaimer)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fluency on the command line is a skill often neglected or considered arcane, but it improves your flexibility and productivity as an engineer in both obvious and subtle ways. This is a selection of notes and tips on using the command-line that I've found useful when working on Linux. Some tips are elementary, and some are fairly specific, sophisticated, or obscure. This page is not long, but if you can use and recall all the items here, you know a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
Much of this
|
||||
[originally](http://www.quora.com/What-are-some-lesser-known-but-useful-Unix-commands)
|
||||
[appeared](http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-useful-Swiss-army-knife-one-liners-on-Unix)
|
||||
on [Quora](http://www.quora.com/What-are-some-time-saving-tips-that-every-Linux-user-should-know),
|
||||
but given the interest there, it seems it's worth using Github, where people more talented than I can readily suggest improvements. If you see an error or something that could be better, please submit an issue or PR!
|
||||
|
||||
Scope:
|
||||
|
||||
- The goals are breadth and brevity. Every tip is essential in some situation or significantly saves time over alternatives.
|
||||
- This is written for Linux. Many but not all items apply equally to MacOS (or even Cygwin).
|
||||
- The focus is on interactive Bash, though many tips apply to other shells and to general Bash scripting.
|
||||
- Descriptions are intentionally minimal, with the expectation you'll use `man`, `apt-get`/`yum`/`dnf` to install, and Google for more background.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Basics
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn basic Bash. Actually, type `man bash` and at least skim the whole thing; it's pretty easy to follow and not that long. Alternate shells can be nice, but Bash is powerful and always available (learning *only* zsh, fish, etc., while tempting on your own laptop, restricts you in many situations, such as using existing servers).
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn at least one text-based editor well. Ideally Vim (`vi`), as there's really no competition for random editing in a terminal (even if you use Emacs, a big IDE, or a modern hipster editor most of the time).
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn about redirection of output and input using `>` and `<` and pipes using `|`. Learn about stdout and stderr.
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn about file glob expansion with `*` (and perhaps `?` and `{`...`}`) and quoting and the difference between double `"` and single `'` quotes. (See more on variable expansion below.)
|
||||
|
||||
- Be familiar with Bash job management: `&`, **ctrl-z**, **ctrl-c**, `jobs`, `fg`, `bg`, `kill`, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know `ssh`, and the basics of passwordless authentication, via `ssh-agent`, `ssh-add`, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- Basic file management: `ls` and `ls -l` (in particular, learn what every column in `ls -l` means), `less`, `head`, `tail` and `tail -f` (or even better, `less +F`), `ln` and `ln -s` (learn the differences and advantages of hard versus soft links), `chown`, `chmod`, `du` (for a quick summary of disk usage: `du -sk *`), `df`, `mount`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Basic network management: `ip` or `ifconfig`, `dig`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know regular expressions well, and the various flags to `grep`/`egrep`. The `-i`, `-o`, `-A`, and `-B` options are worth knowing.
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn to use `apt-get`, `yum`, or `dnf` (depending on distro) to find and install packages. And make sure you have `pip` to install Python-based command-line tools (a few below are easiest to install via `pip`).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Everyday use
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, use **ctrl-r** to search through command history.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, use **ctrl-w** to delete the last word, and **ctrl-u** to delete the whole line. Use **alt-b** and **alt-f** to move by word, and **ctrl-k** to kill to the end of the line. See `man readline` for all the default keybindings in Bash. There are a lot. For example **alt-.** cycles through previous arguments, and **alt-*** expands a glob.
|
||||
|
||||
- To go back to the previous working directory: `cd -`
|
||||
|
||||
- If you are halfway through typing a command but change your mind, hit **alt-#** to add a `#` at the beginning and enter it as a comment (or use **ctrl-a**, **#**, **enter**). You can then return to it later via command history.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `xargs` (or `parallel`). It's very powerful. Note you can control how many items execute per line (`-L`) as well as parallelism (`-P`). If you're not sure if it'll do the right thing, use `xargs echo` first. Also, `-I{}` is handy. Examples:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
find . -name '*.py' | xargs grep some_function
|
||||
cat hosts | xargs -I{} ssh root@{} hostname
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `pstree -p` is a helpful display of the process tree.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `pgrep` and `pkill` to find or signal processes by name (`-f` is helpful).
|
||||
|
||||
- Know the various signals you can send processes. For example, to suspend a process, use `kill -STOP [pid]`. For the full list, see `man 7 signal`
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `nohup` or `disown` if you want a background process to keep running forever.
|
||||
|
||||
- Check what processes are listening via `netstat -lntp`.
|
||||
|
||||
- See also `lsof` for open sockets and files.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash scripts, use `set -x` for debugging output. Use strict modes whenever possible. Use `set -e` to abort on errors. Use `set -o pipefail` as well, to be strict about errors (though this topic is a bit subtle). For more involved scripts, also use `trap`.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash scripts, subshells (written with parentheses) are convenient ways to group commands. A common example is to temporarily move to a different working directory, e.g.
