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(translating by runningwater)
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How to install LEMP stack (nginx, MariaDB/MySQL and php) on CentOS
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================================================================================
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The LEMP stack is an increasingly popular web service stack, powering mission-critical web services in many production environments. As the name implies, the LEMP stack is composed of Linux, nginx, MariaDB/MySQL and PHP. nginx is a high performance and lightweight replacement of slow and hard-to-scale Apache HTTP server used in the traditional LAMP stack. MariaDB is a community-driven fork of MySQL, with more features and better performance. PHP, a server-side language for generating dynamic content, is processed by PHP-FPM, an enhanced implementation of PHP FastCGI.
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In this tutorial, I demonstrate **how to set up the LEMP stack on CentOS platforms**. I target both CentOS 6 and CentOS 7 platforms, and point out differences where necessary.
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### Step One: Nginx ###
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As the first step, let's install nginx on CentOS, and do basic configuration for nginx, such as enabling auto-start and [customizing the firewall][1].
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#### Install Nginx ####
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Let's install a pre-built stable version of nginx package from its official RPM source.
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On CentOS 7:
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$ sudo rpm --import http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
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$ sudo rpm -ivh http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-7-0.el7.ngx.noarch.rpm
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$ sudo yum install nginx
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On CentOS 6:
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$ sudo rpm --import http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
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$ sudo rpm -ivh http://nginx.org/packages/centos/6/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm
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$ sudo yum install nginx
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Note that if you do not import the official nginx GPG key before installing nginx RPM, you will get this warning:
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warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.KttVHD: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
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#### Start Nginx ####
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After installation, nginx does not start automatically. Let's start nginx right now, and configure it to auto-start upon boot. Also, we need to open a TCP/80 port in the firewall so that you can access nginx webserver remotely. All of these are achieved by entering the following commands.
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On CentOS 7:
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$ sudo systemctl start nginx
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$ sudo systemctl enable nginx
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
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On CentOS 6:
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$ sudo service nginx start
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$ sudo chkconfig nginx on
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$ sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
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$ sudo service iptables save
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#### Test Nginx ####
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The default document root directory of nginx is /usr/share/nginx/html. A default index.html file must be already placed in this directory. Let's check if you can access this test web page by going to http://<nginx-ip-address>/
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If you see the above page, nginx must be set up correctly. Proceed to the next.
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### Step Two: MariaDB/MySQL ###
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The next step is to install a database component of the LEMP stack. While CentOS/RHEL 6 or earlier provides MySQL server/client packages, CentOS/RHEL 7 has adopted MariaDB as the default implementation of MySQL. As a drop-in replacement of MySQL, MariaDB ensures maximum compatibility with MySQL in terms of APIs and command-line usages. Here is how to install and configure MariaDB/MySQL on CentOS.
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On CentOS 7:
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Install MariaDB server/client package and start MariaDB server as follows.
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$ sudo yum install mariadb-server
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$ sudo systemctl start mariadb
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$ sudo systemctl enable mariadb
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On CentOS 6:
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Install MySQL server/client package, and start MySQL server as follows.
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$ sudo yum install mysql-server
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$ sudo service mysqld start
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$ sudo chkconfig mysqld on
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After launching MariaDB/MySQL server successfully, execute the following add-on script that comes with MariaDB/MySQL server package. This one-time run conducts several security hardening steps for the database server, such as setting the (non-empty) root password, removing anonymous user, and locking down remote access.
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$ sudo mysql_secure_installation
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That's it for the database setup. Now move to the next step.
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### Step Three: PHP ###
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PHP is an important component of the LEMP stack, which is responsible for generating dynamic content from data stored in a MariaDB/MySQL server. For the LEMP stack, you need, at a minimum, to install PHP-FPM and PHP-MySQL. PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) implements an interface between nginx and PHP applications which generate dynamic content. The PHP-MySQL module allows PHP programs to access MariaDB/MySQL.
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#### Install PHP Modules ####
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On CentOS 7:
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$ sudo yum php php-fpm php-mysql
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On CentOS 6:
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First you need to install REMI repository (refer to [this guide][2]), and install the packages from the repository.
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$ sudo yum --enablerepo=remi install php php-fpm php-mysql
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Two observations worth noting while installing PHP:
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On CentOS 6, MySQL server and client packages will automatically be upgraded as part of dependencies of the latest php-mysql in REMI.
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On both CentOS 6 and 7, installing the php package will also install Apache web server (i.e., httpd) as part of its dependencies. This can cause conflicts with nginx web server. We will take care of this problem in the next section.
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Depending on your use cases, you may want to install any of the following additional PHP module packages with yum command to customize your PHP engine.
