diff --git a/sources/tech/20170915 12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users.md b/sources/tech/20170915 12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users.md deleted file mode 100644 index ded3be8f3b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20170915 12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,196 +0,0 @@ -translating by lujun9972 -12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users -====== -For years & years we have been using ' **ifconfig** ' command to perform network related tasks like checking network interfaces or configuring them. But 'ifconfig' is no longer being maintained & has been deprecated on the recent versions of Linux. 'ifconfig' command has been replaced with ' **ip** ' command. - -'ip' command is somewhat similar to 'ifconfig' command but it's much more powerful with much more functionalities attached to it. 'ip' command is able to perform several tasks which were not possible to perform with 'ifconfig' command. - -[![IP-command-examples-Linux][1]![IP-command-examples-Linux][2]][3] - -In this tutorial, we are going to discuss 12 most common uses for 'ip' command, so let's get going, - -#### Example 1: Checking network information for interfaces ( LAN Cards ) - -To check the network information like IP address, Subnet etc for the interfaces, use 'ip addr show' command -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show - -or - -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip a s -``` - -This will show network information related to all interfaces available on our system, but if we want to view same information for single interface, command is -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show enp0s3 -``` - -where enp0s3 is the name of the interface. - -[![IP-addr-show-commant-output][1]![IP-addr-show-commant-output][4]][5] - -#### Example 2: Enabling & disabling a network interface - -To enable a disable network interface, 'ip' command used is -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 up -``` - -& to disable the network interface we will use 'down' trigger, -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 down -``` - -#### Example 3: Assigning IP address & other network information to an interface - -To assign IP address to interface, we will use -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.50/255.255.255.0 dev enp0s3 -``` - -We can also set broadcast address to interface with 'ip' command. By default no broadcast address is set, so to set a broadcast address command is -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo  ip addr add broadcast 192.168.0.255 dev enp0s3 -``` - -We can also set standard broadcast address along with IP address by using the following command, -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.10/24 brd + dev enp0s3 -``` - -As shown in the above example, we can also use 'brd' in place on 'broadcast' to set broadcast ip address. - -#### Example 4: Removing IP address from interface - -If we want to flush or remove the assigned IP from interface, then the beneath ip command -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr del 192.168.0.10/24 dev enp0s3 -``` - -#### Example 5: Adding an Alias for an interface (enp0s3) - -To add an alias i.e. assign more than one IP to an interface, execute below command -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.20/24 dev enp0s3 label enp0s3:1 -``` - -[![ip-command-add-alias-linux][1]![ip-command-add-alias-linux][6]][7] - -#### Example 6: Checking route or default gateway information - -Checking routing information shows us the route a packet will take to reach the destination. To check the network routing information, execute the following command, -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip route show -``` - -[![ip-route-command-output][1]![ip-route-command-output][8]][9] - -In the output we will see the routing information for packets for all the network interfaces. We can also get the routing information to a particular ip using, -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route get 192.168.0.1 -``` - -#### Example 7: Adding a static route - -If we want to change the default route taken by packets, we can do so with IP command. To assign a default gateway, use following 'ip route' command -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.0.150/24 -``` - -So now all network packets will travel via 192.168.0.150 as opposed to old default route. For changing the default route for a single interface & to make change route further, execute -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3 -``` - -#### Example 