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[Translated] Linux shell tips and tricks

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Translating------------geekpi
Linux shell tips and tricks
================================================================================
I’m using Linux shell (Bash) on daily basis, but I often forgot some useful command or shell tip. Yes, I can remember commands, but I can’t say that if I used it just once for specific task. Then I started to write Linux shell tips in text file on my Dropbox account and now I decided to share that. This list will be updated over time. Also keep in mind that for some tips you will need to install additional software on your Linux distribution.
Check if remote port is open with bash:
echo >/dev/tcp/8.8.8.8/53 && echo "open"
Suspend process:
Ctrl + z
Move process to foreground:
fg
Generate random hex number where n is number of characters:
openssl rand -hex n
Execute commands from a file in the current shell:
source /home/user/file.name
Substring for first 5 characters:
${variable:0:5}
SSH debug mode:
ssh -vvv user@ip_address
SSH with pem key:
ssh user@ip_address -i key.pem
Get complete directory listing to local directory with wget:
wget -r --no-parent --reject "index.html*" http://hostname/ -P /home/user/dirs
Create multiple directories:
mkdir -p /home/user/{test,test1,test2}
List processes tree with child processes:
ps axwef
Create war file:
jar -cvf name.war file
Test disk write speed:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k conv=fdatasync; rm -rf /tmp/output.img
Test disk read speed:
hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
Get md5 hash from text:
echo -n "text" | md5sum
Check xml syntax:
xmllint --noout file.xml
Extract tar.gz in new directory:
tar zxvf package.tar.gz -C new_dir
Get HTTP headers with curl:
curl -I http://www.example.com
Modify timestamp of some file or directory (YYMMDDhhmm):
touch -t 0712250000 file
Download from ftp using wget:
wget -m ftp://username:password@hostname
Generate random password (16 char long in this case):
LANG=c < /dev/urandom tr -dc _A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c${1:-16};echo;
Quickly create a backup of a file:
cp some_file_name{,.bkp}
Access Windows share:
smbclient -U "DOMAIN\user" //dc.domain.com/share/test/dir
Run command from history (here at line 100):
!100
Unzip to directory:
unzip package_name.zip -d dir_name
Multiline text (CTRL + d to exit):
cat > test.txt
Create empty file or empty existing one:
> test.txt
Update date from Ubuntu NTP server:
ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com
netstat show all tcp4 listening ports:
netstat -lnt4 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -f2 -d: | grep -o '[0-9]*'
Convert image from qcow2 to raw:
qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img \
precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.raw
Run command repeatedly, displaying it's output (default every two seconds):
watch ps -ef
List all users:
getent passwd
Mount root in read/write mode:
mount -o remount,rw /
Mount a directory (for cases when symlinking will not work):
mount --bind /source /destination
Send dynamic update to DNS server:
nsupdate < <EOF
update add $HOST 86400 A $IP
send
EOF
Recursively grep all directories:
grep -r "some_text" /path/to/dir
List ten largest open files:
lsof / | awk '{ if($7 > 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB "$9 }' | sort -n -u | tail
Show free RAM in MB:
free -m | grep cache | awk '/[0-9]/{ print $4" MB" }'
Open Vim and jump to end of file:
vim + some_file_name
Git clone specific branch (master):
git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master
Git switch to another branch (develop):
git checkout develop
Git delete branch (myfeature):
git branch -d myfeature
Git delete remote branch:
git push origin :branchName
Git push new branch to remote:
git push -u origin mynewfeature
Print out the last cat command from history:
!cat:p
Run your last cat command from history:
!cat
Find all empty subdirectories in /home/user:
find /home/user -maxdepth 1 -type d -empty
Get all from line 50 to 60 in test.txt:
< test.txt sed -n '50,60p'
Run last command (if it was: mkdir /root/test, below will run: sudo mkdir /root/test):
sudo !!
Create temporary RAM filesystem - ramdisk (first create /tmpram directory):
mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmpram -o size=512m
Grep whole words:
grep -w "name" test.txt
Append text to a file that requires raised privileges:
echo "some text" | sudo tee -a /path/file
List all supported kill signals:
kill -l
Generate random password (16 characters long in this case):
openssl rand -base64 16
Do not log last session in bash history:
kill -9 $$
Scan network to find open port:
nmap -p 8081 172.20.0.0/16
Set git email:
git config --global user.email "me@example.com"
To sync with master if you have unpublished commits:
git pull --rebase origin master
Move all files with "txt" in name to /home/user:
find -iname "*txt*" -exec mv -v {} /home/user \;
Put the file lines side by side:
paste test.txt test1.txt
Progress bar in shell:
pv data.log
Send the data to server with netcat:
echo "hosts.sampleHost 10 `date +%s`" | nc 192.168.200.2 3000
Convert tabs to spaces:
expand test.txt > test1.txt
Skip bash history:
< <space>>cmd
Go to the previous working directory:
cd -
Split large tar.gz archive (100MB each) and put it back:
split –b 100m /path/to/large/archive /path/to/output/files
cat files* > archive
Get HTTP status code with curl:
curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" www.example.com -o /dev/null
When Ctrl + c not works:
Ctrl + \
Get file owner:
stat -c %U file.txt
List block devices:
lsblk -f
Find files with trailing spaces:
find . -type f -exec egrep -l " +$" "{}" \;
Find files with tabs indentation:
find . -type f -exec egrep -l $'\t' "{}" \;
Print horizontal line with "=":
printf '%100s\n' | tr ' ' =
**UPDATE: November 25, 2013**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.techbar.me/linux-shell-tips/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

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Linux sheel 贴士和技巧
================================================================================
我日常使用Linux shell(Bash),但是我经常忘记一些有用的命令或者shell技巧。是的,我能记住一些命令但是我不能说只在特定的任务上使用一次。那么我就开始在我的Dropbox账号里用文本文件写下这些Linux shell的贴士,现在我决定共享它。这个表我以后还会更新。记住,这里的一些贴士需要在你的Linux发行版上安装额外的软件。
在bash中检查远程端口是否打开:
echo >/dev/tcp/8.8.8.8/53 && echo "open"
终止进程:
Ctrl + z
将进程移到前台:
fg
生成随机16进制数字,n是字符的数量:
openssl rand -hex n
在当前shell中从一个文件中执行命令:
source /home/user/file.name
提取前5个字符的字串:
${variable:0:5}
SSH调试模式:
ssh -vvv user@ip_address
带pem key的SSH
ssh user@ip_address -i key.pem
用wget获取完整目录列表到本地目录:
wget -r --no-parent --reject "index.html*" http://hostname/ -P /home/user/dirs
创建多个目录:
mkdir -p /home/user/{test,test1,test2}
列出带子进程的进程树:
ps axwef
创建war文件:
jar -cvf name.war file
测试磁盘写速度:
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k conv=fdatasync; rm -rf /tmp/output.img
测试磁盘读速度:
hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
从文本中获取md5值:
echo -n "text" | md5sum
检测xml语法:
xmllint --noout file.xml
在新的目录中提取tar.gz文件:
tar zxvf package.tar.gz -C new_dir
用curl获取HTTP头:
curl -I http://www.example.com
修改一些文件或目录的时间戳 (YYMMDDhhmm):
touch -t 0712250000 file
使用wget从ftp下载:
wget -m ftp://username:password@hostname
生成随机密码 (本例中16位字符长):
LANG=c < /dev/urandom tr -dc _A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c${1:-16};echo;
快速创建一个文件的备份:
cp some_file_name{,.bkp}
访问Windows共享:
smbclient -U "DOMAIN\user" //dc.domain.com/share/test/dir
在历史中运行命令 (这里在第100行):
!100
unzip到目录中:
unzip package_name.zip -d dir_name
多行文字 (按 CTRL + d 退出):
cat > test.txt
创建空白的文件或者已存在的文件:
> test.txt
从Ubuntu NTP服务器上更新日期:
ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com
netstat 显示所有tcp4监听的端口:
netstat -lnt4 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -f2 -d: | grep -o '[0-9]*'
将qcow2图像转化成raw:
qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img \
precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.raw
重复运行命令,显示它的输出 (默认2s刷新):
watch ps -ef
显示所有用户:
getent passwd
以读写模式挂载root:
mount -o remount,rw /
挂在目录 (适合于符号链接不成功的情况下):
mount --bind /source /destination
发送动态更新给DNS:
nsupdate < <EOF
update add $HOST 86400 A $IP
send
EOF
递归grep所有目录
grep -r "some_text" /path/to/dir
列出10个最大的已打开的文件:
lsof / | awk '{ if($7 > 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB "$9 }' | sort -n -u | tail
以MB显示空余内存:
free -m | grep cache | awk '/[0-9]/{ print $4" MB" }'
打开vim并跳转到文件最后:
vim + some_file_name
git clone特定branch (master):
git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master
git切换到另外一个branch (develop):
git checkout develop
git删除一个branch(myfeature):
git branch -d myfeature
Git删除一个远程branch:
git push origin :branchName
Git push 新的branch到远程:
git push -u origin mynewfeature
打印history中最后的cat命令
!cat:p
运行history中的最后的cat命令:
!cat
找出在/home/user中的所有空子目录:
find /home/user -maxdepth 1 -type d -empty
得到test.txt中50到60行的文本:
< test.txt sed -n '50,60p'
运行最后的命令 (如果是: mkdir /root/test, 下面会运行: sudo mkdir /root/test):
sudo !!
创建临时RAM文件系统 - ramdisk (首先创建在 /tmpram 目录):
mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmpram -o size=512m
Grep完整单词:
grep -w "name" test.txt
需要特权模式在一个文件后追加文本:
echo "some text" | sudo tee -a /path/file
列出所有的kill信号:
kill -l
生成随机密码 (本例中16个字符长):
openssl rand -base64 16
在bash历史中不记录最后的会话:
kill -9 $$
扫描网络找出打开的端口:
nmap -p 8081 172.20.0.0/16
设置git email:
git config --global user.email "me@example.com"
如果你有未提交的commit,与master同步:
git pull --rebase origin master
将文件中含有txt的所有文件移动到/home/user:
find -iname "*txt*" -exec mv -v {} /home/user \;
一行行合并文件:
paste test.txt test1.txt
shell中的进度条:
pv data.log
用netcat发送数据给服务器:
echo "hosts.sampleHost 10 `date +%s`" | nc 192.168.200.2 3000
转换tab到空格:
expand test.txt > test1.txt
跳过bash历史:
< <space>>cmd
回到先前的工作目录:
cd -
切割大的tar.gz文件 (每个 100MB) 并还原:
split –b 100m /path/to/large/archive /path/to/output/files
cat files* > archive
用curl获取HTTP状态值:
curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" www.example.com -o /dev/null
当 Ctrl + c 没用时:
Ctrl + \
获取文件所有者:
stat -c %U file.txt
列出块设备:
lsblk -f
找出末尾空格的文件:
find . -type f -exec egrep -l " +$" "{}" \;
找出用tab缩进的文件:
find . -type f -exec egrep -l $'\t' "{}" \;
用"="打印水平行
printf '%100s\n' | tr ' ' =
**更新: 2013年11月25日**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.techbar.me/linux-shell-tips/
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出