mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-01 21:50:13 +08:00
struggling
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@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
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为LUKS——加密的磁盘/分区做增量备份
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为LUKS加密的磁盘/分区做增量备份
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================================================================================
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我们中有些人出于安全原因，在家里或者[VPS][1]上通过[Linux统一密钥配置（LUKS）][2]为硬盘驱动器加密，而这些驱动器的容量很快会增长到数十或数百GB。因此，虽然我们享受着LUKS设备带来的安全感，但是我们也该开始考虑一个可能的远程备份方案了。对于安全的非现场备份，我们将需要在LUKS加密的设备上以块级别操作的东西。因此，最后我们发现这么个状况，我们每次都需要传输想要做备份的LUKS设备（比如说200GB）。很明显，这是不可行的。我们该怎么来处理这个问题呢？
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我们中有些人出于安全原因，在家里或者[VPS][1]上通过[Linux统一密钥配置（LUKS）][2]为硬盘驱动器加密，而这些驱动器的容量很快会增长到数十或数百GB。因此，虽然我们享受着LUKS设备带来的安全感，但是我们也该开始考虑一个可能的远程备份方案了。对于安全的非现场备份，我们将需要能在LUKS加密的设备上以块级别操作的东西。因此，最后我们发现这么个状况，我们每次都需要传输想要做备份的整个LUKS设备（比如说200GB大）。很明显，这是不可行的。我们该怎么来处理这个问题呢？
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### 一个解决方案： Bdsync ###
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这时，一个卓越的开源工具来拯救我们了，它叫[Bdsync][3]（多亏了Rolf Fokkens）。顾名思义，Bdsync可以通过网络同步“块设备”。对于快速同步，Bdsync会生成并对比本地/远程块设备的块MD5校验和，只同步差异部分。rsync在文件系统级别可以做的，Bdsync可以在块设备级别完成。很自然，对于LUKS加密的设备它也能工作得很好。相当地灵巧！
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这时，一个卓越的开源工具来拯救我们了，它叫[Bdsync][3]（多亏了Rolf Fokkens）。顾名思义，Bdsync可以通过网络同步“块设备”。对于快速同步，Bdsync会生成并对比本地/远程块设备的块的MD5校验和，只同步差异部分。rsync在文件系统级别可以做的，Bdsync可以在块设备级别完成。很自然，对于LUKS加密的设备它也能工作得很好。相当地灵巧！
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使用Bdsync，首次备份将拷贝整个LUKS块设备到远程主机，因而会花费大量时间来完成。然而，在初始备份后，如果我们在LUKS设备新建一些文件，再次备份就会很快完成，因为我们只需拷贝修改过的块。经典的增量备份在起作用了！
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### 安装Bdsync到Linux ###
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Bdsync并不包含在[Linux][4]发行版的标准仓库中，因而你需要从源代码来构建它。使用以下针对特定版本的指令来安装Bdsync及其手册页到你的系统中。
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Bdsync并不包含在Linux发行版的标准仓库中，因而你需要从源代码来构建它。使用以下针对特定版本的指令来安装Bdsync及其手册页到你的系统中。
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#### Debian，Ubuntu或Linux Mint ####
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@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Bdsync并不包含在[Linux][4]发行版的标准仓库中，因而你需要从
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你第一次运行上面的命令的时候，它会花费很长一段时间，这取决于你的互联网/局域网速度，以及/dev/LOCDEV的大小。记住，你必须有两个大小相同的块设备（/dev/LOCDEV和/dev/REMDEV）。
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下一步是要将补丁文件从本地主机拷贝到远程主机。一种可能是使用scp：
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下一步是要将补丁文件从本地主机拷贝到远程主机。一种方式是使用scp：
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# scp /some_local_path/DEV.bdsync.gz root@remote_host:/remote_path
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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Bdsync并不包含在[Linux][4]发行版的标准仓库中，因而你需要从
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### 尾声 ###
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小结之，我们演示了如何使用Bdsync来为LUKS设备实施增量备份。和rsync一样，每次备份只有一小部分数据，而不是整个LUKS设备，需要被推送到非现场备份点，这样会节省带宽和备份时间。剩下来，需要保证所有数据传输通过SSH或SCP加固安全，事实上设备自身是由LUKS加密的。也可以通过使用可以运行bdsync的专用用户（而非root）来改善该配置。我们也可以将bdsync用于任何块设备，如LVM卷或RAID磁盘，也可以很轻易地设置Bdsync备份本地磁盘到USB驱动器上。如你所见，它有着无限可能性！
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小结之，我们演示了如何使用Bdsync来为LUKS设备实施增量备份。和rsync一样，每次备份只有一小部分数据，而不是整个LUKS设备，需要被推送到非现场备份点，这样会节省带宽和备份时间。剩下来，需要通过SSH或SCP来保证所有数据传输的安全，事实上设备自身是由LUKS加密的。也可以通过使用可以运行bdsync的专用用户（而非root）来改进该配置。我们也可以将bdsync用于任何块设备，如LVM卷或RAID磁盘，也可以很轻易地设置Bdsync备份本地磁盘到USB驱动器上。如你所见，它有着无限可能性！
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随时分享你的想法。
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@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/remote-incremental-backup-luks-encrypted-disk-partition.
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作者：[Iulian Murgulet][a]
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译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/remote-incremental-backup-luks-encrypted-disk-partition.
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[2]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-create-encrypted-disk-partition-on-linux.html
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[3]:http://bdsync.rolf-fokkens.nl/
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[4]:http://xmodulo.com/recommend/linuxbook
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[5]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-enable-ssh-login-without.html
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[5]:https://linux.cn/article-5444-1.html
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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Linux中7个用来浏览网页和下载文件的命令
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Linux中7个用来浏览网页和下载文件的命令
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================================================================================
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上一篇文章中，我们提到了`rTorrent`、`wget`、`cURL`、`w3m`、`Elinks`等几个有用的工具，很多人回信说还有其它几个类似的工具也值得讨论，所以就有了这篇文章。如果错过了第一部分的讨论，可以通过下面的链接来回顾。
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- [5个下载文件和浏览网页的命令行工具][1]
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- [5 个基于Linux命令行的文件下载和网站浏览工具][1]
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这篇文章介绍了Linux下用于浏览网页和下载文件的其它几个命令行工具。
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@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Links是用C语言写的一个开源web浏览器，支持包括Linux、Windows
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如何你想安装links的图形界面版本，可能需要从[http://links.twibright.com/download/][2]下载最新的版本tarball（version 2.9）的源代码。
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如何你想安装links的图形界面版本，可能需要从[http://links.twibright.com/download/][2]下载最新的版本（version 2.9）的源代码压缩包。
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同样，也可以像下面那样使用wget下载安装。
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Links是用C语言写的一个开源web浏览器，支持包括Linux、Windows
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# make
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# make install
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**注意**：links源代码的编译需要安装libpng, libjpeg, TIFF library, SVGAlib, XFree86, C Compiler and make这几个包。
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**注意**：links源代码的编译需要安装libpng, libjpeg, TIFF library, SVGAlib, XFree86, C Compiler 和 make这几个包。
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### 2. links2 ###
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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Links是Twibright实验室编写的web浏览器，而Links2是基于它的一个
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lynx是一个基于文本的web浏览器，使用GNU GPLv2协议发布，用ISO C编写。lynx是一个可高度配置的web浏览器，是许多系统管理员的救世主，有最悠久的web浏览器之称，并且至今仍然处在积极开发中。
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通过下面的命令安装lyns。
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通过下面的命令安装lynx。
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# apt-get install lynx
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# yum install lynx
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@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ aria2安装完成后，可以像下图那样运行这个命令下载任意文件
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Aria2: Linux命令行下载工具
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*Aria2: Linux命令行下载工具*
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目前就这么多了。稍后咱们讨论另一个有意思的话题。请保持联系，常来Tecmint逛逛。别忘了在评论中给我们提供您的宝贵反馈，您的喜爱和分享帮助我们不断前行。
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@ -135,12 +135,12 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-web-browser-download-file-in-linux/
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作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
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译者：[fyh](https://github.com/fyh)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-command-line-tools-for-downloading-files/
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[1]:https://linux.cn/article-5546-1.html
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[2]:http://links.twibright.com/download/
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[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-web-browsers/
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[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-youtube-dl-command-line-video-download-tool/
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@ -2,33 +2,35 @@ Linux中，创建聊天服务器、移除冗余软件包的实用命令
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=============================================================================
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这里,我们来看Linux命令行实用技巧的下一个部分。如果你错过了Linux Tracks之前的文章，可以从这里找到。
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- [5 Linux Command Line Tracks][1]
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- [5个有趣的Linux命令行技巧][1]
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本篇中，我们将会介绍6个命令行小技巧，包括使用Netcat命令创建Linux命令行聊天，从某个命令的输出中对某一列做加法，移除Debian和CentOS上多余的包，从命令行中获取本地与远程的IP地址，在终端获得彩色的输出与解码各样的颜色，最后是Linux命令行里井号标签的使用。让我们来一个一个地看一下。
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6个实用的命令行技巧
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*6个实用的命令行技巧*
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### 1. 创建Linux命令行聊天服务 ###
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我们大家使用聊天服务都有很长一段时间了。对于Google Chat，Hangout，Facebook Chat，Whatsapp，Hike和其他一些应用与集成的聊天服务，我们都很熟悉了。那你知道Linux的nc命令可以使你的Linux盒子变成一个聊天服务器，而仅仅只需要一行命令吗。什么是nc命令，它又是怎么工作的呢？
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nc是Linux netcat命令的旧版。nc就像瑞士军刀一样，内建呢大量的功能。nc可用做调式工具，调查工具，使用TCP/UDP读写网络连接，DNS正向/反向检查。
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我们大家使用聊天服务都有很长一段时间了。对于Google Chat，Hangout，Facebook Chat，Whatsapp，Hike和其他一些应用与集成的聊天服务，我们都很熟悉了。那你知道Linux的nc命令可以使你的Linux机器变成一个聊天服务器，而仅仅只需要一行命令吗。什么是nc命令，它又是怎么工作的呢？
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nc即Linux netcat命令。nc就像瑞士军刀一样，内建了大量的功能。nc可用做调式工具，调查工具，使用TCP/UDP读写网络连接，DNS正向/反向查询等等。
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nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使用任何闲置的端口和任何本地网络源地址。
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使用nc命令（在192.168.0.7的服务器上）创建一个命令行即时信息传输服务器。
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$ nc -l -vv 11119
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$ nc -l -vv -p 11119
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对上述命令的解释。
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- -v : 表示 Verbose
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- -vv : 更多的 Verbose
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- -v : 显示冗余信息
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- -vv : 显示更多的冗余信息
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- -p : 本地端口号
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你可以用任何其他的本地端口号替换11119。
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接下来在客户端机器（IP地址：192.168.0.15），运行下面的命令初始化聊天会话（信息传输服务正在运行）。
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接下来在客户端机器（IP地址：192.168.0.15），运行下面的命令初始化聊天会话（这里需要上面提到的信息服务器正在运行）。
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$ nc 192.168.0.7:11119
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@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
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### 2. Linux中如何统计某一列的总值 ###
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如何统计在终端里，某个命令的输出中，其中一列的数值总和，
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如何在终端里统计某个命令的输出中其中一列的数值总和，
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‘ls -l’命令的输出。
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@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
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废弃包是指那些作为其他包的依赖而被安装，但是当源包被移除之后就不再需要的包。
|
||||
|
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假设我们安装了gtprogram，依赖是gtdependency。除非我们安装了gtdependency，否则安装不了gtprogram。
|
||||
假设我们安装了一个叫gtprogram的软件包，其依赖是gtdependency。除非我们安装了gtdependency，否则安装不了gtprogram。
|
||||
|
||||
当我们移除gtprogram的时候，默认并不会移除gtdependency。并且如果我们不移除gtdependency的话，它就会遗留下来成为废弃包，与其他任何包再无联系。
|
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|
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@ -116,13 +118,13 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
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### 5.如何在Linux终端彩色输出 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你可能在终端看见过彩色的输出。同时你也可能知道在终端里允许/禁用彩色输出。如果都不知道的话，里可以参考下面的步骤。
|
||||
你可能在终端看见过彩色的输出。同时你也可能知道在终端里允许/禁用彩色输出。如果都不知道的话，你可以参考下面的步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux中，每个用户都有`'.bashrc'`文件，被用来管理你的终端输出。打开并且编辑该文件，用你喜欢的编辑器。注意一下，这个文件是隐藏的（文件开头为点的代表隐藏文件）。
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi /home/$USER/.bashrc
|
||||
|
||||
确保以下的行没有被注释掉。ie.，行开头没有#。
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||||
确保以下的行没有被注释掉。即，行开头没有#。
|
||||
|
||||
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
|
||||
test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dirc$
|
||||
@ -139,27 +141,27 @@ nc主要用在端口扫描，文件传输，后台和端口监听。nc可以使
|
||||
|
||||
完成后！保存并退出。为了让改动生效，需要注销账户后再次登录。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你会看见列出的文件和文件夹名字有着不同的颜色，根据文件类型来决定。为了解码颜色，可以运行下面的命令。
|
||||
现在，你会看见列出的文件和文件夹名字有着不同的颜色，根据文件类型来决定。要了解所用的颜色代码，可以运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dircolors -p | less
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6.如何用井号标记和Linux命令和脚本 ###
|
||||
### 6.如何用#号标记Linux命令和脚本 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们一直在Twitter，Facebook和Google Plus（可能是其他我们没有提到的地方）上使用井号标签。那些井号标签使得其他人搜索一个标签更加容易。可是很少人知道，我们可以在Linux命令行使用井号标签。
|
||||
我们一直在Twitter，Facebook和Google Plus（可能是其他我们没有提到的地方）上使用#号标签。那些#号标签使得其他人搜索一个标签更加容易。可是很少人知道，我们可以在Linux命令行使用#号标签。
|
||||
|
||||
我们已经知道配置文件里的`#`，在大多数的编程语言中，这个符号被用作注释行，即不被执行。
|
||||
|
||||
运行一个命令，然后为这个命令创建一个井号标签，这样之后我们就可以找到它。假设我们有一个很长的脚本，就上面第四点被执行的命令。现在为它创建一个井号标签。我们知道ifconfig可以被sudo或者root执行，因此用root来执行。
|
||||
运行一个命令，然后为这个命令创建一个#号标签，这样之后我们就可以找到它。假设我们有一个很长的脚本，就上面第四点被执行的命令。现在为它创建一个#号标签。我们知道ifconfig可以被sudo或者root执行，因此用root来执行。
|
||||
|
||||
# ifconfig | grep "inet addr:" | awk '{print $2}' | grep -v '127.0.0.1' | cut -f2 -d: #myip
|
||||
|
||||
上述脚本被’mytag‘给标记了。现在在reverse-i-search（按下ctrl+r）搜索一下这个标签，在终端里，并输入’mytag‘。你可以从这里开始执行。
|
||||
上述脚本被’myip‘给标记了。现在在reverse-i-search（按下ctrl+r）搜索一下这个标签，在终端里，并输入’myip‘。你可以从这里开始执行。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以创建很多的井号标签，为每个命令，之后使用reverse-i-search找到它。
|
||||
你可以为每个命令创建#号标签，之后使用reverse-i-search找到它。
|
||||
|
||||
目前就这么多了。我们一直在辛苦的工作，创造有趣的，有知识性的内容给你。你觉得我们是如何工作的呢？欢迎咨询任何问题。你可以在下面评论。保持联络！Kudox。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -169,9 +171,9 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-commandline-chat-server-and-remove-unwanted-pa
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/5-linux-command-line-tricks/
|
||||
[1]:https://linux.cn/article-5485-1.html
|
||||
@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
|
||||
translated by strugglingyouth
|
||||
在linux上使用交换文件扩展交换空间
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
想像一种情景，当我们的Linux系统用尽交换空间时，在这种情况下，
|
||||
我们想要使用swap分区扩展交换空间，但在某些情况下磁盘上的空闲分区是不可用的，
|
||||
致使我们不能把它扩大。
|
||||
想像一种情景，当我们的Linux系统用尽交换空间时，在这种情况下，我们想要使用swap分区扩展交换空间，但在某些情况下磁盘上已经没有可用的空闲分区了，致使我们不能把它扩大。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，在这种情况下，我们可以使用交换文件增加swap空间。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -16,7 +13,7 @@ free-output-with-swap
|
||||
|
||||
我的交换分区大小是2 GB，我们将把交换空间扩展1GB。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第一步：使用下面的dd命令创建大小为1GB交换文件d ####
|
||||
#### 第一步：使用下面的dd命令创建大小为1GB交换文件 ####
|
||||
|
||||
[root@linuxtechi ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap_file bs=1G count=1
|
||||
1+0 records in
|
||||
@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ free-output-with-swap
|
||||
|
||||
根据你的需要替换 ‘**bs**‘ 和 ‘**count**‘ 的大小.
|
||||
|
||||
####第二步：设置交换文件权限为644. ####
|
||||
#### 第二步：设置交换文件权限为600 ####
|
||||
|
||||
[root@linuxtechi ~]# chmod 600 /swap_file
|
||||
|
||||
@ -56,21 +53,20 @@ free-output-with-swap
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: 为了避免出现意外的情况，如下所示使用swapoff命令关闭它，
|
||||
仅在需要使用时，使用步骤5所示的swapon命令，重新启用交换文件。.
|
||||
**Note**: 为了避免出现意外的情况，如下所示使用swapoff命令关闭它，仅在需要使用时，使用步骤5所示的swapon命令，重新启用交换文件。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@linuxtechi ~]# swapoff /swap_file
|
||||
[root@linuxtechi ~]#
|
||||
|
||||
请分享您的宝贵意见或者评论此文章.