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# do something in current dir
|
||||
(cd /some/other/dir; other-command)
|
||||
# continue in original dir
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, note there are lots of kinds of variable expansion. Checking a variable exists: `${name:?error message}`. For example, if a Bash script requires a single argument, just write `input_file=${1:?usage: $0 input_file}`. Arithmetic expansion: `i=$(( (i + 1) % 5 ))`. Sequences: `{1..10}`. Trimming of strings: `${var%suffix}` and `${var#prefix}`. For example if `var=foo.pdf`, then `echo ${var%.pdf}.txt` prints `foo.txt`.
|
||||
|
||||
- The output of a command can be treated like a file via `<(some command)`. For example, compare local `/etc/hosts` with a remote one:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
diff /etc/hosts <(ssh somehost cat /etc/hosts)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about "here documents" in Bash, as in `cat <<EOF ...`.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, redirect both standard output and standard error via: `some-command >logfile 2>&1`. Often, to ensure a command does not leave an open file handle to standard input, tying it to the terminal you are in, it is also good practice to add `</dev/null`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `man ascii` for a good ASCII table, with hex and decimal values. For general encoding info, `man unicode`, `man utf-8`, and `man latin1` are helpful.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `screen` or `tmux` to multiplex the screen, especially useful on remote ssh sessions and to detach and re-attach to a session. A more minimal alternative for session persistence only is `dtach`.
|
||||
|
||||
- In ssh, knowing how to port tunnel with `-L` or `-D` (and occasionally `-R`) is useful, e.g. to access web sites from a remote server.
|
||||
|
||||
- It can be useful to make a few optimizations to your ssh configuration; for example, this `~/.ssh/config` contains settings to avoid dropped connections in certain network environments, use compression (which is helpful with scp over low-bandwidth connections), and multiplex channels to the same server with a local control file:
|
||||
```
|
||||
TCPKeepAlive=yes
|
||||
ServerAliveInterval=15
|
||||
ServerAliveCountMax=6
|
||||
Compression=yes
|
||||
ControlMaster auto
|
||||
ControlPath /tmp/%r@%h:%p
|
||||
ControlPersist yes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- A few other options relevant to ssh are security sensitive and should be enabled with care, e.g. per subnet or host or in trusted networks: `StrictHostKeyChecking=no`, `ForwardAgent=yes`
|
||||
|
||||
- To get the permissions on a file in octal form, which is useful for system configuration but not available in `ls` and easy to bungle, use something like
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
stat -c '%A %a %n' /etc/timezone
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- For interactive selection of values from the output of another command, use [`percol`](https://github.com/mooz/percol).
|
||||
|
||||
- For interaction with files based on the output of another command (like `git`), use `fpp` ([PathPicker](https://github.com/facebook/PathPicker)).
|
||||
|
||||
- For a simple web server for all files in the current directory (and subdirs), available to anyone on your network, use:
|
||||
`python -m SimpleHTTPServer 7777` (for port 7777 and Python 2).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Processing files and data
|
||||
|
||||
- To locate a file by name in the current directory, `find . -iname '*something*'` (or similar). To find a file anywhere by name, use `locate something` (but bear in mind `updatedb` may not have indexed recently created files).
|
||||
|
||||
- For general searching through source or data files (more advanced than `grep -r`), use [`ag`](https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher).
|
||||
|
||||
- To convert HTML to text: `lynx -dump -stdin`
|
||||
|
||||
- For Markdown, HTML, and all kinds of document conversion, try [`pandoc`](http://pandoc.org/).
|
||||
|
||||
- If you must handle XML, `xmlstarlet` is old but good.
|
||||
|
||||
- For JSON, use `jq`.
|
||||
|
||||
- For Excel or CSV files, [csvkit](https://github.com/onyxfish/csvkit) provides `in2csv`, `csvcut`, `csvjoin`, `csvgrep`, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- For Amazon S3, [`s3cmd`](https://github.com/s3tools/s3cmd) is convenient and [`s4cmd`](https://github.com/bloomreach/s4cmd) is faster. Amazon's [`aws`](https://github.com/aws/aws-cli) is essential for other AWS-related tasks.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `sort` and `uniq`, including uniq's `-u` and `-d` options -- see one-liners below.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `cut`, `paste`, and `join` to manipulate text files. Many people use `cut` but forget about `join`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know that locale affects a lot of command line tools in subtle ways, including sorting order (collation) and performance. Most Linux installations will set `LANG` or other locale variables to a local setting like US English. But be aware sorting will change if you change locale. And know i18n routines can make sort or other commands run *many times* slower. In some situations (such as the set operations or uniqueness operations below) you can safely ignore slow i18n routines entirely and use traditional byte-based sort order, using `export LC_ALL=C`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know basic `awk` and `sed` for simple data munging. For example, summing all numbers in the third column of a text file: `awk '{ x += $3 } END { print x }'`. This is probably 3X faster and 3X shorter than equivalent Python.
|
||||
|
||||
- To replace all occurrences of a string in place, in one or more files:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
perl -pi.bak -e 's/old-string/new-string/g' my-files-*.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- To rename many files at once according to a pattern, use `rename`. For complex renames, [`repren`](https://github.com/jlevy/repren) may help.
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
# Recover backup files foo.bak -> foo:
|
||||
rename 's/\.bak$//' *.bak
|
||||
# Full rename of filenames, directories, and contents foo -> bar:
|
||||
repren --full --preserve-case --from foo --to bar .
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `shuf` to shuffle or select random lines from a file.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know `sort`'s options. Know how keys work (`-t` and `-k`). In particular, watch out that you need to write `-k1,1` to sort by only the first field; `-k1` means sort according to the whole line.
|
||||
|
||||
- Stable sort (`sort -s`) can be useful. For example, to sort first by field 2, then secondarily by field 1, you can use `sort -k1,1 | sort -s -k2,2`
|
||||
|
||||
- If you ever need to write a tab literal in a command line in Bash (e.g. for the -t argument to sort), press **ctrl-v** **[Tab]** or write `$'\t'` (the latter is better as you can copy/paste it).
|
||||
|
||||
- For binary files, use `hd` for simple hex dumps and `bvi` for binary editing.
|
||||
|
||||
- Also for binary files, `strings` (plus `grep`, etc.) lets you find bits of text.
|
||||
|
||||
- To convert text encodings, try `iconv`. Or `uconv` for more advanced use; it supports some advanced Unicode things. For example, this command lowercases and removes all accents (by expanding and dropping them):
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
uconv -f utf-8 -t utf-8 -x '::Any-Lower; ::Any-NFD; [:Nonspacing Mark:] >; ::Any-NFC; ' < input.txt > output.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- To split files into pieces, see `split` (to split by size) and `csplit` (to split by a pattern).
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `zless`, `zmore`, `zcat`, and `zgrep` to operate on compressed files.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## System debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- For web debugging, `curl` and `curl -I` are handy, or their `wget` equivalents, or the more modern [`httpie`](https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie).
|
||||
|
||||
- To know disk/cpu/network status, use `iostat`, `netstat`, `top` (or the better `htop`), and (especially) `dstat`. Good for getting a quick idea of what's happening on a system.
|
||||
|
||||
- For a more in-depth system overview, use [`glances`](https://github.com/nicolargo/glances). It presents you with several system level statistics in one terminal window. Very helpful for quickly checking on various subsystems.
|
||||
|
||||
- To know memory status, run and understand the output of `free` and `vmstat`. In particular, be aware the "cached" value is memory held by the Linux kernel as file cache, so effectively counts toward the "free" value.
|
||||
|
||||
- Java system debugging is a different kettle of fish, but a simple trick on Oracle's and some other JVMs is that you can run `kill -3 <pid>` and a full stack trace and heap summary (including generational garbage collection details, which can be highly informative) will be dumped to stderr/logs.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `mtr` as a better traceroute, to identify network issues.
|
||||
|
||||
- For looking at why a disk is full, `ncdu` saves time over the usual commands like `du -sh *`.
|
||||
|
||||
- To find which socket or process is using bandwidth, try `iftop` or `nethogs`.
|
||||
|
||||
- The `ab` tool (comes with Apache) is helpful for quick-and-dirty checking of web server performance. For more complex load testing, try `siege`.
|
||||
|
||||
- For more serious network debugging, `wireshark`, `tshark`, or `ngrep`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `strace` and `ltrace`. These can be helpful if a program is failing, hanging, or crashing, and you don't know why, or if you want to get a general idea of performance. Note the profiling option (`-c`), and the ability to attach to a running process (`-p`).
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `ldd` to check shared libraries etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know how to connect to a running process with `gdb` and get its stack traces.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `/proc`. It's amazingly helpful sometimes when debugging live problems. Examples: `/proc/cpuinfo`, `/proc/xxx/cwd`, `/proc/xxx/exe`, `/proc/xxx/fd/`, `/proc/xxx/smaps`.
|
||||
|
||||
- When debugging why something went wrong in the past, `sar` can be very helpful. It shows historic statistics on CPU, memory, network, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- For deeper systems and performance analyses, look at `stap` ([SystemTap](https://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki)), [`perf`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perf_(Linux)), and [`sysdig`](https://github.com/draios/sysdig).
|
||||
|
||||
- Confirm what Linux distribution you're using (works on most distros): `lsb_release -a`
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `dmesg` whenever something's acting really funny (it could be hardware or driver issues).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## One-liners
|
||||
|
||||
A few examples of piecing together commands:
|
||||
|
||||
- It is remarkably helpful sometimes that you can do set intersection, union, and difference of text files via `sort`/`uniq`. Suppose `a` and `b` are text files that are already uniqued. This is fast, and works on files of arbitrary size, up to many gigabytes. (Sort is not limited by memory, though you may need to use the `-T` option if `/tmp` is on a small root partition.) See also the note about `LC_ALL` above.
