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[Translated] Linux shell tips and tricks
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Translating------------geekpi
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Linux shell tips and tricks
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================================================================================
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I’m using Linux shell (Bash) on daily basis, but I often forgot some useful command or shell tip. Yes, I can remember commands, but I can’t say that if I used it just once for specific task. Then I started to write Linux shell tips in text file on my Dropbox account and now I decided to share that. This list will be updated over time. Also keep in mind that for some tips you will need to install additional software on your Linux distribution.
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Check if remote port is open with bash:
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echo >/dev/tcp/8.8.8.8/53 && echo "open"
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Suspend process:
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Ctrl + z
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Move process to foreground:
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fg
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Generate random hex number where n is number of characters:
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openssl rand -hex n
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Execute commands from a file in the current shell:
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source /home/user/file.name
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Substring for first 5 characters:
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${variable:0:5}
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SSH debug mode:
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ssh -vvv user@ip_address
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SSH with pem key:
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ssh user@ip_address -i key.pem
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Get complete directory listing to local directory with wget:
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wget -r --no-parent --reject "index.html*" http://hostname/ -P /home/user/dirs
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Create multiple directories:
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mkdir -p /home/user/{test,test1,test2}
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List processes tree with child processes:
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ps axwef
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Create war file:
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jar -cvf name.war file
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Test disk write speed:
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k conv=fdatasync; rm -rf /tmp/output.img
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Test disk read speed:
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hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
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Get md5 hash from text:
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echo -n "text" | md5sum
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Check xml syntax:
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xmllint --noout file.xml
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Extract tar.gz in new directory:
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tar zxvf package.tar.gz -C new_dir
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Get HTTP headers with curl:
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curl -I http://www.example.com
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Modify timestamp of some file or directory (YYMMDDhhmm):
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touch -t 0712250000 file
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Download from ftp using wget:
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wget -m ftp://username:password@hostname
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Generate random password (16 char long in this case):
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LANG=c < /dev/urandom tr -dc _A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c${1:-16};echo;
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Quickly create a backup of a file:
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cp some_file_name{,.bkp}
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Access Windows share:
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smbclient -U "DOMAIN\user" //dc.domain.com/share/test/dir
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Run command from history (here at line 100):
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!100
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Unzip to directory:
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unzip package_name.zip -d dir_name
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Multiline text (CTRL + d to exit):
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cat > test.txt
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Create empty file or empty existing one:
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> test.txt
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Update date from Ubuntu NTP server:
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ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com
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netstat show all tcp4 listening ports:
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netstat -lnt4 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -f2 -d: | grep -o '[0-9]*'
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Convert image from qcow2 to raw:
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qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img \
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precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.raw
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Run command repeatedly, displaying it's output (default every two seconds):
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watch ps -ef
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List all users:
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getent passwd
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Mount root in read/write mode:
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mount -o remount,rw /
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Mount a directory (for cases when symlinking will not work):
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mount --bind /source /destination
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Send dynamic update to DNS server:
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nsupdate < <EOF
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update add $HOST 86400 A $IP
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send
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EOF
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Recursively grep all directories:
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grep -r "some_text" /path/to/dir
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List ten largest open files:
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lsof / | awk '{ if($7 > 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB "$9 }' | sort -n -u | tail
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Show free RAM in MB:
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free -m | grep cache | awk '/[0-9]/{ print $4" MB" }'
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Open Vim and jump to end of file:
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vim + some_file_name
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Git clone specific branch (master):
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git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master
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Git switch to another branch (develop):
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git checkout develop
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Git delete branch (myfeature):
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git branch -d myfeature
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Git delete remote branch:
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git push origin :branchName
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Git push new branch to remote:
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git push -u origin mynewfeature
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Print out the last cat command from history:
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!cat:p
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Run your last cat command from history:
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!cat
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Find all empty subdirectories in /home/user:
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find /home/user -maxdepth 1 -type d -empty
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Get all from line 50 to 60 in test.txt:
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< test.txt sed -n '50,60p'
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Run last command (if it was: mkdir /root/test, below will run: sudo mkdir /root/test):
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sudo !!