|
||||
请分享您的宝贵意见或者评论此文章。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/extend-swap-space-using-swap-file-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[strugglingyouth](https://github.com/strugglingyouth)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
|
||||
安装 Tails 1.4 Linux 操作系统来保护隐私和保持匿名
|
||||
用 Tails 1.4 Linux 系统来保护隐私和保持匿名
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在这个互联网世界和互联网的世界中，我们在线执行我们的大多数任务，无论是订票，汇款，研究，商务，娱乐，社交网络，还是其他。每天我们花费大部分时间在网络上。在每个逝去的日子里，在网络中保持匿名变得越来越难，尤其是在被某些机构例如 NSA (National Security Agency，国安局) 植入后门的情况下，这些机构嗅探着我们在网络中的所有动作。在网络中，我们有着极少，或者说根本就没有隐私。基于用户浏览网络的活动和机器的活动的搜索都被记录了下来。
|
||||
在这个互联网世界和互联网的世界中，我们在线执行我们的大多数任务，无论是订票，汇款，研究，商务，娱乐，社交网络，还是其它。每天我们花费大部分时间在网络上。在过去这些的日子里，在网络中保持匿名变得越来越难，尤其是在被某些机构例如 NSA (National Security Agency) 植入后门的情况下，他们嗅探着我们在网络中的所有动作。在网络中，我们有着极少的，或者说根本就没有隐私。基于用户浏览网络的活动和机器的活动的搜索都被记录了下来。
|
||||
|
||||
一个来自于 Tor 项目的绝妙浏览器正被上百万人使用，它帮助我们匿名地浏览网络，即使这样，跟踪你的浏览习惯也并不难，所以只使用 Tor 并不能保证你的网络安全。你可以从下面的链接中查看 Tor 的特点及安装指南。
|
||||
一款来自于 Tor 项目的绝妙浏览器正被上百万人使用，它帮助我们匿名地浏览网络，即使这样，跟踪你的浏览习惯也并不难，所以只使用 Tor 并不能保证你的网络安全。你可以从下面的链接中查看 Tor 的特点及安装指南。
|
||||
|
||||
- [使用 Tor 来进行匿名网络浏览][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Tor 项目中有一个名为 Tails 的操作系统。Tails (The Amnesic Incognito Live System) 是一个 live 操作系统，基于 Debian Linux 发行版本，主要着眼于在浏览网络时在网络中保护隐私和匿名，这意味着所有的外向连接都强制通过 Tor 来连接，直接的(非匿名的) 连接请求都会被阻挡。该系统被设计为可在任何可启动介质上运行，例如 USB 或 DVD。
|
||||
Tor 项目中有一个名为 Tails 的操作系统。Tails (The Amnesic Incognito Live System) 是一个 live 操作系统，基于 Debian Linux 发行版本，主要着眼于在浏览网络时在网络中保护隐私和匿名，这意味着所有的外向连接都强制通过 Tor 来连接，直接的(非匿名的) 连接请求都会被阻挡。该系统被设计为可在任何可启动介质上运行，例如 USB 棒或 DVD。
|
||||
|
||||
Tails OS 的最新稳定发行版本为 1.4 ， 于 2015 年 5 月 12 日发行。Tails 由开源单片 Linux 内核支持，构建在 Debian GNU/Linux 之上，着眼于个人电脑市场， 使用 GNOME 3 作为其默认的用户界面。
|
||||
Tails OS 的最新稳定发行版本为 1.4 ， 于 2015 年 5 月 12 日发行。Tails 由开源的 Linux 宏内核所驱动，构建在 Debian GNU/Linux 之上，着眼于个人电脑市场， 使用 GNOME 3 作为其默认的用户界面。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tails OS 1.4 的特点 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Tails 是一个 free 的操作系统, free 的意义正如 免费(free)啤酒和言论自由(free) 中的 free
|
||||
- Tails 是一个 free 的操作系统, free 的意义不仅是免费(free)啤酒的免费，也是言论自由(free) 中的自由
|
||||
- 构建在 Debian/GNU Linux 操作系统之上， Debian 是使用最广泛的通用操作系统
|
||||
- 着眼于安全的发行版本
|
||||
- 有 Windows 8 外观作为其伪装
|
||||
- 伪装成 Windows 8 外观
|
||||
- 不必安装就可以使用 Live Tails CD/DVD 来匿名浏览网络
|
||||
- 当 Tails 运行时，不留下任何痕迹
|
||||
- 当 Tails 运行时，不会在计算机上留下任何痕迹
|
||||
- 使用先进的加密工具来加密任何相关文件，邮件等内容
|
||||
- 通过 Tor 网络来发送和接收流量
|
||||
- 在真正意义上为任何人在任何地方保护隐私
|
||||
- 在 Live 环境中带有一些可用的应用
|
||||
- 真正意义地无论何时何处保护隐私
|
||||
- 在 Live 环境中带有一些立即可用的应用
|
||||
- 系统自带的所有软件都预先配置好只通过 Tor 网络来连接到互联网
|
||||
- 任何不通过 Tor 网络而尝试连接网络的应用都将被自动阻拦。
|
||||
- 任何不通过 Tor 网络而尝试连接网络的应用都将被自动阻拦
|
||||
- 限制那些想查看你正在浏览什么网站的人的行动，并限制网站获取你的地理位置
|
||||
- 连接到那些被墙或被审查的网站
|
||||
- 特别设计不使用主操作系统的空间，即使在 swap 空间还有空余的情况下
|
||||
- 整个操作系统加载在 RAM 中，在每次重启或关机后会自动擦除掉，所以不会留下任何运行的痕迹。
|
||||
- 特别设计不使用主操作系统的空间，即便是 swap 空间也不用
|
||||
- 整个操作系统加载在内存中，在每次重启或关机后会自动擦除掉，所以不会留下任何运行的痕迹。
|
||||
- 先进的安全实现，通过加密 USB 磁盘， HTTPS 应答加密和对邮件，文档进行签名。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在 Tails 1.4 中可期待的东西 ####
|
||||
#### 在 Tails 1.4 中所期待的东西 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- 带有安全滑块的 Tor 浏览器 4.5
|
||||
- Tor 被升级到版本 0.2.6.7
|
||||
- 修补了几个安全漏洞
|
||||
- 针对诸如 curl, OpenJDK 7, tor Network, openldap 等应用， 许多漏洞被修复并打上了补丁
|
||||
- 针对诸如 curl、 OpenJDK 7、 tor Network、 openldap 等应用， 许多漏洞被修复并打上了补丁
|
||||
|
||||
要得到完整的更改记录，你需要访问 [这里][2]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Tails OS 的最新稳定发行版本为 1.4 ， 于 2015 年 5 月 12 日发行
|
||||
|
||||
#### 为什么我应该使用 Tails 操作系统 ####
|
||||
|
||||
你需要 Tails 因为你想:
|
||||
你需要 Tails 因为你想：
|
||||
|
||||
- 在网络监控下保持自由
|
||||
- 捍卫自由，隐私和秘密
|
||||
@ -62,85 +62,96 @@ Tails OS 的最新稳定发行版本为 1.4 ， 于 2015 年 5 月 12 日发行
|
||||
- [tails-i386-1.4.iso][3]
|
||||
- [tails-i386-1.4.torrent][4]
|
||||
|
||||
2. 下载后，可使用 SHA256SUM 来获取 ISO 文件的哈希值并与官方提供的值相比较，以核实 ISO 文件的完整性
|
||||
2. 下载后，可使用 sha256sum 来获取 ISO 文件的哈希值并与官方提供的值相比较，以核实 ISO 文件的完整性
|
||||
|
||||
$ sha256sum tails-i386-1.4.iso
|
||||
|
||||
339c8712768c831e59c4b1523002b83ccb98a4fe62f6a221fee3a15e779ca65d
|
||||
|
||||
假如你熟悉 OpenPGP ，将 Tails 的签名密钥与 Debian 的 keyring 相比较以验证其签名，若想了解任何有关 Tails 的加密签名，请将浏览器指向 [这里][5]
|
||||
假如你熟悉 OpenPGP ，将 Tails 的签名密钥与 Debian 的 keyring 相比较以验证其签名，若想了解任何有关 Tails 的加密签名，请用浏览器访问 [这里][5]
|
||||
|
||||
3. 下一步，你需要将镜像写入 USB 或 DVD ROM 中。或许你需要看看这篇文章 [如何创建一个 Live 可启动的 USB][6] 以了解如何使得一个闪存驱动器变得可启动并向它写入 ISO 镜像文件。
|
||||
3. 下一步，你需要将镜像写入 USB 棒或 DVD ROM 中。或许你需要看看这篇文章 “[如何创建一个 Live 可启动的 USB棒][6] ”以了解如何使得一个闪存盘变得可启动并向它写入 ISO 镜像文件。
|
||||
|
||||
4. 插入 Tails OS 可启动闪存驱动器或 DVD ROM，并从那里启动 (在 BIOS 中选择该介质来启动)。第一个屏幕中会有两个选项 'Live' 和 'Live (failsafe)' 让你选择。选择 'Live' 并确定。
|
||||
4. 插入 Tails OS 的可启动闪存盘或 DVD ROM，并从那里启动 (在 BIOS 中选择该介质来启动)。第一个屏幕中会有两个选项 'Live' 和 'Live (failsafe)' 让你选择。选择 'Live' 并确定。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 启动菜单
|
||||
|
||||
*Tails 启动菜单*
|
||||
|
||||
5. 在登录之前，你有两个选项， 假如你想配置并设定高级选项，点击 '更多选项' 否则点击 'NO'。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 欢迎界面
|
||||
|
||||
6. 在点击高级选项后，你需要设置 root 密码。假如你想升级它，这是非常重要的。这个 root 密码将会一直有效，知道你关机或重启。
|
||||
*Tails 欢迎界面*
|
||||
|
||||
另外，若你想开启 Windows 伪装，假如你想在一个公共场所运行这个操作系统，这将使得看起来你正在运行 Windows 8 操作系统。这真是一个好的选项！不是吗？另外，你还有一个选项来配置 网络和 Mac 地址，当一切准备完毕后，点击 '登录' ！
|
||||
6. 在点击高级选项后，你需要设置 root 密码。假如你想升级它，这是非常重要的。这个 root 密码的有效期将持续到你关机或重启。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，若你想开启 Windows 伪装，假如你想在一个公共场所运行这个操作系统，这将使得看起来你正在运行 Windows 8 操作系统。这真是一个好的选项！不是吗？另外，你还有一个选项来配置网络和 Mac 地址，当一切准备完毕后，点击 '登录' ！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails OS 的配置
|
||||
|
||||
*Tails OS 的配置*
|
||||
|
||||
7. 这是使用 Windows 皮肤伪装的 Tails GNU/Linux OS：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 的 Windows 伪装
|
||||
|
||||
8. 系统将在后台启动 Tor 网络。在屏幕的右上角查看通知 – Tor 已经准备好了 或现在你已经连接上了互联网。
|
||||
*Tails 的 Windows 伪装*
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以在 Internet 菜单下查看它包含了哪些东西。 注意 – 它包含有 Tor 浏览器(安全的) 和 不安全的网络浏览器(其中的向内和向外数据不通过 Tor 网络) 和其他应用。
|
||||
8. 系统将在后台启动 Tor 网络。在屏幕的右上角查看通知 ：“Tor 已经准备好了，现在你已经连接上了互联网”。
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以在 Internet 菜单下查看它包含了哪些东西。 注意 ：它包含有 Tor 浏览器(安全的) 和 不安全的网络浏览器(其中的向内和向外数据不通过 Tor 网络) 和其他应用。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 菜单和工具
|
||||
|
||||
*Tails 菜单和工具*
|
||||
|
||||
9. 点击 Tor 并检查你的 IP 地址。 它确认我的物理位置没有被分享以及我的隐私未被触动。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在 Tails 上检查隐私
|
||||
|
||||
10. 你还可以激活 Tails 安装器来从 ISO 镜像文件中 克隆和安装， 克隆和升级以及升级系统。
|
||||
*在 Tails 上检查隐私*
|
||||
|
||||
10. 你还可以激活 Tails 安装器来“克隆和安装”， “克隆和升级”以及“从 ISO 镜像文件中升级系统”。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 安装器选项
|
||||
|
||||
11. 其他选项为选择 Tor 不带有高级选项，就在登录之前。(查看上面的第 5 步).
|
||||
*Tails 安装器选项*
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 未带有高级选项
|
||||
11. 如果选择另外的那个不带有高级选项的方式，那就直接登录。(查看上面的第 5 步).
|
||||
|
||||
12. 你将登录到 Gnome3 桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*不设置高级选项的 Tails*
|
||||
|
||||
12. 这将登录到 Gnome3 桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails Gnome 桌面
|
||||
|
||||
13. 假如你点击启动不安全的浏览器，无论在带有伪装，还是没有带有伪装的情况下，你都将会收到弹窗通知。
|
||||
*Tails Gnome 桌面*
|
||||
|
||||
13. 假如你点击启动不安全的浏览器，无论是否带有地址伪装，你都将会收到弹窗通知。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 浏览通知
|
||||
|
||||
*Tails 浏览通知*
|
||||
|
||||
假如你仍启动不安全的浏览器，你将在浏览器中看到如下网页：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tails 浏览警告
|
||||
|
||||
*Tails 浏览警告*
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tails 适合我吗？####
|
||||
|
||||
要想得到上面问题的答案，首先回答如下的问题：
|
||||
|
||||
- 在上网时，你想你的隐私未被触动吗？
|
||||
- 你想在身份信息窃取者的眼皮底下保持隐身吗？
|
||||
- 在上网时，你想你的隐私不被触动吗？
|
||||
- 你想在窃取身份信息的人的眼皮底下保持隐身吗？
|
||||
- 你想在你的网上私人聊天过程中被他人嗅探吗？
|
||||
- 你真的想向任何人展示你的地理位置吗？
|
||||
- 你开展银行网上交易吗？
|
||||
- 你愿意受政府和 ISP(注:网络提供商) 的审查吗？
|
||||
- 你愿意受政府和 ISP的审查吗？
|
||||
|
||||
假如以上问题中，任意一个问题的答案为 'YES'，则你最好需要 Tails。假如上面所有的问题的答案都是 'NO'，则或许你不需要它。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -150,27 +161,28 @@ Tails 浏览警告
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些工作在不安全环境中的人来说，Tails 是一个必需的操作系统。Tails 还是一个着眼于安全的操作系统，现在为止，包含一大批应用 – Gnome 桌面, Tor, Firefox (Iceweasel), Network Manager, Pidgin, Claws mail, Liferea feed addregator, Gobby, Aircrack-ng, I2P。
|
||||
对于那些工作在不安全环境中的人来说，Tails 是一个必需的操作系统。Tails 还是一个着眼于安全的操作系统，现在为止，包含了一大批应用 – Gnome 桌面、Tor、 Firefox (Iceweasel)、 Network Manager、 Pidgin、 Claws mail、 Liferea feed addregator、 Gobby、 Aircrack-ng、 I2P。
|
||||
|
||||
同时，它含有一些有关加密和隐私的工具，即 UKS, GNUPG, PWGen, Shamir’s Secret Sharing, Virtual Keyboard (against Hardware Keylogging), MAT, KeePassX Password Manager 等。
|
||||
同时，它含有一些有关加密和隐私的工具，即 UKS、 GnuPG、 PWGen、 Shamir's Secret Sharing、 Virtual Keyboard (对付硬件的键盘记录器)、 MAT、 KeePassX Password Manager 等。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是全部了。关注 Tecmint。请分享你的有关 Tails GNU/Linux 操作系统的想法。对于这个项目的未来，你怎么看？同时在实际中测试它，并让我们获知你的体验感受。
|
||||
这就是全部了。关注我们。请分享你的有关 Tails GNU/Linux 操作系统的想法。对于这个项目的未来，你怎么看？同时在实际中测试它，并让我们获知你的体验感受。
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以在 [Virtualbox][8] 中运行它。 Tails 在 RAM 中加载整个操作系统，所以在 VM 中你需要给定足够的 RAM 来运行 Tails。
|
||||
你也可以在 [Virtualbox][8] 中运行它。 Tails 在内存中加载整个操作系统，所以在虚拟机中你需要给定足够的内存来运行 Tails。
|
||||
|
||||
我在 1GB 内存的环境中测试了 Tails，它工作起来毫无滞后感。谢谢我们的所有用户的支持。使我们成为一个包含所有 Linux 相关信息的地方，你的支持是必需的。 Kudos！
|
||||
|
||||
我在 1GB 的环境中测试了 Tails，它工作起来毫无滞后感。谢谢我们的所有用户的支持。使 Tecmint 成为一个包含所有 Linux 相关信息的地方，你的合作是必需的。 Kudos！
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-tails-1-4-linux-operating-system-to-preserve-privacy-and-anonymity/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/tor-browser-for-anonymous-web-browsing/
|
||||
[1]:https://linux.cn/article-3566-1.html
|
||||
[2]:https://tails.boum.org/news/version_1.4/index.en.html
|
||||
[3]:http://dl.amnesia.boum.org/tails/stable/tails-i386-1.4/tails-i386-1.4.iso
|
||||
[4]:https://tails.boum.org/torrents/files/tails-i386-1.4.torrent
|
||||
102
published/20150527 3 Open Source Python Shells.md
Normal file
102
published/20150527 3 Open Source Python Shells.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
|
||||
3个开源的Python Shell
|
||||
=========================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Python是一个高级、通用、结构化且强大的开源编程语言，广泛用于各种编程工作。它拥有一个全动态类型系统和自动内存管理，与Scheme，Ruby，Perl和Tcl的十分相似，避免编译型语言的许多复杂地方和难以理解。Python于1991年由Guido van Rossum创造，然后逐渐成长，流行。
|
||||
|
||||
Python是一个非常实用，而且流行的计算机编程语言。使用一个如Python这样的解释型语言的好处之一就是，可以借助其交互的shell探索式地编程。你可以试着代码，而不必专门写一个脚本。但是Python shell也有一些局限性。基本来说，有许多很漂亮的Python shell可选择，都是在基础shell上扩展的。他们每一个都提供了一个极好的交互性的Python 体验。
|
||||
|
||||
### bpython ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于Linux，BSD，OS X和Windows来说，bpython是一个不错的Python解释器的界面。
|
||||
|
||||
其想法是提供给用户所有的内置功能，很像现在的IDE（集成开发环境），但是是在一个简单，轻量级的包里，可以在终端窗口里面运行。
|
||||
|
||||
bpython并不追求创造任何新的或者开创性的东西。相反，它聚集了一些简洁的理念，关注于实用性和操作性。
|
||||
|
||||
功能包括：
|
||||
|
||||
- 内置的语法高亮 - 使用Pygments排版你敲出的代码，并合理配色
|
||||
- 根据你的行为，显示自动补全的建议
|
||||
- 为任何Python函数列出所期望的参数 - 可以显示你调用的任何函数的参数列表
|
||||
- “Rewind”功能会调出内存里的最后一行代码并重新执行
|
||||
- 可以将你输入的代码送到pastebin
|
||||
- 可以将你输入的代码保存到一个文件
|
||||
- 自动缩进
|
||||
- 支持Python 3
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- 网址: [www.bpython-interpreter.org][1]
|
||||
- 开发者: Bob Farrell and contributors
|
||||
- 证书: MIT License
|
||||
- 版本号: 0.14.1
|
||||
|
||||
### IPython ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
IPython是Python shell的一个交互加强版。她提供了一个丰富的工具集合，帮助你交互式地充分利用Python。
|
||||
|
||||
IPython可以用来取代标准的Python shell，也可以与标准Python科学和数值处理工具配合，用做一个科学计算（如Matlab或者Mathematical）的完整工作环境。她支持动态对象内省，有限的输入/输出提示，一个宏系统，会话日志，会话恢复，访问完整的系统外壳，详尽且彩色的追踪报告，自动圆括号补全，自动引号补全和可嵌入其他Python程序。
|
||||
|
||||
功能包括：
|
||||
|
||||
- 强大的交互Shell（基于终端或者Qt）
|
||||
- 一个基于浏览器的记事本，支持代码，富文本，数学表达式，内置图表和其他富媒介。
|
||||
- 支持交互式的数据可视化和使用GUI工具箱
|
||||
- 灵活，嵌入式的解释器可以加载进你自己的项目里
|
||||
- 易于使用，高效的并行运算工具
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- 网址: [ipython.org][2]
|
||||
- 开发者: The IPython Development Team
|
||||
- 证书: BSD
|
||||
- 版本号: 3.1
|
||||
|
||||
### DreamPie ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DreamPie是一个为可靠性和趣味性设计的Python shell。
|
||||
|
||||
DreamPie可以用于任何Python解释器（Jython，IronPython，PyPy）。
|
||||
|
||||
功能包括：
|
||||
|
||||
- 一个新式的交互shell：窗口被分成历史区域和代码区域，历史区域可以让你看到之前的命令及其输出，代码区域是里敲代码的地方。这样，你可以编辑任意多的代码，就好像在你最喜欢的编辑器里一样，并且适当时候可以执行它。你也可以从其他地方复制代码，编辑并马上运行它
|
||||
- “只复制代码”命令可以复制你想要的代码，以便你可以把它存入一个文件。代码已经用四个空格缩进进行格式化
|
||||
- 自动补全属性和文件名字
|
||||
- 自动显示函数参数和文档
|
||||
- 在结果历史中保存你最近的结果，备以后用
|
||||
- 可以自动折叠很长的输出，以便你可以专注于重要的地方
|
||||
- 保存会话的历史记录为一个HTML文件，备以后查询。你可以加载历史文件到DreamPie里，并且快速重复之前的命令。
|
||||
- 自动添加圆括号与可选的引号，当你在函数与方法后按下空格键。例如，键入execfile后按下空格会提示execfile("fn")
|
||||
- 支持交互的matplotlib绘图
|
||||
- 支持Python 2.5，Python 2.6，Python 3.1，Jython 2.5，IronPython 2.6和PyPy
|
||||
- 难以置信的快速反应
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- 网址: [www.dreampie.org][3]
|
||||
- 开发者: Noam Yorav-Raphael
|
||||
- 证书: GNU GPL v3
|
||||
- 版本号: 1.2.1
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20150523032756576/PythonShells.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Frazer Kline
|
||||
译者：[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://ipython.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.dreampie.org/
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
|
||||
sevenot translated
|
||||
下载年度报告，了解The Document Foundation2014年的成果
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
TDF ReportThe Document Foundation (TDF)郑重地发布了2014年度报告，你可以点击这里下载: [http://tdf.io/report2014][1] (3.2 MB PDF)。高清质量的可以点击这里下载 [http://tdf.io/report2014hq][2] (15.9 MB PDF)。
|
||||
The Document Foundation (TDF)郑重地发布了2014年度报告，你可以点击这里下载: [http://tdf.io/report2014][1] (3.2 MB PDF)。高清质量的可以点击这里下载 [http://tdf.io/report2014hq][2] (15.9 MB PDF)。
|
||||
|
||||
TDF年度报告中，以回顾2014年开始了这篇报告，其中包括了TDF和LibreOffice的精彩集锦，并且总结了财务情况和预算。
|
||||
|
||||
该报告涉及到项目和活动的会议包括：2014年在伯尔尼的LibreOffice大会，在布鲁塞尔、大加那利岛、巴黎、波士顿和土鲁斯的认证项目，网站与质量保证，Hackfests项目，本土语言项目，基础设施，文档项目，市场设计与营销。
|
||||
该报告涉及到项目和活动的会议包括：2014年在伯尔尼的LibreOffice大会，在布鲁塞尔、大加那利岛、巴黎、波士顿和土鲁斯的认证项目、网站与质量保证、Hackfests项目等，本土语言项目，基础设施，文档项目，市场设计与营销。
|
||||
|
||||
该报告涉及到的软件开发活动和代码包括：工程指导委员会的活动，LibreOffice的开发，文档解放项目，LibreOffice的安卓移植。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -17,8 +15,7 @@ TDF年度报告中，以回顾2014年开始了这篇报告，其中包括了TDF
|
||||
TDF 2014年度报告的编辑工作由Sophie Gautier, Alexander Werner, Christian Lohmaier, Florian Effenberger, Italo Vignoli 和 Robinson Tryon完成，由Barak Paz设计样式，Libreoffice社区协助完成。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了使该文档分布达到最大程度的分布，采用了CC3 认证发布，除非特殊标注，TDF成员和自由软件基金会拥有其所有权。
|
||||
[德语版年度报告下载请点击[http://tdf.io/bericht2014][3]].