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- **php-cli**: command-line interface for PHP. Useful for testing PHP from the command line.
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- **php-gd**: image processing support for PHP.
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- **php-bcmath**: arbitrary mathematics support for PHP.
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- **php-mcrypt**: encryption algorithm support for PHP (e.g., DES, Blowfish, CBC, CFB, ECB ciphers).
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- **php-xml**: XML parsing and manipulation support for PHP.
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- **php-dba**: database abstraction layer support for PHP.
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- **php-pecl-apc**: PHP accelerator/caching support.
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To see a complete list of available PHP modules to install, run:
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$ sudo yum search php- (CentOS 7)
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$ sudo yum --enablerepo=remi search php- (CentOS 6)
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#### Start PHP-FPM ####
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You will need to start PHP-FPM, and add it to auto-start list.
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On CentOS 7:
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$ sudo systemctl start php-fpm
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$ sudo systemctl enable php-fpm
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On CentOS 6:
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$ sudo chkconfig php-fpm on
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$ sudo service php-fpm start
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### Step Four: Configure the LEMP Stack ###
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The final step of the tutorial is tuning the LEMP stack configuration.
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#### Disable Httpd ####
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Let's first disable httpd which was installed along with the PHP package earlier.
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On CentOS 7:
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$ sudo systemctl disable httpd
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On CentOS 6:
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$ sudo chkconfig httpd off
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#### Configure Nginx ####
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Next, let's configure nginx virtual hosts, so that nginx can process PHP via PHP-FPM. For that, open /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf with a text editor, and change it to the following.
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$ sudo vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
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----------
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name www.server_domain.com;
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root /usr/share/nginx/html;
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index index.php index.html index.htm;
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location / {
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}
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# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
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error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
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location = /50x.html {
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}
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# nginx passes PHP scripts to FastCGI server via a TCP/9000 socket
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# this setting much be consistent with /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
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# try_files prevents nginx from passing bad scripts to FastCGI server
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location ~ \.php$ {
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try_files $uri =404;
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fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
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fastcgi_index index.php;
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fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
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include fastcgi_params;
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}
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}
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Also, let's adjust the number of nginx worker threads (specified in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf), which is set to one by default. Typically, we create as many worker threads as the number of CPU cores you have. To check how many CPU core you have, run this command:
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$ grep processor /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l
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If you have 4 cores, change /etc/nginx/nginx.conf as follows.
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$ sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
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----------
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worker_processes 4;
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#### Configure PHP ####
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Next, let's customize PHP configuration in /etc/php.ini file. More specifically, add the following lines in /etc/php.ini.
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cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
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date.timezone = "America/New York"
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As a security precaution, we want the PHP interpreter to process only an exact file path, instead of guessing any non-existing file. The first line above achieves this goal.
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The second line specifies the default timezone used by date/time related PHP functions. Use [this guide][3] to find out your timezone, and set the value of **date.timezone** accordingly.
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#### Test PHP ####
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Finally, let's check if nginx can process a PHP page. Before testing, make sure to restart nginx and PHP-FPM.
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On CentOS 7:
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$ sudo systemctl restart nginx
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$ sudo systemctl restart php-fpm
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On CentOS 6:
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$ sudo service nginx restart
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$ sudo service php-fpm restart
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Create a PHP file named test.php with the following content, and place it in /var/www/html/
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<?php phpinfo(); ?>
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Open a web browser, and go to http://<nginx-ip-address>/test.php.