8: Removing a static route - -To remove the a previously changes default route, open terminal & run, -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip route del 192.168.0.150/24 -``` - -**Note:-** Changes made to default route using the above mentioned commands are only temporary & all changes will be lost after a system has been restarted. To make a persistence route change, we need to modify / create route-enp0s3 file . Add the following line to it, demonstration is shown below -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-enp0s3 - -172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3 -``` - -Save and Exit the file. - -If you are using Ubuntu or debian based OS, than the location of the file is ' **/etc/network/interfaces** ' and add the line "ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3" to the bottom of the file. - -#### Example 9: Checking all ARP entries - -ARP, short for ' **Address Resolution Protocol** ' , is used to convert an IP address to physical address (also known as MAC address) & all the IP and their corresponding MAC details are stored in a table known as ARP cache. - -To view entries in ARP cache i.e. MAC addresses of the devices connected in LAN, the IP command used is -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip neigh -``` - -[![ip-neigh-command-linux][1]![ip-neigh-command-linux][10]][11] - -#### Example 10: Modifying ARP entries - -To delete an ARP entry, the command used is -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh del 192.168.0.106 dev enp0s3 -``` - -or if we want to add a new entry to ARP cache, the command is -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh add 192.168.0.150 lladdr 33:1g:75:37:r3:84 dev enp0s3 nud perm -``` - -where **nud** means **neighbour state** , it can be - - * **perm** - permanent & can only be removed by administrator, - * **noarp** - entry is valid but can be removed after lifetime expires, - * **stale** - entry is valid but suspicious, - * **reachable** - entry is valid until timeout expires. - - - -#### Example 11: Checking network statistics - -With 'ip' command we can also view the network statistics like bytes and packets transferred, errors or dropped packets etc for all the network interfaces. To view network statistics, use ' **ip -s link** ' command -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip -s link -``` - -[![ip-s-command-linux][1]![ip-s-command-linux][12]][13] - -#### Example 12: How to get help - -If you want to find a option which is not listed in above examples, then you can look for help. In Fact you can use help for all the commands. To list all available options that can be used with 'ip' command, use -``` -[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip help -``` - -Remember that 'ip' command is very important command for Linux admins and it should be learned and mastered to configure network with ease. That's it for now, please do provide your suggestions & leave your queries in the comment box below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/ip-command-examples-for-linux-users/ - -作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] -译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ -[1]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif -[2]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg -[3]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg () -[4]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg -[5]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg () -[6]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg -[7]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg () -[8]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg -[9]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg () -[10]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg -[11]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg () -[12]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg -[13]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg () diff --git a/translated/tech/20170915 12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users.md b/translated/tech/20170915 12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3fe629852b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20170915 12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +Linux 用户的 12 个 ip 案例 +====== +多年来我们一直使用 `ifconfig` 命令来执行网络相关的任务，比如检查和配置网卡信息。但是 `ifconfig` 已经不再被维护并且在最近版本的 Linux 中被废除了。`ifconfig` 命令已经被 `ip` 命令所替代了。 + +`ip` 命令跟 `ifconfig` 命令有些类似，但要强力的多，它有许多新功能。`ip` 命令完成很多 `ifconfig` 命令无法完成的任务。 + +![IP-command-examples-Linux][2] + +本教程将会讨论 `ip` 命令的 12 中最常用法，让我们开始吧。 + +### 案例 1：检查网卡信息 + +检查网卡的诸如 IP 地址，子网等网络信息，使用 `ip addr show` 命令 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show + +or + +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip a s +``` + +这会显示系统中所有可用网卡额相关网络信息，不过如果你想查看某块网卡的信息，则命令为 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show enp0s3 +``` + +这里 `enp0s3` 是网卡的名字。 + +![IP-addr-show-commant-output][4] + +### 案例 2：启用/禁用网卡 + +使用 `ip` 命令来启用一个被禁用的网卡 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 up +``` + +而要禁用网卡则使用 `down` 触发器， +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 down +``` + +### 案例 3：为网卡分配 IP 地址以及其他网络信息 + +要为网卡分配 IP 地址，我们使用下面命令 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.50/255.255.255.0 dev enp0s3 +``` + +也可以使用 `ip` 命令来设置广播地址。默认是没有设置广播地址的，设置广播地址的命令为 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo  ip addr add broadcast 192.168.0.255 dev enp0s3 +``` + +我们也可以使用下面命令来根据 IP 地址设置标准的广播地址， +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.10/24 brd + dev enp0s3 +``` + +若上面例子所示，我们可以使用 `brd` 代替 `broadcast` 来设置广播地址。 + +### 案例 4：删除网卡中配置的 IP 地址 + +若想从网卡中删掉某个 IP，使用如下 ip 命令 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr del 192.168.0.10/24 dev enp0s3 +``` + +### 案例 5：为网卡添加别名(假设网卡名为 enp0s3) + +添加别名，即为玩卡添加不止一个 IP，执行下面命令 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.20/24 dev enp0s3 label enp0s3:1 +``` + +![ip-command-add-alias-linux][6] + +### 案例 6：检查路由/默认网关的信息 + +查看路由信息会给我们显示数据包到达目的地的路由路径。要查看网络路由信息，执行下面命令， +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip route show +``` + +![ip-route-command-output][8] + +在上面输出结果中，我们能够看到所有网卡上数据包的路由信息。我们也可以获取特定 ip 的路由信息，方法是， +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route get 192.168.0.1 +``` + +### 案例 7：添加静态路由 + +我们也可以使用 IP 来修改数据包的默认路由。方法是使用 `ip route` 命令 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.0.150/24 +``` + +这样所有的网络数据包通过 `192.168.0.150` 来转发，而不是以前的默认路由了。若要修改某个网卡的默认路由，执行 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3 +``` + +### 案例 8：删除默认路由 + +要删除之前设置的默认路由，打开终端然后运行， +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip route del 192.168.0.150/24 +``` + +**注意：-** 用上面方法修改的默认路由只是临时有效的，在系统重启后所有的改动都会丢失。要永久修改路由，需要修改/创建 `route-enp0s3` 文件。将下面这行加入其中 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-enp0s3 + +172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3 +``` + +保存并退出该文件。 + +若你使用的是基于 Ubuntu 或 debian 的操作系统，则该要修改的文件为 `/etc/network/interfaces`，然后添加 `ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3` 这行到文件末尾。 + +### 案例 9：检查所有的 ARP 记录 + +ARP，是的 `Address Resolution Protocol` 缩写，用于将 IP 地址转换为物理地址(也就是 MAC 地址)。所有的 IP 和其对应的 MAC 明细都存储在一张表中，这张表叫做 ARP 缓存。 + +要查看 ARP 缓存中的记录，即连接到局域网中设备的 MAC 地址，则使用如下 ip 命令 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip neigh +``` + +![ip-neigh-command-linux][10] + +### 案例 10：修改 ARP 记录 + +删除 ARP 记录的命令为 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh del 192.168.0.106 dev enp0s3 +``` + +若想往 ARP 缓存中添加新记录，则命令为 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh add 192.168.0.150 lladdr 33:1g:75:37:r3:84 dev enp0s3 nud perm +``` + +这里 **nud** 的意思是 **neghbour state( 邻居状态)**，它的值可以是 + + * **perm** - 永久有效并且只能被管理员删除 + * **noarp** - 记录有效，但在生命周期过期后就允许被删除了 + * **stale** - 记录有效，但可能已经过期， + * **reachable** - 记录有效，但超时后就失效了。 + + + +### 案例 11：查看网络统计信息 + +通过 `ip` 命令还能查看网络的统计信息，比如所有网卡上传输的字节数和报文数，错误或丢弃的报文数等。使用 `ip -s link` 命令来查看 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip -s link +``` + +![ip-s-command-linux][12] + +### 案例 12：获取帮助 + +若你想查看某个上面例子中没有的选项，那么你可以查看帮助。事实上对任何命令你都可以寻求帮助。要列出 `ip` 命令的所有可选项，执行 +``` +[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip help +``` + +记住，`ip` 命令是一个对 Linux 系统管理来说特别重要的命令，学习并掌握它能够让配置网络变得容易。本教程就此结束了，若有任何建议欢迎在下面留言框中留言。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/ip-command-examples-for-linux-users/ + +作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] +译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ +[1]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif +[2]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg +[3]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg () +[4]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg +[5]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg () +[6]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg +[7]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg () +[8]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg +[9]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg () +[10]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg +[11]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg () +[12]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg +[13]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg ()