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@MjSeven
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "MjSeven"
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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[#]: subject: "Why you need to drop ifconfig for ip"
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[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/21/1/ifconfig-ip-linux"
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[#]: author: "Rajan Bhardwaj https://opensource.com/users/rajabhar"
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放弃 ifconfig,拥抱 ip
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放弃 ifconfig,拥抱 ip 命令
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======
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开始使用现代方法配置 Linux 网络接口。
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![Tips and gears turning][1]
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> 开始使用现代方法配置 Linux 网络接口。
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![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202102/05/233847lpg1lnz7kl2czgfj.jpg)
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在很长一段时间内,`ifconfig` 命令是配置网络接口的默认方法。它为 Linux 用户提供了很好的服务,但是网络很复杂,所以配置网络的命令必须健壮。`ip` 命令是现代系统中新的默认网络命令,在本文中,我将向你展示如何使用它。
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`ip` 命令工作在 [OSI 网络栈][2] 上:数据链路层和网络(IP)层。它做了之前 `net-tools` 包的所有工作。
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`ip` 命令工作在 [OSI 网络栈][2] 的两个层上:第二层(数据链路层)和第三层(网络 或 IP)层。它做了之前 `net-tools` 包的所有工作。
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### 安装 ip
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@ -23,94 +24,88 @@
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### ifconfig 和 ip 使用对比
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`ip` 和 `ifconfig` 命令可以用来配置网络接口,但它们做事方法不同。接下来,作为对比,我将用它们来执行一些常见的任务。
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`ip` 和 `ifconfig` 命令都可以用来配置网络接口,但它们做事方法不同。接下来,作为对比,我将用它们来执行一些常见的任务。
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#### 查看网口和 IP 地址
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如果你想查看主机的 IP 地址或网络接口信息,`ifconfig` (不带任何参数)命令提供了一个很好的总结。
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```
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$ ifconfig
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eth0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
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ether bc:ee:7b:5e:7d:d8 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
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RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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eth0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
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ether bc:ee:7b:5e:7d:d8 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
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RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
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inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
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inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
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loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
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RX packets 41 bytes 5551 (5.4 KiB)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 41 bytes 5551 (5.4 KiB)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
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inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
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inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
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loop txqueuelen 1000 (Local Loopback)
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RX packets 41 bytes 5551 (5.4 KiB)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 41 bytes 5551 (5.4 KiB)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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wlan0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
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inet 10.1.1.6 netmask 255.255.255.224 broadcast 10.1.1.31
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inet6 fdb4:f58e:49f:4900:d46d:146b:b16:7212 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
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inet6 fe80::8eb3:4bc0:7cbb:59e8 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
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ether 08:71:90:81:1e:b5 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
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RX packets 569459 bytes 779147444 (743.0 MiB)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 302882 bytes 38131213 (36.3 MiB)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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wlan0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
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inet 10.1.1.6 netmask 255.255.255.224 broadcast 10.1.1.31
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inet6 fdb4:f58e:49f:4900:d46d:146b:b16:7212 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x0<global>
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inet6 fe80::8eb3:4bc0:7cbb:59e8 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
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ether 08:71:90:81:1e:b5 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
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RX packets 569459 bytes 779147444 (743.0 MiB)
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RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
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TX packets 302882 bytes 38131213 (36.3 MiB)
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TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
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```
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新的 `ip` 命令提供了类似的结果,但命令是 `ip address show`,或者简写为 `ip a`:
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```
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$ ip a
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1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
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link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
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inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 ::1/128 scope host
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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2: eth0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN group default qlen 1000
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link/ether bc:ee:7b:5e:7d:d8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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3: wlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:71:90:81:1e:b5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 10.1.1.6/27 brd 10.1.1.31 scope global dynamic wlan0
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valid_lft 83490sec preferred_lft 83490sec
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inet6 fdb4:f58e:49f:4900:d46d:146b:b16:7212/64 scope global noprefixroute dynamic
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valid_lft 6909sec preferred_lft 3309sec
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inet6 fe80::8eb3:4bc0:7cbb:59e8/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
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link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
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inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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inet6 ::1/128 scope host
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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2: eth0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN group default qlen 1000
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link/ether bc:ee:7b:5e:7d:d8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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3: wlan0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
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link/ether 08:71:90:81:1e:b5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 10.1.1.6/27 brd 10.1.1.31 scope global dynamic wlan0
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valid_lft 83490sec preferred_lft 83490sec
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inet6 fdb4:f58e:49f:4900:d46d:146b:b16:7212/64 scope global noprefixroute dynamic
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valid_lft 6909sec preferred_lft 3309sec
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inet6 fe80::8eb3:4bc0:7cbb:59e8/64 scope link
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valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
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```
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#### 添加 IP 地址
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使用 `ifconfig` 命令添加 IP 地址命令为:
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```bash
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```
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$ ifconfig eth0 add 192.9.203.21
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```
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`ip` 类似:
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`ip` 类似:
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```bash
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```
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$ ip address add 192.9.203.21 dev eth0
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```
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`ip` 中的子命令可以缩短,所以下面这个命令同样有效:
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```bash
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```
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$ ip addr add 192.9.203.21 dev eth0
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```
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你甚至可以更短些:
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```bash
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```
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$ ip a add 192.9.203.21 dev eth0
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```
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@ -118,74 +113,65 @@ $ ip a add 192.9.203.21 dev eth0
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添加 IP 地址与删除 IP 地址正好相反。
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使用 `ifconfig`,命令是:
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使用 `ifconfig`,命令是:
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```bash
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```
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$ ifconfig eth0 del 192.9.203.21
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```
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`ip` 命令的语法是:
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```bash
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```
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$ ip a del 192.9.203.21 dev eth0
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```
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#### 启用或禁用组播
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使用 `ifconfig` 接口来启用或禁用[组播][3]:
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使用 `ifconfig` 接口来启用或禁用 <ruby>[组播][3]<rt>multicast</rt></ruby>:
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```bash
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```
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# ifconfig eth0 multicast
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```
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对于 `ip`,使用 `set` 子命令与设备(`dev`)以及一个布尔值和 `multicast` 选项:
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```bash
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```
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# ip link set dev eth0 multicast on
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```
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#### 启用或禁用网络
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每个系统管理员都熟悉“先关闭,然后打开”这个技巧来解决问题。在网络接口上,即打开或关闭网络。
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每个系统管理员都熟悉“先关闭,然后打开”这个技巧来解决问题。对于网络接口来说,即打开或关闭网络。
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`ifconfig` 命令使用 `up` 或 `down` 关键字来实现:
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```bash
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```
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# ifconfig eth0 up
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```
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或者你可以使用一个专用命令:
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```bash
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```
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# ifup eth0
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```
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`ip` 命令使用 `set` 子命令将网络设置为 `up` 或 `down` 状态:
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```bash
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```
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# ip link set eth0 up
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```
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#### 开启或关闭地址解析功能(ARP)
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使用 `ifconfig`,你可以通过声明来启用:
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使用 `ifconfig`,你可以通过声明它来启用:
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```bash
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```
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# ifconfig eth0 arp
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```
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使用 `ip`,你可以将 `arp` 属性设置为 `on` 或 `off`:
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```bash
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```
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# ip link set dev eth0 arp on
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```
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@ -193,9 +179,9 @@ $ ip a del 192.9.203.21 dev eth0
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`ip` 命令比 `ifconfig` 更通用,技术上也更有效,因为它使用的是 `Netlink` 套接字,而不是 `ioctl` 系统调用。
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`ip` 命令可能看起来比 `ifconfig` 更详细、更复杂,但这是它拥有更多功能的一个原因。一旦你开始使用它,你会了解它的内部逻辑(例如,使用 `set` 而不是看起来随意叠加的声明或设置)。
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`ip` 命令可能看起来比 `ifconfig` 更详细、更复杂,但这是它拥有更多功能的一个原因。一旦你开始使用它,你会了解它的内部逻辑(例如,使用 `set` 而不是看起来随意混合的声明或设置)。
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最后,`ifconfig` 已经过时了(例如,它缺乏对网络名称空间的支持),而 `ip` 是为现代网络而生的。尝试并学习它,使用它,你会很感激你使用它的!
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最后,`ifconfig` 已经过时了(例如,它缺乏对网络命名空间的支持),而 `ip` 是为现代网络而生的。尝试并学习它,使用它,你会由衷高兴的!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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@ -204,7 +190,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/21/1/ifconfig-ip-linux
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作者:[Rajan Bhardwaj][a]
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选题:[lujun9972][b]
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译者:[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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