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If you see the above page, you are all set with the LEMP stack!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/install-lemp-stack-centos.html
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作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
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译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
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[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/open-port-firewall-centos-rhel.html
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[2]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-remi-repository-centos-rhel.html
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[3]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/set-default-timezone-php.html
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@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
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CentOS 下安装 LEMP 包(nginx、MariaDB/MySQL 和 php)
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================================================================================
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LEMP 组合包是一款日益流行的网站服务组合软件包，在许多生产环境中的核心网站服务上起着强有力的作用。正如其名称所暗示的， LEMP 包是由 Linux、ngix、MariaDB/MySQL 和 PHP 组成的。在传统的 LAMP 包中使用的 Apache HTTP 协议服务器性能低下而且难于大规模集群，相比来说 ngix 的高性能及轻量级等特性，正是其的替代方案。 MariaDB 是一款社区支持驱动的 MySQL 数据库的分支，其功能更多性能更佳。PHP，服务端编程语言，具体是由 PHP FastCGI 的增强版 PHP-FPM 组件来处理，生成网页动态内容。
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这篇文章里，我们示范**如何在 CentOS 操作平台上安装 LEMP 包**。我们安装的目标是 CentOS 6 和 CentOS 7 两个操作平台，如有必要会指出它们的不同。
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### 第一步: Nginx ###
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让我们在 CentOS 上安装 nginx 作为第一步，然后对它作些基本的配置，比如使其能自启动和[对防火墙做个性化设置][1]。
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#### 安装 Nginx ####
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让我们从它的官方的 RPM 源来安装一个预构建的稳定版本的 nginx 包。
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在 CentOS 7 系统上:
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$ sudo rpm --import http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
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$ sudo rpm -ivh http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-7-0.el7.ngx.noarch.rpm
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$ sudo yum install nginx
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在 CentOS 6 系统上:
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$ sudo rpm --import http://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
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$ sudo rpm -ivh http://nginx.org/packages/centos/6/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm
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$ sudo yum install nginx
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注意在安装 nginx RPM 包之前，如果您没有导入 nginx 的官方 GPG 密钥的话，会出一如下所示的警告:
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warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.KttVHD: Header V4 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7bd9bf62: NOKEY
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#### 启动 Nginx ####
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安装完成后，nginx 是不会自动启动的。现在让我们来启动它吧，还要做些配置让其可以随着操作系统启动而启动。我们也需要在防火墙里打开 TCP/80 端口，以使得可以远程访问 nginx 的 web 服务。所有这些操作、设置都只需要输入如下命令就可实现。
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在 CentOS 7 系统上:
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$ sudo systemctl start nginx
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$ sudo systemctl enable nginx
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent
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$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
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在 CentOS 6 系统上:
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$ sudo service nginx start
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$ sudo chkconfig nginx on
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$ sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
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$ sudo service iptables save
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#### 测试 Nginx ####
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nginx 的默认文档要目录是 /usr/share/nginx/html。默认的 index.html 文件一定已经在这目录下了。让我们检测下是否可以访问到这个测试 web 页，输入 http://<nginx-ip-address>/ 访问。
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如果您看到的是如上所示的页面的话，说明 nginx 已经正常启动。继续往下。
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### 第二步: MariaDB/MySQL ###
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下一步就是安装 LEMP 包的数据库组件。CentOS/RHEL 6 或早期的版本中提供的是 MySQL 的服务/客户端安装包，但 CentOS/RHEL 7 已使用了 MySQL 默认实现的版本 MariaDB。作为 MySQL 的简单替代品，MariaDB 保证了与 MySQL 的 API 和命令行用法方面最大的兼容性。下面是关于怎么在 CentOS 上安装和配置 MaraDB/MySQL 的操作示例。
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在 CentOS 7 系统上:
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如下所示操作来安装 MariaDB 服务/客户端包以及启动 MariaDB 服务。
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$ sudo yum install mariadb-server
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$ sudo systemctl start mariadb
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$ sudo systemctl enable mariadb
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在 CentOS 6 系统上:
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如下示，安装 MySQL 服务/客户端包并且启动 MySQL 服务。
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$ sudo yum install mysql-server
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$ sudo service mysqld start
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$ sudo chkconfig mysqld on
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在成功启动 MariaDB/MySQL 服务后，执行在 MariaDB/MySQL 服务包中的脚本。这一次的运行会为为数据库服务器进行一些安全强化措施，如设置（非空）的 root 密码、删除匿名用户、锁定远程访问。
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$ sudo mysql_secure_installation
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这就是数据库的设置。现在进行下一步。
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### 第三步: PHP ###