|
||||
为了最大程度的传播该文档，采用了CC3 认证发布，除非特殊标注，TDF成员和自由软件基金会拥有其所有权。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ via: http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2015/06/03/read-about-the-document-found
|
||||
|
||||
作者：italovignoli
|
||||
译者：[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
127
sources/share/20150616 Linux Humor on the Command-line.md
Normal file
127
sources/share/20150616 Linux Humor on the Command-line.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
||||
Linux Humor on the Command-line
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The desktop is full of eye candy. It enhances the visual experience and, in some cases, can also increase functionality of software. But it also makes software fun. Working on the command-line does not have to be always serious. If you want some fun on the command-line, there are lots of commands to raise a smile.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is a fun operating system. Linux offers a vast collection of small open source utilities that perform functions ranging from the obvious to the bizarre. It is the quality and selection of these tools that help Linux stand out. Check out these 7 small utilities.
|
||||
|
||||
### lolcat ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
lolcat is a program that concatenates files, or standard input, to standard output (like the generic cat), and adds rainbow coloring to it.
|
||||
|
||||
lolcat is often combined with other tools such as toilet or figlet to generate text. This software should not be confused with a lolcat; an image macro of one or more cats.
|
||||
|
||||
lolcat was written by Moe.
|
||||
|
||||
Website: [github.com][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### cowsay ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
cowsay is a configurable open source program which generates ASCII pictures of a cow with a message in a speech bubble. cowsay is written in Perl.
|
||||
|
||||
cowsay is not limited to generating pictures of cows. It can generate pre-made images of other animals including a duck, elephant, koala, moose, pony, sheep, stegosaurus, and turkey, as well as cheese, snowman, and a skeleton.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a related program called cowthink, which generates cows with thought bubbles, as opposed to speech bubbles.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Make scripts more interesting
|
||||
- Borg mode
|
||||
- Ways to alter the way the cow looks, for example making the cow look greedy, paranoid, stoned, tired, wired, youthful and more
|
||||
- xcowsay variant available
|
||||
|
||||
Website: [nog.net][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### doge ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
doge is a simple motd script based on the slightly stupid but very funny doge meme. It prints random grammatically incorrect statements that are sometimes based on things from your computer.
|
||||
|
||||
Doge is an Internet meme that became popular in 2013. The meme typically consists of a picture of a Shiba Inu accompanied by multicolored text in Comic Sans font in the foreground. The text, representing a kind of internal monologue, is deliberately written in a form of broken English.
|
||||
|
||||
- Randomly placed and colored random strings, complete with broken english
|
||||
- Awesome Shibe in the terminal
|
||||
- Fetching of system data, such as hostname, running processes, current user and $EDITOR
|
||||
- If you have lolcat, you can do this gem: while true; do doge | lolcat -a -d 100 -s 100 -p 1; done
|
||||
- stdin support: ls /usr/bin | doge will doge-print some of the executables found in /usr/bin. wow. There are also multiple command line switches that control filtering and statistical frequency of words
|
||||
|
||||
Website: [github.com/thiderman/doge][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### ASCIIQuarium ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ASCIIQuarium is an aquarium/sea animation in ASCII art. Enjoy the fascinating creatures that live in the water from your computer.
|
||||
|
||||
To run ASCIIQuarium you need to have installed Perl's curses package, and the Term::Animation module. To install the former, type sudo apt-get install libcurses-perl. To install the latter, type sudo cpan Term::Animation, both at the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Multicolored fish
|
||||
- Amusing animations, including a fish hook
|
||||
- There are swans, ducks, dolphins, and ships too
|
||||
|
||||
Website: [www.robobunny.com][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### sl - Steam Locomotive ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sl is an amusing command line tool that displays animations to correct users who accidentally type sl instead of ls.
|
||||
|
||||
I'm rather sloppy at typing, preferring speed to accuracy. But typos can be a tad dangerous on the command line. So sl can serve as a practical reminder of curing a bad habit of mistyping. It always raises a chuckle too.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- With -F, train flies
|
||||
- With -l, it shows a small train
|
||||
- With -a, an accident seems to happen
|
||||
|
||||
Website: [github.com/mtoyoda/sl][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### aafire ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
aafire displays burning ASCII art flames in the terminal. It demonstrates the the capabilities of the aalib library, an ascii art library.
|
||||
|
||||
Website: [aa-project.sourceforge.net/aalib][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### CMatrix ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
CMatrix is an ncurses program that simulates the display from "The Matrix". If you have been living in a cave for the past 15 years, you might not know The Matrix is a 1999 American science fiction acting film starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano.
|
||||
|
||||
It works with terminal settings up to 132x300 and can scroll lines all at the same rate or asynchronously and at a user-defined speed.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Change the text colour
|
||||
- Turn on bold characters
|
||||
- Asynchronous scroll
|
||||
- Use old-style scrolling
|
||||
- "Screensaver" mode
|
||||
|
||||
Website: [www.asty.org/cmatrix][7]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20150614112018846/Humor.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/busyloop/lolcat
|
||||
[2]:https://web.archive.org/web/20120225123719/http://www.nog.net/%7Etony/warez/cowsay.shtml
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/thiderman/doge
|
||||
[4]:http://www.robobunny.com/projects/asciiquarium/html/
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/mtoyoda/sl
|
||||
[6]:http://aa-project.sourceforge.net/aalib/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.asty.org/cmatrix/
|
||||
@ -1,154 +0,0 @@
|
||||
sevenot translating
|
||||
The top 10 rookie open source projects
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Black Duck presents its Open Source Rookies of the Year -- the 10 most exciting, active new projects germinated by the global open source community
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Open Source Rookies of the Year ###
|
||||
|
||||
Each year sees the start of thousands of new open source projects. Only a handful gets real traction. Some projects gain momentum by building on existing, well-known technologies; others truly break new ground. Many projects are created to solve a simple development problem, while others begin with loftier intentions shared by like-minded developers around the world.
|
||||
|
||||
Since 2009, the open source software logistics company Black Duck has identified the [Open Source Rookies of the Year][1], based on activity tracked by its [Open Hub][2] (formerly Ohloh) site. This year, we're delighted to present 10 winners and two honorable mentions for 2015, selected from thousands of open source projects. Using a weighted scoring system, points were awarded based on project activity, the pace of commits, and several other factors.
|
||||
|
||||
Open source has become the industry's engine of innovation. This year, for example, growth in projects related to Docker containerization trumped every other rookie area -- and not coincidentally reflected the most exciting area of enterprise technology overall. At the very least, the projects described here provide a window on what the global open source developer community is thinking, which is fast becoming a good indicator of where we're headed.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: DebOps ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[DebOps][3] is a collection of [Ansible][4] playbooks and roles, scalable from one container to an entire data center. Founder Maciej Delmanowski open-sourced DebOps to ensure his work outlived his current work environment and could grow in strength and depth from outside contributors.
|
||||
|
||||
DebOps began at a small university in Poland that ran its own data center, where everything was configured by hand. Crashes sometimes led to days of downtime -- and Delmanowski realized that a configuration management system was needed. Starting with a Debian base, DebOps is a group of Ansible playbooks that configure an entire data infrastructure. The project has been implemented in many different working environments, and the founders plan to continue supporting and improving it as time goes on.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Code Combat ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The traditional pen-and-paper way of learning falls short for technical subjects. Games, however, are all about engagement -- which is why the founders of [CodeCombat][5] went about creating a multiplayer programming game to teach people how to code.
|
||||
|
||||
At its inception, CodeCombat was an idea for a startup, but the founders decided to create an open source project instead. The idea blossomed within the community, and the project gained contributors at a steady rate. A mere two months after its launch, the game was accepted into Google’s Summer of Code. The game reaches a broad audience and is available in 45 languages. CodeCombat hopes to become the standard for people who want to learn to code and have fun at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Storj ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Storj][6] is a peer-to-peer cloud storage network that implements end-to-end encryption, enabling users to transfer and share data without reliance on a third party. Based on bitcoin blockchain technology and peer-to-peer protocols, Storj provides secure, private, and encrypted cloud storage.
|
||||
|
||||
Opponents of cloud-based data storage worry about cost efficiencies and vulnerability to attack. Intended to address both concerns, Storj is a private cloud storage marketplace where space is purchased and traded via Storjcoin X (SJCX). Files uploaded to Storj are shredded, encrypted, and stored across the community. File owners are the sole individuals who possess keys to the encrypted information.
|
||||
|
||||
The proof of concept for this decentralized cloud storage marketplace was first presented at the Texas Bitcoin Conference Hackathon in 2014. After winning first place in the hackathon, the project founders and leaders used open forums, Reddit, bitcoin forums, and social media to grow an active community, now an essential part of the Storj decision-making process.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Neovim ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Since its inception in 1991, Vim has been a beloved text editor adopted by millions of software developers. [Neovim][6] is the next generation.
|
||||
|
||||
The software development ecosystem has experienced exponential growth and innovation over the past 23 years. Neovim founder Thiago de Arruda knew that Vim was lacking in modern-day features and development speed. Although determined to preserve the signature features of Vim, the community behind Neovim seeks to improve and evolve the technology of its favorite text editor. Crowdfunding initially enabled de Arruda to focus six uninterrupted months on launching this endeavor. He credits the Neovim community for supporting the project and for inspiring him to continue contributing.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: CockroachDB ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Former Googlers are bringing a big-company data solution to open source in the form of [CockroachDB][8], a scalable, geo-replicated, transactional data store.
|
||||
|
||||
To maintain the terabytes of data transacted over its global online properties, Google developed Spanner. This powerful tool provides Google with scalability, survivability, and transactionality -- qualities that the team behind CockroachDB is serving up to the open source community. Like an actual cockroach, CockroachDB can survive without its head, tolerating the failure of any node. This open source project has a devoted community of experienced contributors, actively cultivated by the founders via social media, GitHub, networking, conferences, and meet-ups.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Kubernetes ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In introducing containerized software development to the open source community, [Docker][9] has become the backbone of a strong, innovative set of tools and technologies. [Kubernetes][10], which Google introduced last June, is an open source container management tool used to accelerate development and simplify operations.
|
||||
|
||||
Google has been using containers for years in its internal operations. At the summer 2014 DockerCon, the Internet giant open-sourced Kubernetes, which was developed to meet the needs of the exponentially growing Docker ecosystem. Through collaborations with other organizations and projects, such as Red Hat and CoreOS, Kubernetes project managers have grown their project to be the No. 1 downloaded tool on the Docker Hub. The Kubernetes team hopes to expand the project and grow the community, so software developers can spend less time managing infrastructure and more time building the apps they want.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Open Bazaar ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[OpenBazaar][11] is a decentralized marketplace for trading with anyone using bitcoin. The proof of concept for OpenBazaar was born at a hackathon, where its founders combined BitTorent, bitcoin, and traditional financial server methodologies to create a censorship-resistant trading platform. The OpenBazaar team sought new members, and before long they were able to expand the OpenBazaar community immensely. The table stakes of OpenBazaar -- transparency and a common goal to revolutionize trade and commerce -- are helping founders and contributors work toward a real-world, uncontrolled, and decentralized marketplace.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: IPFS ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[IPFS (InterPlanetary File System)][12] is a global, versioned, peer-to-peer file system.It synthesizes many of the ideas behind Git, BitTorrent, and HTTP to bring a new data and data structure transport protocol to the open Web.
|
||||
|
||||
Open source is known for developing simple solutions to complex problems that result in many innovations, but these powerful projects represent only one slice of the open source community. IFPS belong to a more radical group whose proof of concept seems daring, outrageous, and even unattainable -- in this case, a peer-to-peer distributed file system that seeks to connect all computing devices. This possible HTTP replacement maintains a community through multiple mediums, including the Git community and an IRC channel that has more than 100 current contributors. This “crazy” idea will be available for alpha testing in 2015.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: cAdvisor ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[cAdvisor (Container Advisor)][13] is a daemon that collects, aggregates, processes, and exports information about running containers, providing container users with an understanding of resource usage and performance characteristics. For each container, cAdvisor keeps resource isolation parameters, historical resource usage, histograms of complete historical resource usage, and network statistics. This data is exported by container and across machines.
|
||||
|
||||
cAdvisor can run on most Linux distros and supports many container types, including Docker. It has become the de facto monitoring agent for containers, has been integrated into many systems, and is one of the most downloaded images on the Docker Hub. The team hopes to grow cAdvisor to understand application performance more deeply and to integrate this information into clusterwide systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015 Open Source Rookie of the Year: Terraform ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Terraform][14] provides a common configuration to launch infrastructure, from physical and virtual servers to email and DNS providers. The idea is to encompass everything from custom in-house solutions to services offered by public cloud platforms. Once launched, Terraform enables ops to change infrastructure safely and efficiently as the configuration evolves.
|
||||
|
||||
Working at a devops company, Terraform.io's founders identified a pain point in codifying the knowledge required to build a complete data center, from plugged-in servers to a fully networked and functional data center. Infrastructure is described using a high-level configuration syntax, which allows a blueprint of your data center to be versioned and treated as you would any other code. Sponsorship from the well-respected open source company HashiCorp helped launch the project.
|
||||
|
||||
### Honorable mention: Docker Fig ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Fig][15] provides fast, isolated development environments using [Docker][16]. It moves the configuration required to orchestrate Docker into a simple fig.yml file. It handles all the work of building and running containers and forwarding their ports, as well as sharing volumes and linking them.
|
||||
|
||||
Orchard formed Fig last year to create a new system of tools to make Docker work. It was developed as a way of setting up development environments with Docker, enabling users to define the exact environment for their apps, while also running databases and caches inside Docker. Fig solved a major pain point for developers. Docker fully supports this open source project and [recently purchased Orchard][17] to expand the reach of Fig.
|
||||
|
||||
### Honorable mention: Drone ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Drone][18] is a Continuous Integration platform built on Docker and [written in Go][19]. The Drone project grew out of frustration with existing available technologies and processes for setting up development environments.
|
||||
|
||||
Drone provides a simple approach to automated testing and continuous delivery: Simply pick a Docker image tailored to your needs, connect GitHub, and commit. Drone uses Docker containers to provision isolated testing environments, giving every project complete control over its stack without the burden of traditional server administration. The community behind Drone is 100 contributors strong and hopes to bring this project to the enterprise and to mobile app development.
|
||||
|
||||
### Open source rookies ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [Open Source Rookies of the 2014 Year][20]
|
||||
- [InfoWorld's 2015 Technology of the Year Award winners][21]
|
||||
- [Bossies: The Best of Open Source Software Awards][22]
|
||||
- [15 essential open source tools for Windows admins][23]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2875439/open-source-software/the-top-10-rookie-open-source-projects.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Black Duck Software][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Black-Duck-Software/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[2]:https://www.openhub.net/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/debops/debops
|
||||
[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2612397/data-center/review--ansible-orchestration-is-a-veteran-unix-admin-s-dream.html
|
||||
[5]:https://codecombat.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://storj.io/
|
||||
[7]:http://neovim.org/
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach
|
||||
[9]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[10]:http://kubernetes.io/
|
||||
[11]:https://openbazaar.org/
|
||||
[12]:http://ipfs.io/
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/google/cadvisor
|
||||
[14]:https://www.terraform.io/
|
||||
[15]:http://www.fig.sh/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[17]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2608546/application-virtualization/docker-acquires-orchard-in-a-sign-of-rising-ambitions.html
|
||||
[18]:https://drone.io/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2683845/google-go/164121-Fast-guide-to-Go-programming.html
|
||||
[20]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[21]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2871935/application-development/infoworlds-2015-technology-of-the-year-award-winners.html
|
||||
[22]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2688104/open-source-software/article.html
|
||||
[23]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2854954/microsoft-windows/15-essential-open-source-tools-for-windows-admins.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
|
||||
What will be the future of Linux without Linus?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The interview was conducted back in 2007 for Linux For You magazine and we are publishing it here for archival purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: What are the future enhancements/paths/plans for the Linux kernel?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I’ve never been much of a visionary — instead of looking at huge plans for the future, I tend to have a rather short time frame of ‘issues in the next few months’. I’m a big believer in that the ‘details’ matter, and if you take care of the details, the big issues will end up sorting themselves out on their own.
|
||||
|
||||
So I really don’t have any great vision for what the kernel will look like in five years — just a very general plan to make sure that we keep our eye on the ball. In fact, when it comes to me personally, one of the things I worry about the most isn’t even the technical issues, but making sure that the ‘process’ works, and that people can work well with each other.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: How do you see the relationship of Linux and Solaris evolving in the future? How will it benefit the users? **
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I don’t actually see a whole lot of overlap, except that I think Solaris will start using more of the Linux user space tools (which I obviously don’t personally have a lot to do with — I really only do the kernel). The Linux desktop is just so much better than what traditional Solaris has, and I expect Solaris to move more and more towards a more Linux-like model there.
|
||||
|
||||
On the pure kernel side, the licensing differences mean that there’s not much cooperation, but it will be very interesting to see if that will change. Sun has been making noises about licensing Solaris under the GPL (either v2 or v3), and if the licence differences go away, that could result in some interesting technology. But I’m taking a wait-and-see attitude to that.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Now that the GPLv3 has been finalised and released, do you foresee any circumstance that would encourage you to begin moving the kernel to it? Or, from your perspective, is it so bad that you would never consider it?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I think it is much improved over the early drafts, and I don’t think it’s a horrible licence. I just don’t think it’s the same kind of ‘great’ licence that the GPLv2 is.
|
||||
|
||||
So in the absence of the GPLv2, I could see myself using the GPLv3. But since I have a better choice, why should I?
|
||||
|
||||
That said, I try to always be pragmatic, and the fact that I think the GPLv3 is not as good a licence as the GPLv2 is not a ‘black and white’ question. It’s a balancing act. And if there are other advantages to the GPLv3, maybe those other advantages would be big enough to tilt the balance in favour of the GPLv3.
|
||||
|
||||
Quite frankly, I don’t really see any, but if Solaris really is to be released under the GPLv3, maybe the advantage of avoiding unnecessary non-compatible licence issues could be enough of an advantage that it might be worth trying to re-license the Linux kernel under the GPLv3 too.
|
||||
|
||||
Don’t get me wrong — I think it’s unlikely. But I do want to make it clear that I’m not a licence bigot, per se. I think the GPLv2 is clearly the better licence, but licences aren’t everything.
|
||||
|
||||
After all, I use a lot of programs that are under other licences. I might not put a project I start myself under the BSD (or the X11-MIT) licence, but I think it’s a great licence, and for other projects it may well be the right one.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Currently are there any Indians who you’d like to highlight as key contributors to the Linux kernel?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I have to admit that I don’t directly work with anybody that I actually realise as being from India. That said, I should clarify a bit: I’ve very consciously tried to set up the kernel development so that I don’t end up working personally with a huge number of people.
|
||||
|
||||
I have this strong conviction that most humans are basically wired up to know a few people really well (your close family and friends), and I’ve tried to make the development model reflect that: with a ‘network of developers’, where people interact with maybe a dozen other people they trust, and those other people in turn interact with ‘their’ set of people they trust.
|
||||
|
||||
So while I’m in occasional contact with hundreds of developers who send me a random patch or two, I’ve tried to set up an environment where the bulk of what I do happens through a much smaller set of people that I know, just because I think that’s how people work. It’s certainly how I like to work.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, in all honesty, I don’t even know where a lot of the people I work with live. Location ends up being pretty secondary. So while I’m pretty sure that none of the top 10-15 I work with most closely, are in India, maybe after this goes public, it might get pointed out that there is actually somebody from there!
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Since the Linux Kernel Development depends so heavily on you, how do you plan to organise/reorganise it for it to continue progressing without you, in case you decide to dedicate more time to your own life and family?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I’ve long since come to the realisation that Linux is much bigger than me. Yes, I’m intimately involved in it still, and I have a fairly large day-to-day impact on it, and I end up being the person who, in some sense, acts as the central point for a lot of kernel activities; but no — I wouldn’t say that Linux ‘depends heavily’ on me.
|
||||
|
||||
So if I had a heart attack and died tomorrow (happily not likely: I’m apparently healthy as anything), people would certainly notice, but there are thousands of people involved in just the kernel, and there’re more than a few that could take over for me with little real confusion.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: India is one of the major producers of software engineers, yet we don’t contribute much to the Linux domain. What do you think is keeping Indians from becoming proactive on that front? How do you feel we could encourage Indians to get involved and contribute heavily? You have a fan following in India; could your iconic image be used to inspire enthusiasts?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: This is actually a very hard question for me to answer. Getting into open source is such a complicated combination of both infrastructure (Internet access, education, you name it), flow of information and simply culture that I can’t even begin to guess what the biggest stumbling block could be.
|
||||
|
||||
In many ways, at least those with an English-speaking culture in India should have a rather easy time getting involved with Linux and other open source projects, if only thanks to the lack of a language barrier. Certainly much easier than many parts of Asia or even some parts of Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, while that is a lot of people, it’s equally obviously not the majority in India, and I personally simply don’t know enough about the issues in India to be able to make an even half-way intelligent guess about what the best way forward is. I suspect that an enthusiastic local user community is always the best way, and I think you do have that.
|
||||
|
||||
As to my ‘iconic image’, I tend to dislike that part personally. I’m not a great public speaker, and I’ve avoided travelling for the last several years because I’m not very comfortable being seen as this iconic ‘visionary’. I’m just an engineer, and I just happen to love doing what I do, and to work with other people in public.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: What would be a good reason for you to consider visiting India?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: As mentioned in the first answer, I absolutely detest public speaking, so I tend to avoid conferences, etc. I’d love to go to India for a vacation some day, but if I do, I’d likely just do it incognito — not tell anybody beforehand and just go as a tourist to see the country!
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Recently, you seemed to slam Subversion and CVS, questioning their basic architecture. Now that you’ve got responses from the Subversion community, do you stand corrected, or are you still unconvinced?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I like making strong statements, because I find the discussion interesting. In other words, I actually tend to ‘like’ arguing. Not mindlessly, but I certainly tend to prefer the discussion a bit more heated, and not just entirely platonic.
|
||||
|
||||
And making strong arguments occasionally ends up resulting in a very valid rebuttal, and then I’ll happily say: “Oh, ok, you’re right.”
|
||||
|
||||
But no, that didn’t happen on SVN/CVS. I suspect a lot of people really don’t much like CVS, so I didn’t really even expect anybody to argue that CVS was really anything but a legacy system. And while I’ve gotten a few people who argued that I shouldn’t have been quite so impolite against SVN (and hey, that’s fair — I’m really not a very polite person!), I don’t think anybody actually argued that SVN was ‘good’.
|
||||
|
||||
SVN is, I think, a classic case of ‘good enough’. It’s what people are used to, and it’s ‘good enough’ to be used fairly widely, but it’s good enough in exactly the sense DOS and Windows were ‘good enough’. Not great technology, just very widely available, and it works well enough for people and looks familiar enough that people use it. But very few people are ‘proud’ of it, or excited about it.
|
||||
|
||||
Git, on the other hand, has some of the ‘UNIX philosophy’ behind it. Not that it is about UNIX, per se, but like original UNIX, it had a fundamental idea behind it. For UNIX, the underlying philosophy was/is that, “Everything is a file.” For git, it’s, Everything is just an object in the content-addressable database.”
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Is having so many distros a good or bad idea? Choice is fine, but one does not need to be pampered with choices. Instead of so many man hours being spent in building hundreds of distros, wouldn’t it be easier to get into the enterprise and take on the MS challenge if people could come together and support fewer distros (1 for each use maybe)? What’s your view on that?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I think having multiple distros is an inevitable part of open source. And can it be confusing? Sure. Can it be inefficient? Yes. But I’d just like to compare it to politics: ‘democracy’ has all those confusing choices, and often none of the choices is necessarily what you ‘really’ want either, and sometimes you might feel like things would be smoother and more efficient if you didn’t have to worry about the whole confusion of voting, different parties, coalitions, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
But in the end, choice may be inefficient, but it’s also what keeps everybody involved at least ‘somewhat’ honest. We all probably wish our politicians were more honest than they are, and we all probably wish that the different distros sometimes made other choices than they do, but without that choice, we’d be worse off.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Why do you think CFS is better than SD?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: Part of it is that I have worked with Ingo [Molnar] for a long time, which means that I know him, and know that he’ll be very responsive to any issues that come up. That kind of thing is very important.
|
||||
|
||||
But part of it is simply about numbers. Most people out there actually say that CFS is better than SD. Including, very much, on 3D games (which people claimed was a strong point of SD).
|
||||
|
||||
At the same time, though, I don’t think any piece of code is ever ”perfect”. The best thing to happen is that the people who want to be proponents of SD will try to improve that so much that the balance tips over the other way — and we’ll keep both camps trying interesting things because the internal competition motivates them.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: In a talk you had at Google about git, someone asked you how you would take an extremely large code base that is currently handled with something centralised and transition to git without stopping business for six months. What was your response to that?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: Ahh. That was the question where I couldn’t hear the questioner well (the questions were much more audible in the recordings), and I noticed afterwards, when I went back and listened to the recorded audio, that I didn’t answer the question he asked, but the question I thought he’d asked.
|
||||
|
||||
Anyway, we do have lots of import tools, so that you can actually just import a large project from just about any other previous SCM into git. But the problem, of course, often doesn’t end up being the act of importing itself, but just having to ‘get used to’ the new model!
|
||||
|
||||
And quite frankly, I don’t think there is any other answer to that ‘get used to it’ but to just start out and try it. You obviously do not want to start out by importing the biggest and most central project you have; that would indeed just make everything come to a standstill, and make everybody very unhappy indeed.
|
||||
|
||||
So nobody sane would advocate moving everything over to git overnight, and forcing people to change their environment. No. You’d start with a smaller project inside a company, perhaps something that just one group mostly controls and maintains, and start off by converting that to git. That way you get people used to the model, and you start having a core group with the knowledge about how git works and how to use it within the company.
|
||||
|
||||
And then you just extend on that. Not in one go. You’d import more and more of the projects — even if you have the ‘one big repository’ model at your company; you also almost certainly have that repository as a set of modules, because having everybody check out everything is just not a workable mode of operation (unless ‘everything’ is just not very large).
|
||||
|
||||
So you’d basically migrate one module at a time, until you get to the point where you’re so comfortable with git that you can just migrate the rest (or the ‘rest’ is so legacy that nobody even cares).
|
||||
|
||||
And one of the nice features of git is that it actually plays along pretty well with a lot of other SCMs. That’s how a lot of git users use it: ‘they’ may use git, but sometimes the people they work with don’t even realise, because they see the results of it propagated into some legacy SCM.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Did they ever experiment with alternate instruction set implementations at Transmeta? [Transmeta Crusoe chip seemed like a very soft CPU — reminding one of Burroughs B1000 interpretive machine, which actually implemented multiple virtual machines. There was one for system software, another for Cobol, another for Fortran; If that is correct, then one could implement Burroughs 6/7000 or HP3000 like stack architecture on the chip or an instruction set suitable for JVM, etc]**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: We did indeed have some alternate instruction set, and while I still am not really supposed to talk about it, I can say that we did have a public demonstration of mixing instruction sets. We had a technology showcase where you could run x86 instructions side-by-side with Java byte code (actually, it was a slightly extended pico-java, iirc).
|
||||
|
||||
I think the app we showed running was running DOOM on top of Linux, where the Linux parts were a totally standard x86 distribution, but the DOOM binary was a specially compiled version where part of the game was actually compiled pico-Java. And the CPU ended up running them both the same way — as a JIT down to the native VLIW instruction set.
|
||||
|
||||
(The reason for picking DOOM was just that source code was available, and the core parts of the game were small enough that it was easy to set it up as a demonstration — and it was obviously visually interesting.)
|
||||
|
||||
There were more things going on internally, but I can’t really talk about them. And I wasn’t actually personally involved with the Java one either.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: 386BSD, from which NetBSD, FreeBSD and OpenBSD were derived, was there well before Linux, but Linux spread much more than 386BSD and its derivatives. How much of this do you attribute to the choice of the licence and how much to the development process you chose? Don’t you think that the GPLv3 protects the freedom that has bred Linux better than the BSDs till now, more than the GPLv2 can?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I think there’s both a licence issue, and a community and personality issue. The BSD licences always encouraged forking, but also meant that if somebody gets really successful and makes a commercial fork, you cannot necessarily join back. And so even if that doesn’t actually happen (and it did, in the BSD cases — with BSDi), people can’t really ‘trust’ each other as much.
|
||||
|
||||
In contrast, the GPLv2 also encourages forking, but it not only encourages the branching off part, it also encourages (and ‘requires’) the ability to merge back again. So now you have a whole new level of trust: you ‘know’ that everybody involved will be bound by the licence, and won’t try to take advantage of you.
|
||||
|
||||
So I see the GPLv2 as the licence that allows people the maximum possible freedom within the requirement that you can always join back together again from either side. Nobody can stop you from taking the improvements to the source code.
|
||||
|
||||
So is the BSD licence even more ‘free’? Yes. Unquestionably. But I just wouldn’t want to use the BSD licence for any project I care about, because I not only want the freedom, I also want the trust so that I can always use the code that others write for my projects.
|
||||
|
||||
So to me, the GPLv2 ends up being a wonderful balance of ‘as free as you can make it’, considering that I do want everybody to be able to trust so that they can always get the source code and use it.
|
||||
|
||||
Which is why I think the GPLv3 ends up being a much less interesting licence. It’s no longer about that trust about “getting the source code back”; it has degenerated into a “I wrote the code, so I should be able to control how you use it.”