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Create temporary RAM filesystem - ramdisk (first create /tmpram directory):
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mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmpram -o size=512m
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Grep whole words:
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grep -w "name" test.txt
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Append text to a file that requires raised privileges:
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echo "some text" | sudo tee -a /path/file
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List all supported kill signals:
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kill -l
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Generate random password (16 characters long in this case):
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openssl rand -base64 16
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Do not log last session in bash history:
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kill -9 $$
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Scan network to find open port:
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nmap -p 8081 172.20.0.0/16
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Set git email:
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git config --global user.email "me@example.com"
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To sync with master if you have unpublished commits:
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git pull --rebase origin master
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Move all files with "txt" in name to /home/user:
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find -iname "*txt*" -exec mv -v {} /home/user \;
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Put the file lines side by side:
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paste test.txt test1.txt
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Progress bar in shell:
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pv data.log
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Send the data to server with netcat:
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echo "hosts.sampleHost 10 `date +%s`" | nc 192.168.200.2 3000
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Convert tabs to spaces:
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expand test.txt > test1.txt
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Skip bash history:
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< <space>>cmd
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Go to the previous working directory:
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cd -
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Split large tar.gz archive (100MB each) and put it back:
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split –b 100m /path/to/large/archive /path/to/output/files
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cat files* > archive
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Get HTTP status code with curl:
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curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" www.example.com -o /dev/null
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When Ctrl + c not works:
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Ctrl + \
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Get file owner:
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stat -c %U file.txt
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List block devices:
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lsblk -f
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Find files with trailing spaces:
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find . -type f -exec egrep -l " +$" "{}" \;
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Find files with tabs indentation:
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find . -type f -exec egrep -l $'\t' "{}" \;
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Print horizontal line with "=":
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printf '%100s\n' | tr ' ' =
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**UPDATE: November 25, 2013**
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.techbar.me/linux-shell-tips/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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310
translated/Linux shell tips and tricks.md
Normal file
310
translated/Linux shell tips and tricks.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
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Linux sheel 贴士和技巧
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================================================================================
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我日常使用Linux shell(Bash),但是我经常忘记一些有用的命令或者shell技巧。是的,我能记住一些命令但是我不能说只在特定的任务上使用一次。那么我就开始在我的Dropbox账号里用文本文件写下这些Linux shell的贴士,现在我决定共享它。这个表我以后还会更新。记住,这里的一些贴士需要在你的Linux发行版上安装额外的软件。
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在bash中检查远程端口是否打开:
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echo >/dev/tcp/8.8.8.8/53 && echo "open"
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终止进程:
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Ctrl + z
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将进程移到前台:
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fg
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生成随机16进制数字,n是字符的数量:
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openssl rand -hex n
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在当前shell中从一个文件中执行命令:
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source /home/user/file.name
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提取前5个字符的字串:
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${variable:0:5}
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SSH调试模式:
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ssh -vvv user@ip_address
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带pem key的SSH
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ssh user@ip_address -i key.pem
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用wget获取完整目录列表到本地目录:
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wget -r --no-parent --reject "index.html*" http://hostname/ -P /home/user/dirs
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创建多个目录:
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mkdir -p /home/user/{test,test1,test2}
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列出带子进程的进程树:
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ps axwef
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创建war文件:
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jar -cvf name.war file
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测试磁盘写速度:
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dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k conv=fdatasync; rm -rf /tmp/output.img
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测试磁盘读速度:
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hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
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从文本中获取md5值:
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echo -n "text" | md5sum
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检测xml语法:
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xmllint --noout file.xml
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在新的目录中提取tar.gz文件:
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tar zxvf package.tar.gz -C new_dir
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用curl获取HTTP头:
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curl -I http://www.example.com
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修改一些文件或目录的时间戳 (YYMMDDhhmm):
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touch -t 0712250000 file
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使用wget从ftp下载:
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wget -m ftp://username:password@hostname
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生成随机密码 (本例中16位字符长):
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LANG=c < /dev/urandom tr -dc _A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c${1:-16};echo;
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快速创建一个文件的备份:
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cp some_file_name{,.bkp}
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访问Windows共享:
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smbclient -U "DOMAIN\user" //dc.domain.com/share/test/dir
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在历史中运行命令 (这里在第100行):
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!100
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unzip到目录中:
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unzip package_name.zip -d dir_name
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多行文字 (按 CTRL + d 退出):
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cat > test.txt
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创建空白的文件或者已存在的文件:
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> test.txt
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从Ubuntu NTP服务器上更新日期:
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ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com
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netstat 显示所有tcp4监听的端口:
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|
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netstat -lnt4 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -f2 -d: | grep -o '[0-9]*'
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|
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将qcow2图像转化成raw:
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qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img \
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precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.raw
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重复运行命令,显示它的输出 (默认2s刷新):
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watch ps -ef
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显示所有用户:
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getent passwd
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以读写模式挂载root:
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mount -o remount,rw /
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挂在目录 (适合于符号链接不成功的情况下):
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mount --bind /source /destination
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发送动态更新给DNS:
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nsupdate < <EOF
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update add $HOST 86400 A $IP
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send
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EOF
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递归grep所有目录
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|
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grep -r "some_text" /path/to/dir
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|
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列出10个最大的已打开的文件:
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|
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lsof / | awk '{ if($7 > 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB "$9 }' | sort -n -u | tail
|
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|
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以MB显示空余内存:
|
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|
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free -m | grep cache | awk '/[0-9]/{ print $4" MB" }'
|
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|
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打开vim并跳转到文件最后:
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|
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vim + some_file_name
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|
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git clone特定branch (master):
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|
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git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master
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|
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git切换到另外一个branch (develop):
|
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|
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git checkout develop
|
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|
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git删除一个branch(myfeature):
|
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|
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git branch -d myfeature
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|
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Git删除一个远程branch:
|
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|
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git push origin :branchName
|
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|
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Git push 新的branch到远程:
|
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|
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git push -u origin mynewfeature
|
||||
|
||||
打印history中最后的cat命令
|
||||
|
||||
!cat:p
|
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|
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运行history中的最后的cat命令:
|
||||
|
||||
!cat
|
||||
|
||||
找出在/home/user中的所有空子目录:
|
||||
|
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find /home/user -maxdepth 1 -type d -empty
|
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|
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得到test.txt中50到60行的文本:
|
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|
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< test.txt sed -n '50,60p'
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|
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运行最后的命令 (如果是: mkdir /root/test, 下面会运行: sudo mkdir /root/test):
|
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|
||||
sudo !!
|
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|
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创建临时RAM文件系统 - ramdisk (首先创建在 /tmpram 目录):
|
||||
|
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mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmpram -o size=512m
|
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|
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Grep完整单词:
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|
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grep -w "name" test.txt
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需要特权模式在一个文件后追加文本:
|
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|
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echo "some text" | sudo tee -a /path/file
|
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|
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列出所有的kill信号:
|
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|
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kill -l
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|
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生成随机密码 (本例中16个字符长):
|
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|
||||
openssl rand -base64 16
|
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|
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在bash历史中不记录最后的会话:
|
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|
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kill -9 $$
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|
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扫描网络找出打开的端口:
|
||||
|
||||
nmap -p 8081 172.20.0.0/16
|
||||
|
||||
设置git email:
|
||||
|
||||
git config --global user.email "me@example.com"
|
||||
|
||||
如果你有未提交的commit,与master同步:
|
||||
|
||||
git pull --rebase origin master
|
||||
|
||||
将文件中含有txt的所有文件移动到/home/user:
|
||||
|
||||
find -iname "*txt*" -exec mv -v {} /home/user \;
|
||||
|
||||
一行行合并文件:
|
||||
|
||||
paste test.txt test1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
shell中的进度条:
|
||||
|
||||
pv data.log
|
||||
|
||||
用netcat发送数据给服务器:
|
||||
|
||||
echo "hosts.sampleHost 10 `date +%s`" | nc 192.168.200.2 3000
|
||||
|
||||
转换tab到空格:
|
||||
|
||||
expand test.txt > test1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
跳过bash历史:
|
||||
|
||||
< <space>>cmd
|
||||
|
||||
回到先前的工作目录:
|
||||
|
||||
cd -
|
||||
|
||||
切割大的tar.gz文件 (每个 100MB) 并还原:
|
||||
|
||||
split –b 100m /path/to/large/archive /path/to/output/files
|
||||
cat files* > archive
|
||||
|
||||
用curl获取HTTP状态值:
|
||||
|
||||
curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" www.example.com -o /dev/null
|
||||
|
||||
当 Ctrl + c 没用时:
|
||||
|
||||
Ctrl + \
|
||||
|
||||
获取文件所有者:
|
||||
|
||||
stat -c %U file.txt
|
||||
|
||||
列出块设备:
|
||||
|
||||
lsblk -f
|
||||
|
||||
找出末尾空格的文件:
|
||||
|
||||
find . -type f -exec egrep -l " +$" "{}" \;
|
||||
|
||||
找出用tab缩进的文件:
|
||||
|
||||
find . -type f -exec egrep -l $'\t' "{}" \;
|
||||
|
||||
用"="打印水平行
|
||||
|
||||
printf '%100s\n' | tr ' ' =
|
||||
|
||||
**更新: 2013年11月25日**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techbar.me/linux-shell-tips/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user