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
cat a b | sort | uniq > c # c is a union b
|
||||
cat a b | sort | uniq -d > c # c is a intersect b
|
||||
cat a b b | sort | uniq -u > c # c is set difference a - b
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Summing all numbers in the third column of a text file (this is probably 3X faster and 3X less code than equivalent Python):
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
awk '{ x += $3 } END { print x }' myfile
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- If want to see sizes/dates on a tree of files, this is like a recursive `ls -l` but is easier to read than `ls -lR`:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
find . -type f -ls
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `xargs` or `parallel` whenever you can. Note you can control how many items execute per line (`-L`) as well as parallelism (`-P`). If you're not sure if it'll do the right thing, use xargs echo first. Also, `-I{}` is handy. Examples:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
find . -name '*.py' | xargs grep some_function
|
||||
cat hosts | xargs -I{} ssh root@{} hostname
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Say you have a text file, like a web server log, and a certain value that appears on some lines, such as an `acct_id` parameter that is present in the URL. If you want a tally of how many requests for each `acct_id`:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
cat access.log | egrep -o 'acct_id=[0-9]+' | cut -d= -f2 | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Run this function to get a random tip from this document (parses Markdown and extracts an item):
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
function taocl() {
|
||||
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jlevy/the-art-of-command-line/master/README.md |
|
||||
pandoc -f markdown -t html |
|
||||
xmlstarlet fo --html --dropdtd |
|
||||
xmlstarlet sel -t -v "(html/body/ul/li[count(p)>0])[$RANDOM mod last()+1]" |
|
||||
xmlstarlet unesc | fmt -80
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Obscure but useful
|
||||
|
||||
- `expr`: perform arithmetic or boolean operations or evaluate regular expressions
|
||||
|
||||
- `m4`: simple macro processor
|
||||
|
||||
- `screen`: powerful terminal multiplexing and session persistence
|
||||
|
||||
- `yes`: print a string a lot
|
||||
|
||||
- `cal`: nice calendar
|
||||
|
||||
- `env`: run a command (useful in scripts)
|
||||
|
||||
- `look`: find English words (or lines in a file) beginning with a string
|
||||
|
||||
- `cut `and `paste` and `join`: data manipulation
|
||||
|
||||
- `fmt`: format text paragraphs
|
||||
|
||||
- `pr`: format text into pages/columns
|
||||
|
||||
- `fold`: wrap lines of text
|
||||
|
||||
- `column`: format text into columns or tables
|
||||
|
||||
- `expand` and `unexpand`: convert between tabs and spaces
|
||||
|
||||
- `nl`: add line numbers
|
||||
|
||||
- `seq`: print numbers
|
||||
|
||||
- `bc`: calculator
|
||||
|
||||
- `factor`: factor integers
|
||||
|
||||
- `gpg`: encrypt and sign files
|
||||
|
||||
- `toe`: table of terminfo entries
|
||||
|
||||
- `nc`: network debugging and data transfer
|
||||
|
||||
- `ngrep`: grep for the network layer
|
||||
|
||||
- `dd`: moving data between files or devices
|
||||
|
||||
- `file`: identify type of a file
|
||||
|
||||
- `stat`: file info
|
||||
|
||||
- `tac`: print files in reverse
|
||||
|
||||
- `shuf`: random selection of lines from a file
|
||||
|
||||
- `comm`: compare sorted files line by line
|
||||
|
||||
- `hd` and `bvi`: dump or edit binary files
|
||||
|
||||
- `strings`: extract text from binary files
|
||||
|
||||
- `tr`: character translation or manipulation
|
||||
|
||||
- `iconv `or uconv: conversion for text encodings
|
||||
|
||||
- `split `and `csplit`: splitting files
|
||||
|
||||
- `7z`: high-ratio file compression
|
||||
|
||||
- `ldd`: dynamic library info
|
||||
|
||||
- `nm`: symbols from object files
|
||||
|
||||
- `ab`: benchmarking web servers
|
||||
|
||||
- `strace`: system call debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- `mtr`: better traceroute for network debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- `cssh`: visual concurrent shell
|
||||
|
||||
- `wireshark` and `tshark`: packet capture and network debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- `host` and `dig`: DNS lookups
|
||||
|
||||
- `lsof`: process file descriptor and socket info
|
||||
|
||||
- `dstat`: useful system stats
|
||||
|
||||
- [`glances`](https://github.com/nicolargo/glances): high level, multi-subsystem overview
|
||||
|
||||
- `iostat`: CPU and disk usage stats
|
||||
|
||||
- `htop`: improved version of top
|
||||
|
||||
- `last`: login history
|
||||
|
||||
- `w`: who's logged on
|
||||
|
||||
- `id`: user/group identity info
|
||||
|
||||
- `sar`: historic system stats
|
||||
|
||||
- `iftop` or `nethogs`: network utilization by socket or process
|
||||
|
||||
- `ss`: socket statistics
|
||||
|
||||
- `dmesg`: boot and system error messages
|
||||
|
||||
- `hdparm`: SATA/ATA disk manipulation/performance
|
||||
|
||||
- `lsb_release`: Linux distribution info
|
||||
|
||||
- `lshw`: hardware information
|
||||
|
||||
- `fortune`, `ddate`, and `sl`: um, well, it depends on whether you consider steam locomotives and Zippy quotations "useful"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## More resources
|
||||
|
||||
- [awesome-shell](https://github.com/alebcay/awesome-shell): A curated list of shell tools and resources.