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, I just think the GPLv3 is too petty and selfish. I think the GPLv2 has a great balance between ‘freedom’ and ‘trust’. It’s not as free as the BSD licences are, but it gives you peace of mind in return, and matches what I consider ‘tit-for-tat': I give source code, you give me source code in return.
|
||||
|
||||
The GPLv3 tries to control the ‘use’ of that source code. Now it’s, “I give you my source code, so if you use it, you’d better make your devices hackable by me.” See? Petty and small-minded, in my opinion.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Slowly but steadily, features of the -rt tree are getting integrated into the mainline. What are your current thoughts regarding a merger of the remaining -rt tree into the mainline (and I’m not talking about the CFS)?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I won’t guarantee that everything from -rt will ‘ever’ be merged into the standard kernel (there may be pieces that simply don’t end up making sense in the generic kernel), but yes, over the years we’ve actually integrated most of it, and the remaining parts could end up making it one of these days.
|
||||
|
||||
I’m a big fan of low-latency work, but at the same time I’m pretty conservative, and I pushed back on some of the more aggressive merging, just because I want to make sure that it all makes sense for not just some extreme real time perspective, but also for ‘normal’ users who don’t need it. And that explains why the process has been a pretty slow but steady trickle of code that has gotten merged, as it was sufficiently stable and made sense.
|
||||
|
||||
That, by the way, is not just an -rt thing; it’s how a lot of the development happens. -rt just happens to be one of the more ‘directed’ kernel projects, and one where the main developer is pretty directly involved with the normal kernel too. But quite often the migration of other features (security, virtual memory changes, virtualisation, etc) follows a similar path: they get written up in a very targeted environment, and then pieces of the features get slowly but surely merged into the standard kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: I’m very curious about what the future holds for file systems in the kernel. What do you think about Reiser4, XFS4, ZFS and the new project founded by Oracle? ZFS has been receiving a lot of press these days. Reiser4 delivers very good benchmarks, and xfs4 is trying to keep up, whereas the one by Oracle has a lot of the same specs as Sun’s ZFS. Where are we heading? Which FS looks the most promising in your opinion?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: Actually, just yesterday we had a git performance issue, where ZFS was orders of magnitude slower than UFS for one user (not under Linux, but git is gaining a lot of traction even outside of kernel development). So I think a lot of the ‘new file system’ mania is partly fed by knowing about the issues with old file systems, and then the (somewhat unrealistic) expectation that a ‘new and improved’ file system will make everything perfect.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, this is one area where you just let people fight it out. See who comes out the winner — and it doesn’t need to be (and likely will not) be a single winner. Almost always, the right choice of file system ends up depending on the load and circumstances.
|
||||
|
||||
One thing that I’m personally more excited about than any of the file systems you mention is actually the fact that Flash-based hard disks are quickly becoming available even for ‘normal’ users. Sure, they’re still expensive (and fairly small), but Flash-based storage has such a different performance profile from rotating media, that I suspect that it will end up having a large impact on file system design. Right now, most file systems tend to be designed with the latencies of rotating media in mind.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: The operating system is becoming less and less important. You have said several times that the user is not supposed to ‘see’ the operating system at all. It is the applications that matter. Browser-based applications, like Google’s basic office applications, are making an impact. Where do you think operating systems are headed?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I don’t really believe in the ‘browser OS’, because I think that people will always want to do some things locally. It might be about security, or simply about privacy reasons. And while connectivity is widely available, it certainly isn’t ‘everywhere’.
|
||||
|
||||
So I think the whole ‘Web OS’ certainly is part of the truth, but another part that people seem to dismiss is that operating systems have been around for decades, and it’s really a fairly stable and well-known area of endeavour. People really shouldn’t expect the OS to magically change: it’s not like people were ‘stupid’ back in the 60s either, or even that hardware was ‘that’ fundamentally different back then!
|
||||
|
||||
So don’t expect a revolution. I think OSs will largely continue to do what they do, and while we’ll certainly evolve, I don’t think they’ll change radically. What may change radically are the interfaces and the things you do on top of the OS (and certainly the hardware beneath the OS will continue to evolve too), and that’s what people obviously care about.
|
||||
|
||||
The OS? It’s just that hidden thing that makes it all possible. You really shouldn’t care about it, unless you find it very interesting to know what is really going on in the machine.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: The last I heard, you were using a PPC G4/5 for your main personal machine — what are you using now, and why?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I ended up giving up on the PowerPC, since nobody is doing any workstations any more, and especially since x86-64 has become such an undeniable powerhouse. So these days, I run a bog-standard PC, with a normal Core 2 Duo on it.
|
||||
|
||||
It was a lot of fun to run another architecture (I ran with alpha as my main architecture way back then, for a few years, so it wasn’t the first time either), but commodity CPUs is where it is at. The only thing that I think can really ever displace the x86 architecture would come from below, i.e., if something makes us not use x86 as our main ISA in a decade, I think it would be ARM, thanks to the mobile device market.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: What does Linux mean to you — a hobby, philosophy, the meaning of life, a job, the best OS, something else…?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: It’s some of all of that. It’s a hobby, but a deeply meaningful one. The best hobbies are the ones that you care ‘really’ deeply about. And these days it’s obviously also my work, and I’m very happy to be able to combine it all.
|
||||
|
||||
I don’t know about a ‘philosophy’, and I don’t really do Linux for any really deeply held moral or philosophical reasons (I literally do it because it’s interesting and fun), but it’s certainly the case that I have come to appreciate the deeper reasons why I think open source works so well. So I may not have started to do Linux for any such deep reasons, and I cannot honestly say that that is what motivates me, but I do end up thinking about why it all works.
|
||||
|
||||
**Q: Did Microsoft’s ‘Men in Black’ ever talk to you?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linus: I’ve never really talked to MS, no. I’ve occasionally been at the same conferences with some MS people (I used to go to more conferences than I do these days), but I’ve never really had anything to do with them. I think there is a mutual wariness.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxveda.com/2015/06/17/what-happens-to-linux-after-linus/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxveda.com/author/arnieswap/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
translating by wwy-hust
|
||||
|
||||
What is good audio editing software on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
|
||||
Installing LAMP (Linux, Apache, MariaDB, PHP/PhpMyAdmin) in RHEL/CentOS 7.0
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Skipping the LAMP introduction, as I’m sure that most of you know what is all about. This tutorial will concentrate on how to install and configure famous LAMP stack – Linux Apache, MariaDB, PHP, PhpMyAdmin – on the last release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0 and CentOS 7.0, with the mention that both distributions have upgraded httpd daemon to Apache HTTP 2.4.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install LAMP in RHEL/CentOS 7.0
|
||||
|
||||
#### Requirements ####
|
||||
|
||||
Depending on the used distribution, RHEL or CentOS 7.0, use the following links to perform a minimal system installation, using a static IP Address for network configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
**For RHEL 7.0**
|
||||
|
||||
- [RHEL 7.0 Installation Procedure][1]
|
||||
- [Register and Enable Subscriptions/Repositories on RHEL 7.0][2]
|
||||
|
||||
**For CentOS 7.0**
|
||||
|
||||
- [CentOS 7.0 Installation Procedure][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1: Install Apache Server with Basic Configurations ###
|
||||
|
||||
**1. After performing a minimal system installation and configure your server network interface with a [Static IP Address on RHEL/CentOS 7.0][4], go ahead and install Apache 2.4 httpd service binary package provided form official repositories using the following command.**
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install Apache Web Server
|
||||
|
||||
**2. After yum manager finish installation, use the following commands to manage Apache daemon, since RHEL and CentOS 7.0 both migrated their init scripts from SysV to systemd – you can also use SysV and Apache scripts the same time to manage the service.**
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl status|start|stop|restart|reload httpd
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
# service httpd status|start|stop|restart|reload
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
# apachectl configtest| graceful
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Start Apache Web Server
|
||||
|
||||
**3. On the next step start Apache service using systemd init script and open RHEL/CentOS 7.0 Firewall rules using firewall-cmd, which is the default command to manage iptables through firewalld daemon.**
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --add-service=http
|
||||
|
||||
**NOTE**: Make notice that using this rule will lose its effect after a system reboot or firewalld service restart, because it opens on-fly rules, which are not applied permanently. To apply consistency iptables rules on firewall use –permanent option and restart firewalld service to take effect.
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
|
||||
# systemctl restart firewalld
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enable Firewall in CentOS 7
|
||||
|
||||
Other important Firewalld options are presented below:
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --state
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --list-all
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --list-interfaces
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --get-service
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --query-service service_name
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --add-port=8080/tcp
|
||||
|
||||
**4. To verify Apache functionality open a remote browser and type your server IP Address using HTTP protocol on URL (http://server_IP), and a default page should appear like in the screenshot below.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Apache Default Page
|
||||
|
||||
**5. For now, Apache DocumentRoot path it’s set to /var/www/html system path, which by default doesn’t provide any index file. If you want to see a directory list of your DocumentRoot path open Apache welcome configuration file and set Indexes statement from – to + on <LocationMach> directive, using the below screenshot as an example.**
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/welcome.conf
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Apache Directory Listing
|
||||
|
||||
**6. Close the file, restart Apache service to reflect changes and reload your browser page to see the final result.**
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Apache Index File
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2: Install PHP5 Support for Apache ###
|
||||
|
||||
**7. Before installing PHP5 dynamic language support for Apache, get a full list of available PHP modules and extensions using the following command.**
|
||||
|
||||
# yum search php
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install PHP in CentOS 7
|
||||
|
||||
**8. Depending on what type of applications you want to use, install the required PHP modules from the above list, but for a basic MariaDB support in PHP and PhpMyAdmin you need to install the following modules.**
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install php php-mysql php-pdo php-gd php-mbstring
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install PHP Modules
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install PHP mbstring Module
|
||||
|
||||
**9. To get a full information list on PHP from your browser, create a info.php file on Apache Document Root using the following command from root account, restart httpd service and direct your browser to the http://server_IP/info.php address.**
|
||||
|
||||
# echo "<?php phpinfo(); ?>" > /var/www/html/info.php
|
||||
# systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check PHP Info in CentOS 7
|
||||
|
||||
**10. If you get an error on PHP Date and Timezone, open php.ini configuration file, search and uncomment date.timezone statement, append your physical location and restart Apache daemon.**
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/php.ini
|
||||
|
||||
Locate and change date.timezone line to look like this, using [PHP Supported Timezones list][5].
|
||||
|
||||
date.timezone = Continent/City
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Set Timezone in PHP
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3: Install and Configure MariaDB Database ###
|
||||
|
||||
**11. Red Hat Enterprise Linux/CentOS 7.0 switched from MySQL to MariaDB for its default database management system. To install MariaDB database use the following command.**
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install mariadb-server mariadb
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Install MariaDB in CentOS 7
|
||||
|
||||
**12. After MariaDB package is installed, start database daemon and use mysql_secure_installation script to secure database (set root password, disable remotely logon from root, remove test database and remove anonymous users).**
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start mariadb
|
||||
# mysql_secure_installation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Start MariaDB Database
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Secure MySQL Installation
|
||||
|
||||
**13. To test database functionality login to MariaDB using its root account and exit using quit statement.**
|
||||
|
||||
mysql -u root -p
|
||||
MariaDB > SHOW VARIABLES;
|
||||
MariaDB > quit
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Connect MySQL Database
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4: Install PhpMyAdmin ###
|
||||
|
||||
**14. By default official RHEL 7.0 or CentOS 7.0 repositories doesn’t provide any binary package for PhpMyAdmin Web Interface. If you are uncomfortable using MySQL command line to manage your database you can install PhpMyAdmin package by enabling CentOS 7.0 rpmforge repositories using the following command.**
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install http://pkgs.repoforge.org/rpmforge-release/rpmforge-release-0.5.3-1.el7.rf.x86_64.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
After enabling rpmforge repository, next install PhpMyAdmin.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install phpmyadmin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enable RPMForge Repository
|
||||
|
||||
**15. Next configure PhpMyAdmin to allow connections from remote hosts by editing phpmyadmin.conf file, located on Apache conf.d directory, commenting the following lines.**
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/phpmyadmin.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Use a # and comment this lines.
|
||||
|
||||
# Order Deny,Allow
|
||||
# Deny from all
|
||||
# Allow from 127.0.0.1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Allow Remote PhpMyAdmin Access
|
||||
|
||||
**16. To be able to login to PhpMyAdmin Web interface using cookie authentication method add a blowfish string to phpmyadmin config.inc.php file like in the screenshot below using the [generate a secret string][6], restart Apache Web service and direct your browser to the URL address http://server_IP/phpmyadmin/.**
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/phpmyadmin.conf
|
||||
# systemctl restart httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Add Blowfish in PhpMyAdmin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
PhpMyAdmin Dashboard
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 5: Enable LAMP System-wide ###
|
||||
|
||||
**17. If you need MariaDB and Apache services to be automatically started after reboot issue the following commands to enable them system-wide.**
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable mariadb
|
||||
# systemctl enable httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enable Services System Wide
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all it takes for a basic LAMP installation on Red Hat Enterprise 7.0 or CentOS 7.0. The next series of articles related to LAMP stack on CentOS/RHEL 7.0 will discuss how to create Virtual Hosts, generate SSL Certificates and Keys and add SSL transaction support for Apache HTTP Server.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-lamp-in-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matei Cezar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/cezarmatei/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/redhat-enterprise-linux-7-installation/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/enable-redhat-subscription-reposiories-and-updates-for-rhel-7/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/centos-7-installation/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/configure-network-interface-in-rhel-centos-7-0/
|
||||
[5]:http://php.net/manual/en/timezones.php
|
||||
[6]:http://www.question-defense.com/tools/phpmyadmin-blowfish-secret-generator
|
||||
179
sources/tech/20150616 LINUX 101--POWER UP YOUR SHELL.md
Normal file
179
sources/tech/20150616 LINUX 101--POWER UP YOUR SHELL.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
|
||||
FSSlc translating
|
||||
|
||||
LINUX 101: POWER UP YOUR SHELL
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Get a more versatile,featureful and colourful command line interface with our guide to shell basics.
|
||||
|
||||
**WHY DO THIS?**
|
||||
|
||||
- Make life at the shell prompt easier and faster.
|
||||
- Resume sessions after losing a connection.
|
||||
- Stop pushing around that fiddly rodent!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s our souped-up prompt on steroids. It’s a bit long for this small terminal window, but you can tweak it to your liking.
|
||||
|
||||
As a Linux user, you’re probably familiar with the shell (aka command line). You may pop up the occasional terminal now and then for some essential jobs that you can’t do at the GUI, or perhaps you live in a tiling window manager environment and the shell is your main way of interacting with your Linux box.
|
||||
|
||||
In either case, you’re probably using the stock Bash configuration that came with your distro – and while it’s powerful enough for most jobs, it could still be a lot better. In this tutorial we’ll show you how to pimp up your shell to make it more informative, useful and pleasant to work in. We’ll customise the prompt to make it provide better feedback than the defaults, and we’ll show you how to manage sessions and run multiple programs together with the incredibly cool tmux tool. And for a bit of eye candy, we’ll look at colour schemes as well. So, onwards!
|
||||
|
||||
### Make your prompt sing ###
|
||||
|
||||
Most distributions ship with very plain prompts – they show a bit of information, and generally get you by, but the prompt can do so much more. Take the default prompt on a Debian 7 installation, for instance:
|
||||
|
||||
mike@somebox:~$
|
||||
|
||||
This shows the user, hostname, current directory and account type symbol (if you switch to root, the **$** changes to #). But where is this information stored? The answer is in the **PS1** environment variable. If you enter **echo $PS1** you’ll see this at the end of the text string that appears:
|
||||
|
||||
u@h:w$
|
||||
|
||||
This looks a bit ugly, and at first glance you might start screaming, assuming it to be a dreaded regular expression, but we’re not going to fry our brains with the complexity of those. No, the slashes here are escape sequences, telling the prompt to do special things. The **u** part, for instance, tells the prompt to show the username, while w means the working directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s a list of things you can use in the prompt:
|
||||
|
||||
- d The current date.
|
||||
- h The hostname.
|
||||
- n A newline character.
|
||||
- A The current time (HH:MM).
|
||||
- u The current user.
|
||||
- w (lowercase) The whole working directory.
|
||||
- W (uppercase) The basename of the working directory.
|
||||
- $ A prompt symbol that changes to # for root.
|
||||
- ! The shell history number of this command.
|
||||
|
||||
To clarify the difference in the **w** and **W** options: with the former, you’ll see the whole path for the directory in which you’re working (eg **/usr/local/bin**), whereas for the latter it will just show the **bin** part.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, how do you go about changing the prompt? You need to modify the contents of the **PS1** environment variable. Try this:
|
||||
|
||||
export PS1=”I am u and it is A $”
|
||||
|
||||
Now your prompt will look something like:
|
||||
|
||||
I am mike and it is 11:26 $
|
||||
|
||||
From here you can experiment with the other escape sequences shown above to create the prompt of your dreams. But wait a second – when you log out, all of your hard work will be lost, because the value of the **PS1** environment variable is reset each time you start a terminal. The simplest way to fix this is to open the **.bashrc** configuration file (in your home directory) and add the complete export command to the bottom. This **.bashrc** file will be read by Bash every time you start a new shell session, so your beefed-up prompt will always appear. You can also spruce up your prompt with extra colour. This is a bit tricky at first, as you have to use some rather odd-looking escape sequences, but the results can be great. Add this to a point in your **PS1** string and it will change the text to red:
|
||||
|
||||
[e[31m]
|
||||
|
||||
You can change 31 here to other numbers for different colours:
|
||||
|
||||
- 30 Black
|
||||
- 32 Green
|
||||
- 33 Yellow
|
||||
- 34 Blue
|
||||
- 35 Magenta
|
||||
- 36 Cyan
|
||||
- 37 White
|
||||
|
||||
So, let’s finish off this section by creating the mother of all prompts, using the escape sequences and colours we’ve already looked at. Take a deep breath, flex your fingers, and then type this beast:
|
||||
|
||||
export PS1=”(!) [e[31m][A] [e[32m]u@h [e[34m]w [e[30m]$ “
|
||||
|
||||
This provides a Bash command history number, current time, and colours for the user/hostname combination and working directory. If you’re feeling especially ambitious, you can change the background colours as well as the foreground ones, for really striking combinations. The ever useful Arch wiki has a full list of colour codes: [http://tinyurl.com/3gvz4ec][1].
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Shell essentials ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> If you’re totally new to Linux and have just picked up this magazine for the first time, you might find the tutorial a bit heavy going. So here are the basics to get you familiar with the shell. It’s usually found as Terminal, XTerm or Konsole in your menus, and when you start it the most useful commands are:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **ls** (list files); **cp one.txt two.txt** (copy file); **rm file.txt** (remove file); **mv old.txt new.txt** (move or rename);
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **cd /some/directory** (change directory); **cd ..** (change to directory above); **./program** (run program in current directory); **ls > list.txt** (redirect output to a file).
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Almost every command has a manual page explaining options (eg **man ls** – press Q to quit the viewer). There you can learn about command options, so you can see that **ls -la** shows a detailed list including hidden files. Use the up and down cursor keys to cycle through previous commands, and use Tab after entering part of a file or directory name to auto-complete it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tmux: A window manager for your shell ###
|
||||
|
||||
A window manager inside a text mode environment – it sounds crazy, right? Well, do you remember when web browsers first implemented tabbed browsing? It was a major step forward in usability at the time, and reduced clutter in desktop taskbars and window lists enormously. Instead of having taskbar or pager icons for every single site you had open, you just had the one button for your browser, and then the ability to switch sites inside the browser itself. It made an awful lot of sense.
|
||||
|
||||
If you end up running several terminals at the same time, a similar situation occurs; you might find it annoying to keep jumping between them, and finding the right one in your taskbar or window list each time. With a text-mode window manager you can not only run multiple shell sessions simultaneously inside the same terminal window, but you can even arrange them side-by-side.
|
||||
|
||||
And there’s another benefit too: detaching and reattaching. The best way to see how this works is to try it yourself. In a terminal window, enter **screen** (it’s installed by default on most distros, or will be available in your package repositories). Some welcome text appears – just hit Enter to dismiss it. Now run an interactive text mode program, such as **nano**, and close the terminal window.
|
||||
|
||||
In a normal shell session, the act of closing the window would terminate every process running inside it – so your Nano editing session would be a goner. But not with screen. Open a new terminal and enter:
|
||||
|
||||
screen -r
|
||||
|
||||
And voilà: the Nano session you started before is back!
|
||||
|
||||
When you originally ran **screen**, it created a new shell session that was independent and not tied to a specific terminal window, so it could be detached and reattached (hence the **-r** option) later.
|
||||
|
||||
This is especially useful if you’re using SSH to connect to another machine, doing some work, and don’t want a flaky connection to ruin all your progress. If you do your work inside a **screen** session and your connection goes down (or your laptop battery dies, or your computer explodes), you can simply reconnect/recharge/buy a new computer, then SSH back in to the remote box, run **screen -r** to reattach and carry on from where you left off.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we’ve been talking about GNU **screen** here, but the title of this section mentions tmux. Essentially, **tmux** (terminal multiplexer) is like a beefed up version of **screen** with lots of useful extra features, so we’re going to focus on it here. Some distros include **tmux** by default; in others it’s usually just an **apt-get, yum install** or **pacman -S** command away.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have it installed, enter **tmux** to start it. You’ll notice right away that there’s a green line of information along the bottom. This is very much like a taskbar from a traditional window manager: there’s a list of running programs, the hostname of the machine, a clock and the date. Now run a program, eg Nano again, and hit Ctrl+B followed by C. This creates a new window inside the tmux session, and you can see this in the taskbar at the bottom:
|
||||
|
||||
0:nano- 1:bash*
|
||||
|
||||
Each window has a number, and the currently displayed program is marked with an asterisk symbol. Ctrl+B is the standard way of interacting with tmux, so if you hit that key combo followed by a window number, you’ll switch to that window. You can also use Ctrl+B followed by N and P to switch to the next and previous windows respectively – or use Ctrl+B followed by L to switch between the two most recently used windows (a bit like the classic Alt+Tab behaviour on the desktop). To get a window list, use Ctrl+B followed by W.
|
||||
|
||||
So far, so good: you can now have multiple programs running inside a single terminal window, reducing clutter (especially if you often have multiple SSH logins active on the same remote machine). But what about seeing two programs at the same time?
|
||||
|
||||
For this, tmux uses “panes”. Hit Ctrl+B followed by % and the current window will be split into two sections, one on the left and one on the right. You can switch between them Using Ctrl+B followed by O. This is especially useful if you want to see two things at the same time – eg a manual page in one pane, and an editor with a configuration file in another.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes you’ll want to resize the individual panes, and this is a bit trickier. First you have to hit Ctrl+B followed by : (colon), which turns the tmux bar along the bottom into a dark orange colour. You’re now in command mode, where you can type in commands to operate tmux. Enter **resize-pane -R** to resize the current pane one character to the right, or use **-L** to resize in a leftward direction. These may seem like long commands for a relatively simple operation, but note that the tmux command mode (started with the aforementioned colon) has tab completion. So you don’t have to type the whole command – just enter “**resi**” and hit Tab to complete. Also note that the **tmux** command mode also has a history, so if you want to repeat the resize operation, hit Ctrl+B followed by colon and then use the up cursor key to retrieve the command that you entered previously.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, let’s look at detaching and reattaching – the awesome feature of screen we demonstrated earlier. Inside tmux, hit Ctrl+B followed by D to detach the current tmux session from the terminal window, which leaves everything running in the background. To reattach to the session use **tmux a**. But what happens if you have multiple tmux sessions running? Use this command to list them:
|
||||
|
||||
tmux ls
|
||||
|
||||
This shows a number for each session; if you want to reattach to session 1, use tmux a -t 1. tmux is hugely configurable, with the ability to add custom keybindings and change colour schemes, so once you’re comfortable with the main features, delve into the manual page to learn more.
|
||||
|
||||
tmux: a window manager for your shell
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s tmux with two panes open: the left has Vim editing a configuration file, while the right shows a manual page
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Zsh: an alternative shell ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Choice is good, but standardisation is also important as well. So it makes sense that almost every mainstream Linux distribution uses the Bash shell by default – although there are others. Bash provides pretty much everything you need from a shell, including command history, filename completion and lots of scripting ability. It’s mature, reliable and well documented – but it’s not the only shell in town.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Many advanced users swear by Zsh, the Z Shell. This is a replacement for Bash that offers almost all of the same functionality, with some extra features on top. For instance, in Zsh you can enter **ls** - and hit Tab to get quick descriptions of the various options available for **ls**. No need to open the manual page!
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Zsh sports other great auto-completion features: type **cd /u/lo/bi** and hit Tab, for instance, and the full path of **/usr/local/bin** will appear (providing there aren’t other paths containing **u**, **lo** and **bi**). Or try **cd** on its own followed by Tab, and you’ll see nicely coloured directory listings – much better than the plain ones used by Bash.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Zsh is available in the package repositories of all major distros; install it and enter **zsh** to start it. To change your default shell from Bash to Zsh, use the **chsh** command. And for more information visit [www.zsh.org][2].
|
||||
|
||||
### The terminals of the Future ###
|
||||
|
||||
You might be wondering why the application that contains your command prompt is called a terminal. Back in the early days of Unix, people tended to work on multi-user machines, with a giant mainframe computer occupying a room somewhere in a building, and people connected to it using screen and keyboard combinations at the end of some wires. These terminal machines were often called “dumb”, because they didn’t do any important processing themselves – they just displayed whatever was sent down the wire from the mainframe, and sent keyboard presses back to it.
|
||||
|
||||
Today, almost all of us do the actual processing on our own machines, so our computers are not terminals in a traditional sense. This is why programs like **XTerm**, Gnome Terminal, Konsole etc. are called “terminal emulators” – they provide the same facilities as the physical terminals of yesteryear. And indeed, in many respects they haven’t moved on much. Sure, we have anti-aliased fonts now, better colours and the ability to click on URLs, but by and large they’ve been working in the same way for decades.
|
||||
|
||||
Some programmers are trying to change this though. **Terminology** ([http://tinyurl.com/osopjv9][3]), from the team behind the ultra-snazzy Enlightenment window manager, aims to bring terminals into the 21st century with features such as inline media display. You can enter **ls** in a directory full of images and see thumbnails, or even play videos from directly inside your terminal. This makes the terminal work a bit more like a file manager, and means that you can quickly check the contents of media files without having to open them in a separate application.
|
||||
|
||||
Then there’s Xiki ([www.xiki.org][4]), which describes itself as “the command revolution”. It’s like a cross between a traditional shell, a GUI and a wiki; you can type commands anywhere, store their output as notes for reference later, and create very powerful custom commands. It’s hard to describe it in mere words, so the authors have made a video (see the Screencasts section of the **Xiki** site) which shows how much potential it has.
|
||||
|
||||
And Xiki is definitely not a flash in the pan project that will die of bitrot in a few months. The authors ran a successful Kickstarter campaign to fund its development, netting over $84,000 at the end of July. Yes, you read that correctly – $84K for a terminal emulator. It might be the most unusual crowdfunding campaign since some crazy guys decided to start their own Linux magazine…
|
||||
|
||||
### Next-gen terminals ###
|
||||
|
||||
Many command line and text-based programs match their GUI equivalents for feature parity, and are often much faster and more efficient to use. Our recommendations: **Irssi** (IRC client); **Mutt** (mail client); **rTorrent** (BitTorrent); **Ranger** (file manager); **htop** (process monitor). ELinks does a decent job for web browsing, given the limitations of the terminal, and it’s useful for reading text-heavy websites such as Wikipedia.
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Fine-tune your colour scheme ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> We’re not obsessed with eye-candy at Linux Voice, but we do recognise the importance of aesthetics when you’re staring at something for several hours every day. Many of us love to tweak our desktops and window managers to perfection, crafting pixel-perfect drop shadows and fiddling with colour schemes until we’re 100% happy. (And then fiddling some more out of habit.)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> But then we tend to ignore the terminal window. Well, that deserves some love too, and at [http://ciembor.github.io/4bit][5] you’ll find a highly awesome colour scheme designer that can export settings for all of the popular terminal emulators (**XTerm, Gnome Terminal, Konsole and Xfce4 Terminal are among the apps supported.**) Move the sliders until you attain colour scheme nirvana, then click on the Get Scheme button at the top-right of the page.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Similarly, if you spend a lot of time in a text editor such as Vim or Emacs, it’s worth using a well-crafted palette there as well. **Solarized at** [http://ethanschoonover.com/solarized][6] is an excellent scheme that’s not just pretty, but designed for maximum usability, with plenty of research and testing behind it.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/linux-101-power-up-your-shell-8/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ben Everard][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/ben_everard/
|
||||
[1]:http://tinyurl.com/3gvz4ec
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zsh.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://tinyurl.com/osopjv9
|
||||
[4]:http://www.xiki.org/
|
||||
[5]:http://ciembor.github.io/4bit
|
||||
[6]:http://ethanschoonover.com/solarized
|
||||
264
sources/tech/20150616 XBMC--build a remote control.md
Normal file
264
sources/tech/20150616 XBMC--build a remote control.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
|
||||
XBMC: build a remote control
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Take control of your home media player with a custom remote control running on your Android phone.**
|
||||
|
||||
**XBMC** is a great piece of software, and can turn almost can computer into a media centre. It can play music and videos, display pictures, and even fetch a weather forecast. To make it easy to use in a home theatre setup, you can control it via mobile phone apps that access a server running on the XBMC machine via Wi-Fi. There are loads of these available for almost all smartphone systems.
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Kodi ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> By the time you read this, **XBMC** may be no more. The project team have decided to rename it **Kodi** for legal reasons (and because **XBMC**, or X**-Box Media Centre**, refers to older hardware that is no longer supported). Other than the name, though, nothing has changed. Or at least nothing other than the usual raft of improvements you’d expect from a new release. This shouldn’t affect the remote software though, and it should work on both existing **XBMC** systems, and newer Kodi systems.
|
||||
|
||||
We’ve recently set up an **XBMC** system for playing music, and none of the XBMC remotes we found really excel at this task, especially when the TV attached to the media centre is turned off. They were all a bit too complex, as they packed too much functionality into small screens. We wanted a system designed from the ground up to just access a music library and a radio addon, so we decided to build one ourselves. It didn’t need to be able to access the full capabilities of XBMC, because for tasks other than music, we’d simply switch back to a general-purpose XBMC remote control. Our test system was a Raspberry Pi running the RaspBMC distribution, but nothing here is specific to either the Pi or that distro, and it should work on any Linux-based XBMC system provided the appropriate packages are available.
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing a remote control needs is a user interface. Many XBMC remote controls are written as standalone apps. However, this is just for our music, and we want to be accessible to guests without them having to install anything. The obvious solution is to make a web interface. XBMC does have a built-in web server, but to give us more control, we decided to use a separate web framework. There’s no problem running more than one web server on a computer at a time, but they can’t run on the same port.
|
||||
|
||||
There are quite a few web frameworks available. We’ve used Bottle because it’s a simple, fast framework, and we don’t need any complex functions. Bottle is a Python module, so that’s the language in which we’ll write the server.
|
||||
|
||||
You’ll probably find Bottle in your package manager. In Debian-based systems (including Raspbmc), you can grab it with:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install python-bottle
|
||||
|
||||
A remote control is really just a layer that connects the user to a system. Bottle provides what we need to interact with the user, and we’ll interact with **XBMC** using its JSON API. This enables us to control the media player by sending JSON-encoded information.
|
||||
|
||||
We’re going to use a simple wrapper around the XBMC JSON API called xbmcjson. It’s just enough to allow you send requests without having to worry about the actual JSON formatting or any of the banalities of communicating with a server. It’s not included in the PIP package manager, so you need to install it straight from **GitHub**:
|
||||
|
||||
git clone https://github.com/jcsaaddupuy/python-xbmc.git
|
||||
cd python-xbmc
|
||||
sudo python setup.py install
|
||||
|
||||
This is everything you need, so let’s get coding.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Get started with Bottle ####
|
||||
|
||||
The basic structure of our program is:
|
||||
|
||||
from xbmcjson import XBMC
|
||||
from bottle import route, run, template, redirect, static_file, request
|
||||
import os
|
||||
xbmc = XBMC(“http://192.168.0.5/jsonrpc”, “xbmc”, “xbmc”)
|
||||
@route(‘/hello/<name>’)
|
||||
def index(name):
|
||||
return template(‘<h1>Hello {{name}}!</h1>’, name=name)
|
||||
run(host=”0.0.0.0”, port=8000)
|
||||
|
||||
This connects to **XBMC** (though doesn’t actually use it); then Bottle starts serving up the website. In this case, it listens on host 0.0.0.0 (which is every hostname), and port 8000. It only has one site, which is /hello/XXXX where XXXX can be anything. Whatever XXXX is gets passed to index() as the parameter name. This then passes it to the template, which substitutes it into the HTML.
|
||||
|
||||
You can try this out by entering the above into a file (we’ve called it remote.py), and starting it with:
|
||||
|
||||
python remote.py
|
||||
|
||||
You can then point your browser to localhost:8000/hello/world to see the template in action.
|
||||
|
||||
@route() sets up a path in the web server, and the function index() returns the data for that path. Usually, this means returning HTML that’s generated via a template, but it doesn’t have to be (as we’ll see later).
|
||||
|
||||
As we go on, we’ll add more routes to the application to make it a fully-featured XBMC remote control, but it will still be structured in the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
The XBMC JSON API can be accessed by any computer on the same network as the XBMC machine. This means that you can develop it on your desktop, then deploy it to your media centre rather than fiddle round uploading every change to your home theatre PC.
|
||||
|
||||
Templates – like the simple one in the previous example – are a way of combining Python and HTML to control the output. In principal, they can do quite a bit of processing, but they can get messy. We’ll use them just to format the data correctly. Before we can do that, though, we have to have some data.
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Paste ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Bottle includes its own web server, which is what we’ve been using for testing the remote control. However, we found that it didn’t always perform well. When we put the remote into action, we wanted something that could deliver pages a bit quicker. Bottle can work with quite a few different web servers, and we found Paste worked quite well. In order to use this, just install it (in the package python-paste on Debian), and change the run call to:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> run(host=hostname, port=hostport, server=”paste”)
|
||||
>
|
||||
> You can see details of how to use other servers at [http://bottlepy.org/docs/dev/deployment.html][1].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Getting data from XBMC ####
|
||||
|
||||
The XBMC JSON API is split up into 14 namespaces: JSONRPC, Player, Playlist, Files, AudioLibrary, VideoLibrary, Input, Application, System, Favourites, Profiles, Settings, Textures and XBMC. Each of these is available from an XBMC object in Python (apart from Favourites, in an apparent oversight). In each of these namespaces there are methods that you can use to control the application. For example, Playlist.GetItems() can be used to get the items on a particular playlist. The server returns data to us in JSON, but the xbmcjson module converts it to a Python dictionary for us.
|
||||
|
||||
There are two items in XBMC that we need to use to control playback: players and playlists. Players hold a playlist and move through it item by item as each song finishes. In order to see what’s currently playing, we need to get the ID of the active player, and through that find out the ID of the current playlist. We’ve done this with the following function:
|
||||
|
||||
def get_playlistid():
|
||||
player = xbmc.Player.GetActivePlayers()
|
||||
if len(player[‘result’]) > 0:
|
||||
playlist_data = xbmc.Player.GetProperties({“playerid”:0, “properties”:[“playlistid”]})
|
||||
if len(playlist_data[‘result’]) > 0 and “playlistid” in playlist_data[‘result’].keys():
|
||||
return playlist_data[‘result’][‘playlistid’]
|
||||
return -1
|
||||
|
||||
If there isn’t a currently active player (that is, if the length of the results section in the returned data is 0), or if the current player has no playlist, this will return -1. Otherwise, it will return the numeric ID of the current playlist.
|
||||
|
||||
Once we’ve got the ID of the current playlist, we can get the details of it. For our purposes, two things are important: the list of items in the playlist, and the position we are in the playlist (items aren’t removed from the playlist after they’ve been played; the current position just marches on).
|
||||
|
||||
def get_playlist():
|
||||
playlistid = get_playlistid()
|
||||
if playlistid >= 0:
|
||||
data = xbmc.Playlist.GetItems({“playlistid”:playlistid, “properties”: [“title”, “album”, “artist”, “file”]})
|
||||
position_data = xbmc.Player.GetProperties({“playerid”:0, ‘properties’:[“position”]})
|
||||
position = int(position_data[‘result’][‘position’])
|
||||
return data[‘result’][‘items’][position:], position
|
||||
return [], -1
|
||||
|
||||
This returns the current playlist starting with the item that’s currently playing (since we don’t care about stuff that’s finished), and it also includes the position as this is needed for removing items from the playlist.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The API is documented at [http://wiki.xbmc.org/?title=JSON-RPC_API/v6][2]. It lists all the available functions, but it a little short on details of how to use them.
|
||||
|
||||
> ### JSON ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> JSON stands for JavaScript Object Notation, and was originally designed as a way of serialising JavaScript Objects. It still is used for that, but it’s also a useful way of encoding all sorts of data.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> JSON objects always have the form:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {property1:value1, property2:value2, property3:value3}
|
||||
>
|
||||
> For an arbitrary number of property/value pairs. To Python programmers, this all looks suspiciously similar to dictionaries, and the two are very similar.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> As with dictionaries, the value can itself be another JSON object, or a list, so the following is perfectly valid:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {“name”:“Ben”, “jobs”:[“cook”, “bottle-washer”], “appearance”: {“height”:195, “skin”:“fair”}}
|
||||
>
|
||||
> JSON is often used in web services to send data back and fourth, and it’s well supported by most programming languages, so if Python’s not your thing, you should easily be able to use the same functions to control XBMC from software written in the language of your choice.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Bringing them together ####
|
||||
|
||||
The code to link the previous functions to a HTML page is simply:
|
||||
|
||||
@route(‘/juke’)
|
||||
def index():
|
||||
current_playlist, position = get_playlist()
|
||||
return template(‘list’, playlist=current_playlist, offset = position)
|
||||
|
||||
This only has to grab the playlist (using the function we defined above), and pass it to a template that handles the display.
|
||||
|
||||
The main part of the template that handles the display of this data is:
|
||||
|
||||
<h2>Currently Playing:</h2>
|
||||
% if playlist is not None:
|
||||
% position = offset
|
||||
% for song in playlist:
|
||||
<strong> {{song[‘title’]}} </strong>
|
||||
% if song[‘type’] == ‘unknown’:
|
||||
Radio
|
||||
% else:
|
||||
{{song[‘artist’][0]}}
|
||||
% end
|
||||
% if position != offset:
|
||||
<a href=”/remove/{{position}}”>remove</a>
|
||||
% else:
|
||||
<a href=”/skip/{{position}}”>skip</a>
|
||||
% end
|
||||
<br>
|
||||
% position += 1
|
||||
% end
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, templates are mostly written in HTML, but with a few extra bits to control output. Variables enclosed by double parenthesise are output in place (as we saw in the first ‘hello world’ example). You can also include Python code on lines starting with a percentage sign. Since indents aren’t used, you need a % end to close any code block (such as a loop or if statement).
|
||||
|
||||
This template first checks that the playlist isn’t empty, then loops through every item on the playlist. Each item is displayed as the song title in bold, then the name of the artist, then a link to either skip it (if it’s the currently playing song), or remove it from the playlist. All songs have a type of ‘song’, so if the type is ‘unknown’, then it isn’t a song, but a radio station.
|
||||
|
||||
The /remove/ and /skip/ routes are simple wrappers around XBMC controls that reload /juke after the change has taken effect:
|
||||
|
||||
@route(‘/skip/<position>’)
|
||||
def index(position):
|
||||
print xbmc.Player.GoTo({‘playerid’:0, ‘to’:’next’})
|
||||
redirect(“/juke”)
|
||||
@route(‘/remove/<position>’)
|
||||
def index(position):
|
||||
playlistid = get_playlistid()
|
||||
if playlistid >= 0:
|
||||
xbmc.Playlist.Remove({‘playlistid’:int(playlistid), ‘position’:int(position)})
|
||||
redirect(“/juke”)
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, it’s no good being able to manage your playlist if you can’t add music to it.
|
||||
|
||||
This is complicated slightly by the fact that once a playlist finishes, it disappears, so you need to create a new one. Rather confusingly, playlists are created by calling the Playlist.Clear() method. This can also be used to kill a playlist that is currently playing a radio station (where the type is unknown). The other complication is that radio streams sit in the playlist and never leave, so if there’s currently a radio station playing, we need to clear the playlist as well.
|
||||
|
||||
These pages include a link to play the songs, which points to /play/<songid>. This page is handled by:
|
||||
|
||||
@route(‘/play/<id>’)
|
||||
def index(id):
|
||||
playlistid = get_playlistid()
|
||||
playlist, not_needed= get_playlist()
|
||||
if playlistid < 0 or playlist[0][‘type’] == ‘unknown’:
|
||||
xbmc.Playlist.Clear({“playlistid”:0})
|
||||
xbmc.Playlist.Add({“playlistid”:0, “item”:{“songid”:int(id)}})
|
||||
xbmc.Player.open({“item”:{“playlistid”:0}})
|
||||
playlistid = 0
|
||||
else:
|
||||
xbmc.Playlist.Add({“playlistid”:playlistid, “item”:{“songid”:int(id)}})
|
||||
remove_duplicates(playlistid)
|
||||
redirect(“/juke”)
|
||||
|
||||
The final thing here is a call to remove_duplicates. This isn’t essential – and some people may not like it – but it makes sure that no song appears in the playlist more than once.
|
||||
|
||||
We also have pages that list all the artists in the collection, and list the songs and albums by particular artists. These are quite straightforward, and work in the same basic way as /juke.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The UI still needs a bit of attention, but it’s working.
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Logging ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> It’s not always clear how to do something using the XBMC JSON API, and the documentation is sometimes a little opaque. One way of finding out how to do something is seeing how other remote controls do it. If you turn on logging, you can see what API calls are being performed as you use another remote control, then incorporate these into your code.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> To turn on logging, hook your XBMC media centre up to a display and go to Settings > System > Debugging, and turn on Enable Debug Logging. With logging turned on, you need to access the XBMC machine (eg via SSH), then you can view the log. Its location should be displayed in the top-left corner of the XBMC display. In RaspBMC, it’s at /home/pi/.xbmc/temp/xbmc.log. You can then keep an eye on what API calls are being performed in real time using:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> cd /home/pi/.xbmc/temp
|
||||
> tail -f xbmc.log | grep “JSON”
|
||||
|
||||
#### Adding functionality ####
|
||||
|
||||
The above code all works with songs in the XBMC library, but we also wanted to be able to play radio stations. Addons each have their own plugin URL that can be used to pull information out of them using the usual XBMC JSON commands. For example, to get the selected stations from the radio plugin, we use:
|
||||
|
||||
@route(‘/radio/’)
|
||||
def index():
|
||||
my_stations = xbmc.Files.GetDirectory({“directory”:”plugin://plugin.audio.radio_de/stations/my/”, “properties”:
|
||||
[“title”,”thumbnail”,”playcount”,”artist”,”album”,”episode”,”season”,”showtitle”]})
|
||||
if ‘result’ in my_stations.keys():
|
||||
return template(‘radio’, stations=my_stations[‘result’][‘files’])
|
||||
else:
|
||||
return template(‘error’, error=’radio’)
|
||||
|
||||
This includes a file that can be added to a playlist just as any song can be. However, these files never finish playing, so (as we saw before) you need to recreate the playlist before adding any songs to it.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sharing songs ####
|
||||
|
||||
As well as serving up templates, Bottle can serve static files. These are useful whenever you need things that don’t change based on the user input. That could be a CSS file, an image or an MP3. In our simple controller there’s not (yet) any CSS or images to make things look pretty, but we have added a way to download the songs. This lets the media centre act as a sort of NAS box for songs. If you’re transferring large amounts of data, it’s probably best to use something like Samba, but serving static files is a good way of grabbing a couple of tunes on your phone.
|
||||
|
||||
The Bottle code to download a song by its ID is :
|
||||
|
||||
@route(‘/download/<id>’)
|
||||
def index(id):
|
||||
data = xbmc.AudioLibrary.GetSongDetails({“songid”:int(id), “properties”:[“file”]})
|
||||
full_filename = data[‘result’][‘songdetails’][‘file’]
|
||||
path, filename = os.path.split(full_filename)
|
||||
return static_file(filename, root=path, download=True)
|
||||
|
||||
To use this, we just put a link to the appropriate ID in the /songsby/ page.
|
||||
|
||||
We’ve gone through all the mechanics of the code, but there are a few more bits that just tie it all together. You can see for yourself at the GitHub page:[https://github.com/ben-ev/xbmc-remote][3].
|
||||
|
||||
> ### Setting up ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Once you’ve developed your remote control, you’ll need a way of ensuring that it starts every time you turn on your media centre. There are a few ways of doing this, but the easiest is just to add a command launching it to /etc/rc.local. We installed our file to /opt/xbmc-remote/remote.py with all the other files alongside it. We then added the following line to /etc/rc.local before the final exit 0 line.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> cd /opt/xbmc-remote && python remote.py &
|
||||
|
||||
> ### GitHub ###
|
||||
>
|
||||
> This project is quite bare-bones at the moment, but – the business of running a magazine means we don’t have as much time as we’d like to program. However, we’ve set up a GitHub project where we hope to keep working on it, and if you think you’d benefit from the project as well, we’d love your input.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> To see what’s going on, head over to [https://github.com/ben-ev/xbmc-remote][4] and take a look at what state it’s in. You can get a copy of the latest code from that web page, or clone it from the command line.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> If you want to improve it, you can fork the project to develop in your own branch, and then send a pull request when your features are working. For more information on working with GitHub, head to [https://github.com/features][5].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/xbmc-build-a-remote-control/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ben Everard][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/ben_everard/
|
||||
[1]:http://bottlepy.org/docs/dev/deployment.html
|
||||
[2]:http://wiki.xbmc.org/?title=JSON-RPC_API/v6
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/ben-ev/xbmc-remote
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/ben-ev/xbmc-remote
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/features
|
||||
436
sources/tech/20150617 The Art of Command Line.md
Normal file
436
sources/tech/20150617 The Art of Command Line.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
|
||||
Translating by GOLinux!
|
||||
The Art of Command Line
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
- [Basics](#basics)
|
||||
- [Everyday use](#everyday-use)
|
||||
- [Processing files and data](#processing-files-and-data)
|
||||
- [System debugging](#system-debugging)
|
||||
- [One-liners](#one-liners)
|
||||
- [Obscure but useful](#obscure-but-useful)
|
||||
- [More resources](#more-resources)
|
||||
- [Disclaimer](#disclaimer)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fluency on the command line is a skill often neglected or considered arcane, but it improves your flexibility and productivity as an engineer in both obvious and subtle ways. This is a selection of notes and tips on using the command-line that I've found useful when working on Linux. Some tips are elementary, and some are fairly specific, sophisticated, or obscure. This page is not long, but if you can use and recall all the items here, you know a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
Much of this
|
||||
[originally](http://www.quora.com/What-are-some-lesser-known-but-useful-Unix-commands)
|
||||
[appeared](http://www.quora.com/What-are-the-most-useful-Swiss-army-knife-one-liners-on-Unix)
|
||||
on [Quora](http://www.quora.com/What-are-some-time-saving-tips-that-every-Linux-user-should-know),
|
||||
but given the interest there, it seems it's worth using Github, where people more talented than I can readily suggest improvements. If you see an error or something that could be better, please submit an issue or PR!
|
||||
|
||||
Scope:
|
||||
|
||||
- The goals are breadth and brevity. Every tip is essential in some situation or significantly saves time over alternatives.
|
||||
- This is written for Linux. Many but not all items apply equally to MacOS (or even Cygwin).
|
||||
- The focus is on interactive Bash, though many tips apply to other shells and to general Bash scripting.
|
||||
- Descriptions are intentionally minimal, with the expectation you'll use `man`, `apt-get`/`yum`/`dnf` to install, and Google for more background.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Basics
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn basic Bash. Actually, type `man bash` and at least skim the whole thing; it's pretty easy to follow and not that long. Alternate shells can be nice, but Bash is powerful and always available (learning *only* zsh, fish, etc., while tempting on your own laptop, restricts you in many situations, such as using existing servers).
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn at least one text-based editor well. Ideally Vim (`vi`), as there's really no competition for random editing in a terminal (even if you use Emacs, a big IDE, or a modern hipster editor most of the time).
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn about redirection of output and input using `>` and `<` and pipes using `|`. Learn about stdout and stderr.
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn about file glob expansion with `*` (and perhaps `?` and `{`...`}`) and quoting and the difference between double `"` and single `'` quotes. (See more on variable expansion below.)
|
||||
|
||||
- Be familiar with Bash job management: `&`, **ctrl-z**, **ctrl-c**, `jobs`, `fg`, `bg`, `kill`, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know `ssh`, and the basics of passwordless authentication, via `ssh-agent`, `ssh-add`, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- Basic file management: `ls` and `ls -l` (in particular, learn what every column in `ls -l` means), `less`, `head`, `tail` and `tail -f` (or even better, `less +F`), `ln` and `ln -s` (learn the differences and advantages of hard versus soft links), `chown`, `chmod`, `du` (for a quick summary of disk usage: `du -sk *`), `df`, `mount`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Basic network management: `ip` or `ifconfig`, `dig`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know regular expressions well, and the various flags to `grep`/`egrep`. The `-i`, `-o`, `-A`, and `-B` options are worth knowing.
|
||||
|
||||
- Learn to use `apt-get`, `yum`, or `dnf` (depending on distro) to find and install packages. And make sure you have `pip` to install Python-based command-line tools (a few below are easiest to install via `pip`).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Everyday use
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, use **ctrl-r** to search through command history.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, use **ctrl-w** to delete the last word, and **ctrl-u** to delete the whole line. Use **alt-b** and **alt-f** to move by word, and **ctrl-k** to kill to the end of the line. See `man readline` for all the default keybindings in Bash. There are a lot. For example **alt-.** cycles through previous arguments, and **alt-*** expands a glob.
|
||||
|
||||
- To go back to the previous working directory: `cd -`
|
||||
|
||||
- If you are halfway through typing a command but change your mind, hit **alt-#** to add a `#` at the beginning and enter it as a comment (or use **ctrl-a**, **#**, **enter**). You can then return to it later via command history.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `xargs` (or `parallel`). It's very powerful. Note you can control how many items execute per line (`-L`) as well as parallelism (`-P`). If you're not sure if it'll do the right thing, use `xargs echo` first. Also, `-I{}` is handy. Examples:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
find . -name '*.py' | xargs grep some_function
|
||||
cat hosts | xargs -I{} ssh root@{} hostname
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- `pstree -p` is a helpful display of the process tree.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `pgrep` and `pkill` to find or signal processes by name (`-f` is helpful).
|
||||
|
||||
- Know the various signals you can send processes. For example, to suspend a process, use `kill -STOP [pid]`. For the full list, see `man 7 signal`
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `nohup` or `disown` if you want a background process to keep running forever.
|
||||
|
||||
- Check what processes are listening via `netstat -lntp`.
|
||||
|
||||
- See also `lsof` for open sockets and files.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash scripts, use `set -x` for debugging output. Use strict modes whenever possible. Use `set -e` to abort on errors. Use `set -o pipefail` as well, to be strict about errors (though this topic is a bit subtle). For more involved scripts, also use `trap`.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash scripts, subshells (written with parentheses) are convenient ways to group commands. A common example is to temporarily move to a different working directory, e.g.
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# do something in current dir
|
||||
(cd /some/other/dir; other-command)
|
||||
# continue in original dir
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, note there are lots of kinds of variable expansion. Checking a variable exists: `${name:?error message}`. For example, if a Bash script requires a single argument, just write `input_file=${1:?usage: $0 input_file}`. Arithmetic expansion: `i=$(( (i + 1) % 5 ))`. Sequences: `{1..10}`. Trimming of strings: `${var%suffix}` and `${var#prefix}`. For example if `var=foo.pdf`, then `echo ${var%.pdf}.txt` prints `foo.txt`.
|
||||
|
||||
- The output of a command can be treated like a file via `<(some command)`. For example, compare local `/etc/hosts` with a remote one:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
diff /etc/hosts <(ssh somehost cat /etc/hosts)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about "here documents" in Bash, as in `cat <<EOF ...`.
|
||||
|
||||
- In Bash, redirect both standard output and standard error via: `some-command >logfile 2>&1`. Often, to ensure a command does not leave an open file handle to standard input, tying it to the terminal you are in, it is also good practice to add `</dev/null`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `man ascii` for a good ASCII table, with hex and decimal values. For general encoding info, `man unicode`, `man utf-8`, and `man latin1` are helpful.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `screen` or `tmux` to multiplex the screen, especially useful on remote ssh sessions and to detach and re-attach to a session. A more minimal alternative for session persistence only is `dtach`.
|
||||
|
||||
- In ssh, knowing how to port tunnel with `-L` or `-D` (and occasionally `-R`) is useful, e.g. to access web sites from a remote server.
|
||||
|
||||
- It can be useful to make a few optimizations to your ssh configuration; for example, this `~/.ssh/config` contains settings to avoid dropped connections in certain network environments, use compression (which is helpful with scp over low-bandwidth connections), and multiplex channels to the same server with a local control file:
|
||||
```
|
||||
TCPKeepAlive=yes
|
||||
ServerAliveInterval=15
|
||||
ServerAliveCountMax=6
|
||||
Compression=yes
|
||||
ControlMaster auto
|
||||
ControlPath /tmp/%r@%h:%p
|
||||
ControlPersist yes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- A few other options relevant to ssh are security sensitive and should be enabled with care, e.g. per subnet or host or in trusted networks: `StrictHostKeyChecking=no`, `ForwardAgent=yes`
|
||||
|
||||
- To get the permissions on a file in octal form, which is useful for system configuration but not available in `ls` and easy to bungle, use something like
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
stat -c '%A %a %n' /etc/timezone
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- For interactive selection of values from the output of another command, use [`percol`](https://github.com/mooz/percol).
|
||||
|
||||
- For interaction with files based on the output of another command (like `git`), use `fpp` ([PathPicker](https://github.com/facebook/PathPicker)).
|
||||
|
||||
- For a simple web server for all files in the current directory (and subdirs), available to anyone on your network, use:
|
||||
`python -m SimpleHTTPServer 7777` (for port 7777 and Python 2).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Processing files and data
|
||||
|
||||
- To locate a file by name in the current directory, `find . -iname '*something*'` (or similar). To find a file anywhere by name, use `locate something` (but bear in mind `updatedb` may not have indexed recently created files).
|
||||
|
||||
- For general searching through source or data files (more advanced than `grep -r`), use [`ag`](https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher).
|
||||
|
||||
- To convert HTML to text: `lynx -dump -stdin`
|
||||
|
||||
- For Markdown, HTML, and all kinds of document conversion, try [`pandoc`](http://pandoc.org/).
|
||||
|
||||
- If you must handle XML, `xmlstarlet` is old but good.
|
||||
|
||||
- For JSON, use `jq`.
|
||||
|
||||
- For Excel or CSV files, [csvkit](https://github.com/onyxfish/csvkit) provides `in2csv`, `csvcut`, `csvjoin`, `csvgrep`, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- For Amazon S3, [`s3cmd`](https://github.com/s3tools/s3cmd) is convenient and [`s4cmd`](https://github.com/bloomreach/s4cmd) is faster. Amazon's [`aws`](https://github.com/aws/aws-cli) is essential for other AWS-related tasks.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `sort` and `uniq`, including uniq's `-u` and `-d` options -- see one-liners below.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `cut`, `paste`, and `join` to manipulate text files. Many people use `cut` but forget about `join`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know that locale affects a lot of command line tools in subtle ways, including sorting order (collation) and performance. Most Linux installations will set `LANG` or other locale variables to a local setting like US English. But be aware sorting will change if you change locale. And know i18n routines can make sort or other commands run *many times* slower. In some situations (such as the set operations or uniqueness operations below) you can safely ignore slow i18n routines entirely and use traditional byte-based sort order, using `export LC_ALL=C`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know basic `awk` and `sed` for simple data munging. For example, summing all numbers in the third column of a text file: `awk '{ x += $3 } END { print x }'`. This is probably 3X faster and 3X shorter than equivalent Python.
|
||||
|
||||
- To replace all occurrences of a string in place, in one or more files:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
perl -pi.bak -e 's/old-string/new-string/g' my-files-*.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- To rename many files at once according to a pattern, use `rename`. For complex renames, [`repren`](https://github.com/jlevy/repren) may help.
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
# Recover backup files foo.bak -> foo:
|
||||
rename 's/\.bak$//' *.bak
|
||||
# Full rename of filenames, directories, and contents foo -> bar:
|
||||
repren --full --preserve-case --from foo --to bar .