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PHP 是 LEMP 包中一个重要的组件，它负责把存储在 MariaDB/MySQL 服务器的数据取出生成动态内容。为了 LEMP 可用，您至少需要安装上 PHP-FPM 和 PHP-MySQL 两个模块。PHP-FPM（FastCGI 进程管理器）实现的是 nginx 服务器和生成动态内容的 PHP 应用程序的访问接口。PHP-MySQL 模块使 PHP 程序能访问 MariaDB/MySQL 数据库。
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#### 安装 PHP 模块 ####
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在 CentOS 7 系统上:
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$ sudo yum php php-fpm php-mysql
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在 CentOS 6 系统上:
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首先，您需要从仓库中安装 REMI 库（参见[本指南][2]），并安装软件包。
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$ sudo yum --enablerepo=remi install php php-fpm php-mysql
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在安装 PHP 时，得注意两个地方:
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在 CentOS 6 系统中，安装 REMI仓库中最新的 php-mysql 模块时，MySQL 的服务端包和客户端包会被当做一部分依赖包而自动的更新。
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在 CentOS 6 和 CentOS 7 中，在安装 PHP 包的同时会把 Apache web 服务器（即 httpd）当做它的依赖包一起安装。这会跟 nginx web 服务器起冲突。这个问题会在下一节来讨论。
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取决于您的使用情况，可以使用 yum 命令来定制您的 PHP 引擎，也许会想安装下面的任意一个扩展 PHP 模块包。
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- **php-cli**: PHP 的命令行界面。从命令行里测试 PHP 时非常有用。
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- **php-gd**: PHP 的图像处理支持。
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- **php-bcmath**: PHP 的数学支持。
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- **php-mcrypt**: PHP 的加密算法支持 (例如 DES、Blowfish、CBC、 CFB、ECB ciphers 等)。
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- **php-xml**: PHP 的 XML 解析和处理支持。
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- **php-dba**: PHP 的数据抽象层支持。
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- **php-pecl-apc**: PHP 加速器/缓存支持。
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安装时，要查看可用的 PHP 模块的完整列表的话，可以运行:
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$ sudo yum search php- (CentOS 7)
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$ sudo yum --enablerepo=remi search php- (CentOS 6)
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#### 启动 PHP-FPM ####
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您需要启动 PHP-FPM ，然后把它加放自动启动服务列表。
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在 CentOS 7 系统上:
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$ sudo systemctl start php-fpm
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$ sudo systemctl enable php-fpm
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在 CentOS 6 系统上:
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||||
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$ sudo chkconfig php-fpm on
|
||||
$ sudo service php-fpm start
|
||||
|
||||
### 第四步: 配置 LEMP 组合包 ###
|
||||
|
||||
本教程的最后一步是调整 LEMP 组合包的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 使 Httpd 不可用 ####
|
||||
|
||||
首先，让我们把早先随 PHP 包安装的 httpd 服务给禁用掉。
|
||||
|
||||
在 CentOS 7 系统上:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl disable httpd
|
||||
|
||||
在 CentOS 6 系统上:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chkconfig httpd off
|
||||
|
||||
#### 配置 Nginx ####
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，让我们配置 nginx 虚拟主机，使得 nginx 可以通过 PHP-FPM 来处理 PHP 的任务。用文本编辑器打开 /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf ，然后按如下所示修改。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
listen 80;
|
||||
server_name www.server_domain.com;
|
||||
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
|
||||
index index.php index.html index.htm;
|
||||
|
||||
location / {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
|
||||
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
|
||||
location = /50x.html {
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# nginx passes PHP scripts to FastCGI server via a TCP/9000 socket
|
||||
# this setting much be consistent with /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
|
||||
# try_files prevents nginx from passing bad scripts to FastCGI server
|
||||
location ~ \.php$ {
|
||||
try_files $uri =404;
|
||||
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
|
||||
fastcgi_index index.php;
|
||||
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
|
||||
include fastcgi_params;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
nginx 的默认工作线程（在 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 文件中指定的）数是一个，让我们也来调整一下这个数字。通常来说我们创建的工作线程数应该和 CPU 核数相同。要确信您的 CPU 的核数，请运行下面这命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ grep processor /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l
|
||||
|
||||
如果您的 CPU 是 4 核的，就如下所示修改 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
worker_processes 4;
|
||||
|
||||
#### 配置 PHP ####
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，让我们对 PHP 的配置文件 /etc/php.ini 做自定义设置。更具体的就是在 /etc/php.ini 文件中增加以下两行。
|
||||
|
||||
cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
|
||||
date.timezone = "America/New York"
|
||||
|
||||
为了安全起见，我们希望的是 PHP 解释器只是处理指定文件路径的文件任务，而不是预测搜索一些并不存在的文件任务。上面的第一行起的就是这个作用。
|
||||
|
||||
第二行定义的是 PHP 中 日期/时间相关函数使用相关的默认时区。使用[本指南] [3]，找出您所在的时区，并设置相应 **date.timezone 的值**。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 测试 PHP ####
|
||||
|
||||
最后，让我们来测试下 nginx 是否能处理 PHP 页面。在测试之前，请确保重启 nginx 和 PHP-FPM。
|
||||
|
||||
在 CentOS 7 系统上:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart nginx
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart php-fpm
|
||||
|
||||
在 CentOS 6 系统上:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service nginx restart
|
||||
$ sudo service php-fpm restart
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个叫名叫 test.php 的文件，然后写入如下内容，并放入 /var/www/html/ 目录。
|
||||
|
||||
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
|
||||
|
||||
打开浏览器，输入 http://<nginx-ip-address>/test.php 。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果您能看到如上所示的页面，说明设置的 LEMP 完全成功！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/install-lemp-stack-centos.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/open-port-firewall-centos-rhel.html
|
||||
[2]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-remi-repository-centos-rhel.html
|
||||
[3]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/set-default-timezone-php.html
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user