|
||||
- [Strict mode](http://redsymbol.net/articles/unofficial-bash-strict-mode/) for writing better shell scripts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Disclaimer
|
||||
|
||||
With the exception of very small tasks, code is written so others can read it. With power comes responsibility. The fact you *can* do something in Bash doesn't necessarily mean you should! ;)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/jlevy/the-art-of-command-line
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[jlevy][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://github.com/jlevy
|
||||
[1]:
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[13]:
|
||||
[14]:
|
||||
[15]:
|
||||
[16]:
|
||||
[17]:
|
||||
[18]:
|
||||
[19]:
|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
|
||||
Tor Browser: An Ultimate Web Browser for Anonymous Web Browsing in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Most of us give a considerable time of ours to Internet. The primary Application we require to perform our internet activity is a browser, a web browser to be more perfect. Over Internet most of our’s activity is logged to Server/Client machine which includes IP address, Geographical Location, search/activity trends and a whole lots of Information which can potentially be very harmful, if used intentionally the other way.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor Browser: Anonymous Browsing
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover the National Security Agency (NSA) aka International Spying Agency keeps tracks of ours digital footprints. Not to mention a restricted proxy server which again can be used as data ripping server is not the answer. And most of the corporates and companies wont allow you to access a proxy server.
|
||||
|
||||
So, what we need here is an application, preferably small in size and let it be standalone, portable and which servers the purpose. Here comes an application – the Tor Browser, which has all the above discussed features and even beyond that.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we will be discussing Tor browser, its features, its usages and Area of Application, Installation and other important aspects of The Tor Browser Application.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What is Tor Browser? ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tor is a Freely distributed Application Software, released under BSD style Licensing which allows to surf Internet anonymously, through its safe and reliable onion like structure. Tor previously was called as ‘The Onion Router‘ because of its structure and functioning mechanism. This Application is written in C programming Language.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features of Tor Browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Cross Platform Availability. i.e., this application is available for Linux, Windows as well as Mac.
|
||||
- Complex Data encryption before it it sent over Internet.
|
||||
- Automatic data decryption at client side.
|
||||
- It is a combination of Firefox Browser + Tor Project.
|
||||
- Provides anonymity to servers and websites.
|
||||
- Makes it possible to visit locked websites.
|
||||
- Performs task without revealing IP of Source.
|
||||
- Capable of routing data to/from hidden services and application behind firewall.
|
||||
- Portable – Run a preconfigured web browser directly from the USB storage Device. No need to install it locally.
|
||||
- Available for architectures x86 and x86_64.
|
||||
- Easy to set FTP with Tor using configuration as “socks4a” proxy on “localhost” port “9050”
|
||||
- Tor is capable of handling thousands of relay and millions of users.
|
||||
|
||||
#### How Tor Browser Works? ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tor works on the concept of Onion routing. Onion routing resemble to onion in structure. In onion routing the layers are nested one over the other similar to the layers of onion. This nested layer is responsible for encrypting data several times and sends it through virtual circuits. On the client side each layer decrypt the data before passing it to the next level. The last layer decrypts the innermost layer of encrypted data before passing the original data to the destination.
|
||||
|
||||
In this process of decryption all the layers function so intelligently that there is no need to reveal IP and Geographical location of User thus limiting any chance of anybody watching your internet connection or the sites you are visiting.
|
||||
|
||||
All these working seems a bit complex, but the end user execution and working of Tor browser is nothing to worry about. In-fact Tor browser resembles any other browser (Especially Mozilla Firefox) in functioning.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation of Tor Browser in Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
As discussed above, Tor browser is available for Linux, Windows and Mac. The user need to download the latest version (i.e. Tor Browser 4.0.4) application from the link below as per their system and architecture.
|
||||
|
||||
- [https://www.torproject.org/download/download-easy.html.en][1]
|
||||
|
||||
After downloading the Tor browser, we need to install it. But the good thing with ‘Tor’ is that we don’t need to install it. It can run directly from a Pen Drive and the browser can be preconfigured. That means plug and Run Feature in perfect sense of Portability.
|
||||
|
||||
After downloading the Tar-ball (*.tar.xz) we need to Extract it.
|
||||
|
||||
**On 32-Bit System**
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget https://www.torproject.org/dist/torbrowser/4.0.4/tor-browser-linux32-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
$ tar xpvf tor-browser-linux32-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
**On 64-Bit System**
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget https://www.torproject.org/dist/torbrowser/4.0.4/tor-browser-linux64-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
$ tar -xpvf tor-browser-linux64-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
**Note** : In the above command we used ‘$‘ which means that the package is extracted as user and not root. It is strictly suggested to extract and run tor browser not as root.
|
||||
|
||||
After successful extraction, we can move the extracted browser to anywhere/USB Mass Storage device. And run the application from the extracted folder and run ‘start-tor-browser’ strictly not as root.
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd tor-browser_en-US
|
||||
$ ./start-tor-browser
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Tor Browser
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Trying to connect to the Tor Network. Click “Connect” and Tor will do rest of the settings for you.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Connecting to Tor Network
|
||||
|
||||
**2. The welcome Window/Tab.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor Welcome Screen
|
||||
|
||||
**3. Tor Browser Running a Video from Youtube.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Watching Video on Youtube
|
||||
|
||||
**4. Opening a banking site for online Purchasing/Transaction.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Browsing a Banking Site
|
||||
|
||||
**5. The browser showing my current proxy IP. Note that the text that reads “Proxy Server detected”.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Checking IP Address
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: That you need to point to the Tor startup script using text session, everytime you want to run Tor. Moreover a terminal will be busy all the time till you are running tor. How to overcome this and create a desktop/dock-bar Icon?
|
||||
|
||||
6. We need to create `tor.desktop` file inside the directory where extracted files resides.
|
||||
|
||||
$ touch tor.desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Now edit the file using your favourite editor with the text below. Save and exit. I used nano.
|
||||
|
||||
$ nano tor.desktop
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/env xdg-open
|
||||
[Desktop Entry]
|
||||
Encoding=UTF-8
|
||||
Name=Tor
|
||||
Comment=Anonymous Browse
|
||||
Type=Application
|
||||
Terminal=false
|
||||
Exec=/home/avi/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/start-tor-browser
|
||||
Icon=/home/avi/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/Browser/browser/icons/mozicon128.png
|
||||
StartupNotify=true
|
||||
Categories=Network;WebBrowser;
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: Make sure to replace the path with the location of your tor browser in the above.
|
||||
|
||||
**7. Once done! Double click the file `tor.desktop` to fire Tor browser. You may need to trust it for the first time.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor Application Launcher
|
||||
|
||||
**8. Once you trust you might note that the icon of `tor.desktop` changed.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor icon Changed
|
||||
|
||||
9. You may drag and drop the `tor.desktop` icon to create shortcut on Desktop and Dock Bar.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Add Tor Shortcut on Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
**10. About Tor Browser.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
About Tor Browser
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: If you are using older version of Tor, you may update it from the above window.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Usability/Area of Application ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Anonymous communication over web.
|
||||
- Surf to Blocked web Pages.
|
||||
- Link other Application Viz (FTP) to this secure Internet Browsing Application.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Controversies of Tor-browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
- No security at the boundary of Tor Application i.e., Data Entry and Exit Points.
|
||||
- A study in 2011 reveals that a specific way of attacking Tor will reveal IP address of BitTorrent Users.
|
||||
- Some protocols shows the tendency of leaking IP address, revealed in a study.
|
||||
- Earlier version of Tor bundled with older versions of Firefox browser were found to be JavaScript Attack Vulnerable.
|
||||
- Tor Browser Seems to Work slow.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Real world Implementation of Tor-browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Vuze BitTorrent Client
|
||||
- Anonymous Os
|
||||
- Os’es from Scratch
|
||||
- whonix, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Future of Tor Browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tor browser is promising. Perhaps the first application of its kind is implemented very brilliantly. Tor browser must invest for Support, Scalability and research for securing the data from latest attacks. This application is need of the future.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Download Free eBook ####
|
||||
|
||||
Unofficial Guide to Tor Private Browsing
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Tor bowser is a must tool in the present time where the organization you are working for don’t allow you to access certain websites or if you don’t want others to look into your private business or you don’t want to provide your digital footprints to NSA.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: Tor Browser don’t provide any safety from Viruses, Trojans or other threats of this kind. Moreover by writing an article of this we never mean to indulge into illegal activity by hiding our identity over Internet. This Post is totally for educational Purpose and for any illegal use of it neither the author of the post nor Tecmint will be responsible. It is the sole responsibility of user.
|
||||
|
||||
Tor-browser is a wonderful application and you must give it a try. That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article you people will love to read. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your value-able feedback in our comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/tor-browser-for-anonymous-web-browsing/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.torproject.org/download/download-easy.html.en
|
||||
[2]:http://tecmint.tradepub.com/free/w_make129/prgm.cgi
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
|
||||
sevenot translated
|
||||
排名前十的年度开源项目新秀
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
黑鸭（Black Duck）软件公布了一份名叫“年度开源项目新秀”的报告，介绍了由全球开源协会发起的10个最有趣、最活跃的新项目。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 年度开源项目新秀 ###
|
||||
|
||||
每年都有上千新的开源项目问世，但只有少数能够真正的吸引我们的关注。一些项目因为利用了当前比较流行的技术而发展壮大，有一些则真正地开启了一个新的邻域。很多开源项目建立的初衷是为了解决一些生产上的问题，还有一些项目则是世界各地志同道合的开发者们共同发起的一个宏伟项目。
|
||||
|
||||
从2009年起，开源软件公司黑鸭便发起了[年度开源项目新秀][1]这一活动,它的评选根据[Open Hub][2] 网站（即以前的Ohloh）。今年，我们很荣幸能够报道2015年10大开源项目新秀的得主和2名荣誉奖得主，它们是从上千个开源项目中脱颖而出的。评选采用了加权评分系统，得分标准基于项目的活跃度，交付速度，和几个其它因数。
|
||||
|
||||
开源俨然成为了产业创新的引擎，就拿今年来说，和Docker容器相关的开源项目在全球各地新起，这也不恰巧反映了企业最感兴趣的技术邻域吗？最后，我们接下来介绍的项目，将会让你了解到全球开源项目的开发者们的在思考什么，这很快将会成为一个指引我们发展的领头羊。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: DebOps ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[DebOps][3]收集打包了一套[Ansible][4] （Ansible是一种自动化运维工具）方案和规则，可以从1个容器扩展到一个完整的数据中心。它的创始人Maciej Delmanowski将DebOps开源来保证项目长久进行，从而更好的利用外部贡献者来发展下去
|
||||
|
||||
DebOps始创于波兰的一个不起眼大学校园里，在自己的数据中心上运行，一切都是手工配置的。有时系统崩溃而导致几天的宕机，这时Delmanowski意识到一个配置管理系统是很有必要的。从Debian的基础做起，DebOps是一组配置一整个数据基础设施Ansible方案。此项目已经在许多不同的工作环境下实现，而创始者们则打算继续支持和开发这个项目。
|
||||
|
||||
###2015年度开源项目新秀: Code Combat ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
传统的纸笔学习方法已近不能满足技术学科了。然而游戏都是关于参与者，这也就是为什么[CodeCombat][5] 的创始人会去开发一款多人协同编程游戏来教人们如何编码。
|
||||
|
||||
刚开始CodeCombat是一个创业想法，但其创始人决定创建一个开源项目将其取代。此想法在社区传播开来，很快不少贡献者加入到项目中来。项目发起仅仅两个月后，这款游戏就被收入Google’s Summer of Code。这款游戏吸引了大量玩家，并被翻译成45种语言。CodeCombat希望成为那些想要一边学习代码同时获得乐趣的同学的风向标。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Storj ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Storj][6]是一个点对点的云存储网络，可实现端到端加密，保证用户不用依赖第三方即可传输、共享数据。基于比特币block chain技术和点对点协议，Storj提供安全、私密、加密的云存储。
|
||||
|
||||
云数据存储的反对者担心成本开销和漏洞攻击。为了做到没有死角，Storj是一个私有云存储市场，用户可以通过Storjcoin X(SJCX) 购买交易存储空间。上传到Storj的文件会被粉碎、加密和存储到整个社区。只有文件所有者拥有密钥加密的信息
|
||||
|
||||
在2014年举办的Texas Bitcoin Conference Hackathon会议上，云存储市场概念首次被提出并证明可行。在第一次赢得黑客马拉松活动后，项目创始人们和领导团队利用开源论坛Reddit、比特币论坛和社交媒体推广此项目。如今，它们已成为Storj决策过程的一个重要组成部分。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Neovim ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
自1991年提出概念以来，Vim已经成为数以百万计软件开发人员所钟爱的文本编辑器。 [Neovim][6] 是它的下一个版本。
|
||||
|
||||
在过去的23年里，软件开发生态系统经历了无数增长和创新。Neovim创始人Thiago de Arruda知道Vim缺少当代元素，跟不上时代的发展。在保留Vim的签名功能的前提下，Neovim团队同样在寻求最受欢迎的文本编辑器改善和发展技术。集资初期，Thiago de Arruda连续6个月时间关注推出此项目。他相信他的团队和支持他激励他继续发展Neovim。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: CockroachDB ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
前谷歌员工开发了一个开源的企业数据存储项目[CockroachDB][8],它是一个可扩展的、跨地域复制且支持事务的数据存储的解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
为了保证在线百万兆字节流量业务的质量，Google公开了他们的Spanner系统，这是一个可扩展的，稳定的，支持事务的系统。许多参与开发CockroachDB的团队现在都服务与开源社区。就像真正的蟑螂一样，CockroachDB可以在没有数据头、没有任何节点的情况下正常运行。这个开源项目有很多富有经验的贡献者，创始人们通过社会媒体、Github、网络、会议和聚会结识他们并鼓励他们参与其中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Kubernetes ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在介绍集装箱化的软件对开源社区的发展时，[Docker][9]是一匹黑马，它在技术和工具的设置上做了创新。去年6月谷歌推出了[Kubernetes][10]，这是一款开源的容器管理工具，用来加快开发和简化操作。
|
||||
|
||||
谷歌在它的网络系统上使用容器技术多年了。在2014年夏天的DockerCon上大会上，谷歌这个互联网巨头开源了Kubernetes，Kubernetes的开发是为了满足迅速增长的Docker生态系统的需要。通过和其它的组织、项目合作，比如 Red Hat和CoreOS，Kubernetes的管理者们促使它登上了Docker Hub的工具下载榜榜首。Kubernetes的开发团队希望扩大这个项目，发展它的社区，这样的话软件开发者就能花更少的时间在管理基础设施上，而更多的去开发他们自己的APP。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Open Bazaar ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
OpenBazaar是一个使用比特币和其他人交易的市场。OpenBazaar这一概念最早在编程马拉松（hackathon）活动中被提出，它的创始人结合了BitTorent，比特币和传统的金融服务方式，创造了一个不受审查的交易平台。OpenBazaar的开发团队在寻求新的成员，而且不久以后他们将无限扩大Open Bazaar的社区。Open Bazaar旨在透明度和同一个目标去在商务交易中掀起一场革命，这会帮助创始人和贡献者向着一个真实的世界奋斗，一个没有控制，分散的市场。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: IPFS ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
IPFS 是一个全球的点对点式的分布式版本文件系统。它综合了Git，BitTorrent，HTTP的思想，开启了一个新的数据和数据结构传输协议。
|
||||
|
||||
开源被人们所知晓的原因，是它本意用简单的方法解决复杂的问题，这样产生许多新颖的想法，但是着些强大的项目仅仅是开源社区的冰山一角。IFPS有一个积极的团队，这个概念的提出是大胆的，令人惊讶的，有点甚至高不可攀。这样来看，一个点对点的分布是文件系统是在寻找所有连在一起的计算设备。也许HTTP的更换可以靠着通过多种手段继续保持一个社区，包括Git社区和超过100名贡献者的IRC。这个疯狂的想法将在2015年进行软件内部测试。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: cAdvisor ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[cAdvisor (Container Advisor)][13] 是一个针对在运行中的容器进行收集，合计，处理和输出信息的工具，它可以给容器的使用者提供资源的使用情况和工作特性。对于每一个容器，cAdvisor记录着资源的分离参数，资源使用历史，资源使用历史对比框图，网络状态。这些从容器输出的数据在机器中传递。
|
||||
|
||||
cAdvisor可以在绝大多数的Linux上运行，并且支持包括Docker在内的多种容器类型。事实上它成为了一种容器的代理，并被集成在了很多系统中。cAdvisor在DockerHub下载量也是位居前茅。cAdvisor的开发团队希望把cAdvisor发展到能够更深入地理解应用并且集成到集群系统。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Terraform ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Terraform][14]提供了一些列的设置来创建一个基础设施，从物理机到虚拟机再到email服务器、DNS服务器。这个概念包括从家庭个人机解决方案到公共云平台提供的服务。一旦建立好了以后，Terraform便进行一系列的操作来改变你的基础设施，安全又高效，就如同配置一样。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在Devops模式下的公司里工作，Terraform.io的创始者找到了一个窍门把建立一个完整的数据中心所需的知识结合在一起，从插入服务器到整个网络和功能齐备的数据中心。基础设施的描述采用高级的配置语法，允许你把数据中心的蓝图做成多版本并且可以使用多种代码。著名开源公司HashiCorp赞助开发这个项目。
|
||||
|
||||
### 荣誉奖: Docker Fig ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Fig][15] 为[Docker][16]的使用提供了一个快速的，分离的开发环境。Docker的移植只需要将配置信息放到一个简单的 fig.yml文件里。它会处理所有工作，包括建立、运行，端口转发，分享磁盘和容器链接。
|
||||
Fig solved a major pain point for developers. Docker fully supports this open source project and [recently purchased Orchard][17] to expand the reach of Fig.
|
||||
Orchard去年发起了Fig，来创造一个使Docker工作的系统工具。它的开发像是为Docker设置开发环境，为了确保用户能够为他们的APP准确定义环境，在Docker中会运行数据库和缓存。Fig解决了开发者的一个难题。Docker全面支持这个开源项目，最近将买下Orchard来扩张这个项目。
|
||||
|
||||
### 荣誉奖: Drone ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Drone][18]是一个基于Docker的持续集成平台，而且它是用Go语言写的。Drone项目不满于现存的技术和流程，它旨在开发环境。
|
||||
|
||||
Drone提供了一个简单的自动测试和持续交付的方法：简单选择一个Docker形象来满足你的需求，连接并提交至GitHub即可。Drone使用Docker容器来提供隔离的测试环境，让每个项目完全自主控制堆栈，没有传统的服务器管理的负担。Drone背后的100位社区贡献者强烈希望把这个项目带到企业和移动应用程序开发中
|
||||
### 开源新秀 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [2014年度开源项目新秀][20]
|
||||
- [InfoWorld2015年年度技术奖][21]
|
||||
- [Bossies: 开源软件最高荣誉][22]
|
||||
- [ Windows管理员15个必不可少的开源工具][23]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2875439/open-source-software/the-top-10-rookie-open-source-projects.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Black Duck Software][a]
|
||||
译者：[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Black-Duck-Software/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[2]:https://www.openhub.net/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/debops/debops
|
||||
[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2612397/data-center/review--ansible-orchestration-is-a-veteran-unix-admin-s-dream.html
|
||||
[5]:https://codecombat.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://storj.io/
|
||||
[7]:http://neovim.org/
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach
|
||||
[9]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[10]:http://kubernetes.io/
|
||||
[11]:https://openbazaar.org/
|
||||
[12]:http://ipfs.io/
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/google/cadvisor
|
||||
[14]:https://www.terraform.io/
|
||||
[15]:http://www.fig.sh/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[17]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2608546/application-virtualization/docker-acquires-orchard-in-a-sign-of-rising-ambitions.html
|
||||
[18]:https://drone.io/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2683845/google-go/164121-Fast-guide-to-Go-programming.html
|
||||
[20]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[21]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2871935/application-development/infoworlds-2015-technology-of-the-year-award-winners.html
|
||||
[22]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2688104/open-source-software/article.html
|
||||
[23]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2854954/microsoft-windows/15-essential-open-source-tools-for-windows-admins.html
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user