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `shuf` to shuffle or select random lines from a file.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know `sort`'s options. Know how keys work (`-t` and `-k`). In particular, watch out that you need to write `-k1,1` to sort by only the first field; `-k1` means sort according to the whole line.
|
||||
|
||||
- Stable sort (`sort -s`) can be useful. For example, to sort first by field 2, then secondarily by field 1, you can use `sort -k1,1 | sort -s -k2,2`
|
||||
|
||||
- If you ever need to write a tab literal in a command line in Bash (e.g. for the -t argument to sort), press **ctrl-v** **[Tab]** or write `$'\t'` (the latter is better as you can copy/paste it).
|
||||
|
||||
- For binary files, use `hd` for simple hex dumps and `bvi` for binary editing.
|
||||
|
||||
- Also for binary files, `strings` (plus `grep`, etc.) lets you find bits of text.
|
||||
|
||||
- To convert text encodings, try `iconv`. Or `uconv` for more advanced use; it supports some advanced Unicode things. For example, this command lowercases and removes all accents (by expanding and dropping them):
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
uconv -f utf-8 -t utf-8 -x '::Any-Lower; ::Any-NFD; [:Nonspacing Mark:] >; ::Any-NFC; ' < input.txt > output.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- To split files into pieces, see `split` (to split by size) and `csplit` (to split by a pattern).
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `zless`, `zmore`, `zcat`, and `zgrep` to operate on compressed files.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## System debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- For web debugging, `curl` and `curl -I` are handy, or their `wget` equivalents, or the more modern [`httpie`](https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie).
|
||||
|
||||
- To know disk/cpu/network status, use `iostat`, `netstat`, `top` (or the better `htop`), and (especially) `dstat`. Good for getting a quick idea of what's happening on a system.
|
||||
|
||||
- For a more in-depth system overview, use [`glances`](https://github.com/nicolargo/glances). It presents you with several system level statistics in one terminal window. Very helpful for quickly checking on various subsystems.
|
||||
|
||||
- To know memory status, run and understand the output of `free` and `vmstat`. In particular, be aware the "cached" value is memory held by the Linux kernel as file cache, so effectively counts toward the "free" value.
|
||||
|
||||
- Java system debugging is a different kettle of fish, but a simple trick on Oracle's and some other JVMs is that you can run `kill -3 <pid>` and a full stack trace and heap summary (including generational garbage collection details, which can be highly informative) will be dumped to stderr/logs.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `mtr` as a better traceroute, to identify network issues.
|
||||
|
||||
- For looking at why a disk is full, `ncdu` saves time over the usual commands like `du -sh *`.
|
||||
|
||||
- To find which socket or process is using bandwidth, try `iftop` or `nethogs`.
|
||||
|
||||
- The `ab` tool (comes with Apache) is helpful for quick-and-dirty checking of web server performance. For more complex load testing, try `siege`.
|
||||
|
||||
- For more serious network debugging, `wireshark`, `tshark`, or `ngrep`.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `strace` and `ltrace`. These can be helpful if a program is failing, hanging, or crashing, and you don't know why, or if you want to get a general idea of performance. Note the profiling option (`-c`), and the ability to attach to a running process (`-p`).
|
||||
|
||||
- Know about `ldd` to check shared libraries etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- Know how to connect to a running process with `gdb` and get its stack traces.
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `/proc`. It's amazingly helpful sometimes when debugging live problems. Examples: `/proc/cpuinfo`, `/proc/xxx/cwd`, `/proc/xxx/exe`, `/proc/xxx/fd/`, `/proc/xxx/smaps`.
|
||||
|
||||
- When debugging why something went wrong in the past, `sar` can be very helpful. It shows historic statistics on CPU, memory, network, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- For deeper systems and performance analyses, look at `stap` ([SystemTap](https://sourceware.org/systemtap/wiki)), [`perf`](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perf_(Linux)), and [`sysdig`](https://github.com/draios/sysdig).
|
||||
|
||||
- Confirm what Linux distribution you're using (works on most distros): `lsb_release -a`
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `dmesg` whenever something's acting really funny (it could be hardware or driver issues).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## One-liners
|
||||
|
||||
A few examples of piecing together commands:
|
||||
|
||||
- It is remarkably helpful sometimes that you can do set intersection, union, and difference of text files via `sort`/`uniq`. Suppose `a` and `b` are text files that are already uniqued. This is fast, and works on files of arbitrary size, up to many gigabytes. (Sort is not limited by memory, though you may need to use the `-T` option if `/tmp` is on a small root partition.) See also the note about `LC_ALL` above.
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
cat a b | sort | uniq > c # c is a union b
|
||||
cat a b | sort | uniq -d > c # c is a intersect b
|
||||
cat a b b | sort | uniq -u > c # c is set difference a - b
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Summing all numbers in the third column of a text file (this is probably 3X faster and 3X less code than equivalent Python):
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
awk '{ x += $3 } END { print x }' myfile
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- If want to see sizes/dates on a tree of files, this is like a recursive `ls -l` but is easier to read than `ls -lR`:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
find . -type f -ls
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Use `xargs` or `parallel` whenever you can. Note you can control how many items execute per line (`-L`) as well as parallelism (`-P`). If you're not sure if it'll do the right thing, use xargs echo first. Also, `-I{}` is handy. Examples:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
find . -name '*.py' | xargs grep some_function
|
||||
cat hosts | xargs -I{} ssh root@{} hostname
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Say you have a text file, like a web server log, and a certain value that appears on some lines, such as an `acct_id` parameter that is present in the URL. If you want a tally of how many requests for each `acct_id`:
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
cat access.log | egrep -o 'acct_id=[0-9]+' | cut -d= -f2 | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
- Run this function to get a random tip from this document (parses Markdown and extracts an item):
|
||||
```sh
|
||||
function taocl() {
|
||||
curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jlevy/the-art-of-command-line/master/README.md |
|
||||
pandoc -f markdown -t html |
|
||||
xmlstarlet fo --html --dropdtd |
|
||||
xmlstarlet sel -t -v "(html/body/ul/li[count(p)>0])[$RANDOM mod last()+1]" |
|
||||
xmlstarlet unesc | fmt -80
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Obscure but useful
|
||||
|
||||
- `expr`: perform arithmetic or boolean operations or evaluate regular expressions
|
||||
|
||||
- `m4`: simple macro processor
|
||||
|
||||
- `screen`: powerful terminal multiplexing and session persistence
|
||||
|
||||
- `yes`: print a string a lot
|
||||
|
||||
- `cal`: nice calendar
|
||||
|
||||
- `env`: run a command (useful in scripts)
|
||||
|
||||
- `look`: find English words (or lines in a file) beginning with a string
|
||||
|
||||
- `cut `and `paste` and `join`: data manipulation
|
||||
|
||||
- `fmt`: format text paragraphs
|
||||
|
||||
- `pr`: format text into pages/columns
|
||||
|
||||
- `fold`: wrap lines of text
|
||||
|
||||
- `column`: format text into columns or tables
|
||||
|
||||
- `expand` and `unexpand`: convert between tabs and spaces
|
||||
|
||||
- `nl`: add line numbers
|
||||
|
||||
- `seq`: print numbers
|
||||
|
||||
- `bc`: calculator
|
||||
|
||||
- `factor`: factor integers
|
||||
|
||||
- `gpg`: encrypt and sign files
|
||||
|
||||
- `toe`: table of terminfo entries
|
||||
|
||||
- `nc`: network debugging and data transfer
|
||||
|
||||
- `ngrep`: grep for the network layer
|
||||
|
||||
- `dd`: moving data between files or devices
|
||||
|
||||
- `file`: identify type of a file
|
||||
|
||||
- `stat`: file info
|
||||
|
||||
- `tac`: print files in reverse
|
||||
|
||||
- `shuf`: random selection of lines from a file
|
||||
|
||||
- `comm`: compare sorted files line by line
|
||||
|
||||
- `hd` and `bvi`: dump or edit binary files
|
||||
|
||||
- `strings`: extract text from binary files
|
||||
|
||||
- `tr`: character translation or manipulation
|
||||
|
||||
- `iconv `or uconv: conversion for text encodings
|
||||
|
||||
- `split `and `csplit`: splitting files
|
||||
|
||||
- `7z`: high-ratio file compression
|
||||
|
||||
- `ldd`: dynamic library info
|
||||
|
||||
- `nm`: symbols from object files
|
||||
|
||||
- `ab`: benchmarking web servers
|
||||
|
||||
- `strace`: system call debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- `mtr`: better traceroute for network debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- `cssh`: visual concurrent shell
|
||||
|
||||
- `wireshark` and `tshark`: packet capture and network debugging
|
||||
|
||||
- `host` and `dig`: DNS lookups
|
||||
|
||||
- `lsof`: process file descriptor and socket info
|
||||
|
||||
- `dstat`: useful system stats
|
||||
|
||||
- [`glances`](https://github.com/nicolargo/glances): high level, multi-subsystem overview
|
||||
|
||||
- `iostat`: CPU and disk usage stats
|
||||
|
||||
- `htop`: improved version of top
|
||||
|
||||
- `last`: login history
|
||||
|
||||
- `w`: who's logged on
|
||||
|
||||
- `id`: user/group identity info
|
||||
|
||||
- `sar`: historic system stats
|
||||
|
||||
- `iftop` or `nethogs`: network utilization by socket or process
|
||||
|
||||
- `ss`: socket statistics
|
||||
|
||||
- `dmesg`: boot and system error messages
|
||||
|
||||
- `hdparm`: SATA/ATA disk manipulation/performance
|
||||
|
||||
- `lsb_release`: Linux distribution info
|
||||
|
||||
- `lshw`: hardware information
|
||||
|
||||
- `fortune`, `ddate`, and `sl`: um, well, it depends on whether you consider steam locomotives and Zippy quotations "useful"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## More resources
|
||||
|
||||
- [awesome-shell](https://github.com/alebcay/awesome-shell): A curated list of shell tools and resources.
|
||||
- [Strict mode](http://redsymbol.net/articles/unofficial-bash-strict-mode/) for writing better shell scripts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Disclaimer
|
||||
|
||||
With the exception of very small tasks, code is written so others can read it. With power comes responsibility. The fact you *can* do something in Bash doesn't necessarily mean you should! ;)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://github.com/jlevy/the-art-of-command-line
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[jlevy][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://github.com/jlevy
|
||||
[1]:
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
[13]:
|
||||
[14]:
|
||||
[15]:
|
||||
[16]:
|
||||
[17]:
|
||||
[18]:
|
||||
[19]:
|
||||
[20]:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
|
||||
Tor Browser: An Ultimate Web Browser for Anonymous Web Browsing in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Most of us give a considerable time of ours to Internet. The primary Application we require to perform our internet activity is a browser, a web browser to be more perfect. Over Internet most of our’s activity is logged to Server/Client machine which includes IP address, Geographical Location, search/activity trends and a whole lots of Information which can potentially be very harmful, if used intentionally the other way.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor Browser: Anonymous Browsing
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover the National Security Agency (NSA) aka International Spying Agency keeps tracks of ours digital footprints. Not to mention a restricted proxy server which again can be used as data ripping server is not the answer. And most of the corporates and companies wont allow you to access a proxy server.
|
||||
|
||||
So, what we need here is an application, preferably small in size and let it be standalone, portable and which servers the purpose. Here comes an application – the Tor Browser, which has all the above discussed features and even beyond that.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we will be discussing Tor browser, its features, its usages and Area of Application, Installation and other important aspects of The Tor Browser Application.
|
||||
|
||||
#### What is Tor Browser? ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tor is a Freely distributed Application Software, released under BSD style Licensing which allows to surf Internet anonymously, through its safe and reliable onion like structure. Tor previously was called as ‘The Onion Router‘ because of its structure and functioning mechanism. This Application is written in C programming Language.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Features of Tor Browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Cross Platform Availability. i.e., this application is available for Linux, Windows as well as Mac.
|
||||
- Complex Data encryption before it it sent over Internet.
|
||||
- Automatic data decryption at client side.
|
||||
- It is a combination of Firefox Browser + Tor Project.
|
||||
- Provides anonymity to servers and websites.
|
||||
- Makes it possible to visit locked websites.
|
||||
- Performs task without revealing IP of Source.
|
||||
- Capable of routing data to/from hidden services and application behind firewall.
|
||||
- Portable – Run a preconfigured web browser directly from the USB storage Device. No need to install it locally.
|
||||
- Available for architectures x86 and x86_64.
|
||||
- Easy to set FTP with Tor using configuration as “socks4a” proxy on “localhost” port “9050”
|
||||
- Tor is capable of handling thousands of relay and millions of users.
|
||||
|
||||
#### How Tor Browser Works? ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tor works on the concept of Onion routing. Onion routing resemble to onion in structure. In onion routing the layers are nested one over the other similar to the layers of onion. This nested layer is responsible for encrypting data several times and sends it through virtual circuits. On the client side each layer decrypt the data before passing it to the next level. The last layer decrypts the innermost layer of encrypted data before passing the original data to the destination.
|
||||
|
||||
In this process of decryption all the layers function so intelligently that there is no need to reveal IP and Geographical location of User thus limiting any chance of anybody watching your internet connection or the sites you are visiting.
|
||||
|
||||
All these working seems a bit complex, but the end user execution and working of Tor browser is nothing to worry about. In-fact Tor browser resembles any other browser (Especially Mozilla Firefox) in functioning.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation of Tor Browser in Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
As discussed above, Tor browser is available for Linux, Windows and Mac. The user need to download the latest version (i.e. Tor Browser 4.0.4) application from the link below as per their system and architecture.
|
||||
|
||||
- [https://www.torproject.org/download/download-easy.html.en][1]
|
||||
|
||||
After downloading the Tor browser, we need to install it. But the good thing with ‘Tor’ is that we don’t need to install it. It can run directly from a Pen Drive and the browser can be preconfigured. That means plug and Run Feature in perfect sense of Portability.
|
||||
|
||||
After downloading the Tar-ball (*.tar.xz) we need to Extract it.
|
||||
|
||||
**On 32-Bit System**
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget https://www.torproject.org/dist/torbrowser/4.0.4/tor-browser-linux32-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
$ tar xpvf tor-browser-linux32-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
**On 64-Bit System**
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget https://www.torproject.org/dist/torbrowser/4.0.4/tor-browser-linux64-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
$ tar -xpvf tor-browser-linux64-4.0.4_en-US.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
**Note** : In the above command we used ‘$‘ which means that the package is extracted as user and not root. It is strictly suggested to extract and run tor browser not as root.
|
||||
|
||||
After successful extraction, we can move the extracted browser to anywhere/USB Mass Storage device. And run the application from the extracted folder and run ‘start-tor-browser’ strictly not as root.
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd tor-browser_en-US
|
||||
$ ./start-tor-browser
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Tor Browser
|
||||
|
||||
**1. Trying to connect to the Tor Network. Click “Connect” and Tor will do rest of the settings for you.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Connecting to Tor Network
|
||||
|
||||
**2. The welcome Window/Tab.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor Welcome Screen
|
||||
|
||||
**3. Tor Browser Running a Video from Youtube.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Watching Video on Youtube
|
||||
|
||||
**4. Opening a banking site for online Purchasing/Transaction.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Browsing a Banking Site
|
||||
|
||||
**5. The browser showing my current proxy IP. Note that the text that reads “Proxy Server detected”.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Checking IP Address
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: That you need to point to the Tor startup script using text session, everytime you want to run Tor. Moreover a terminal will be busy all the time till you are running tor. How to overcome this and create a desktop/dock-bar Icon?
|
||||
|
||||
6. We need to create `tor.desktop` file inside the directory where extracted files resides.
|
||||
|
||||
$ touch tor.desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Now edit the file using your favourite editor with the text below. Save and exit. I used nano.
|
||||
|
||||
$ nano tor.desktop
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/env xdg-open
|
||||
[Desktop Entry]
|
||||
Encoding=UTF-8
|
||||
Name=Tor
|
||||
Comment=Anonymous Browse
|
||||
Type=Application
|
||||
Terminal=false
|
||||
Exec=/home/avi/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/start-tor-browser
|
||||
Icon=/home/avi/Downloads/tor-browser_en-US/Browser/browser/icons/mozicon128.png
|
||||
StartupNotify=true
|
||||
Categories=Network;WebBrowser;
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: Make sure to replace the path with the location of your tor browser in the above.
|
||||
|
||||
**7. Once done! Double click the file `tor.desktop` to fire Tor browser. You may need to trust it for the first time.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor Application Launcher
|
||||
|
||||
**8. Once you trust you might note that the icon of `tor.desktop` changed.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tor icon Changed
|
||||
|
||||
9. You may drag and drop the `tor.desktop` icon to create shortcut on Desktop and Dock Bar.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Add Tor Shortcut on Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
**10. About Tor Browser.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
About Tor Browser
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: If you are using older version of Tor, you may update it from the above window.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Usability/Area of Application ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Anonymous communication over web.
|
||||
- Surf to Blocked web Pages.
|
||||
- Link other Application Viz (FTP) to this secure Internet Browsing Application.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Controversies of Tor-browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
- No security at the boundary of Tor Application i.e., Data Entry and Exit Points.
|
||||
- A study in 2011 reveals that a specific way of attacking Tor will reveal IP address of BitTorrent Users.
|
||||
- Some protocols shows the tendency of leaking IP address, revealed in a study.
|
||||
- Earlier version of Tor bundled with older versions of Firefox browser were found to be JavaScript Attack Vulnerable.
|
||||
- Tor Browser Seems to Work slow.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Real world Implementation of Tor-browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
- Vuze BitTorrent Client
|
||||
- Anonymous Os
|
||||
- Os’es from Scratch
|
||||
- whonix, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Future of Tor Browser ####
|
||||
|
||||
Tor browser is promising. Perhaps the first application of its kind is implemented very brilliantly. Tor browser must invest for Support, Scalability and research for securing the data from latest attacks. This application is need of the future.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Download Free eBook ####
|
||||
|
||||
Unofficial Guide to Tor Private Browsing
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Tor bowser is a must tool in the present time where the organization you are working for don’t allow you to access certain websites or if you don’t want others to look into your private business or you don’t want to provide your digital footprints to NSA.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: Tor Browser don’t provide any safety from Viruses, Trojans or other threats of this kind. Moreover by writing an article of this we never mean to indulge into illegal activity by hiding our identity over Internet. This Post is totally for educational Purpose and for any illegal use of it neither the author of the post nor Tecmint will be responsible. It is the sole responsibility of user.
|
||||
|
||||
Tor-browser is a wonderful application and you must give it a try. That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article you people will love to read. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your value-able feedback in our comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/tor-browser-for-anonymous-web-browsing/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.torproject.org/download/download-easy.html.en
|
||||
[2]:http://tecmint.tradepub.com/free/w_make129/prgm.cgi
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
|
||||
translating by NearTan
|
||||
|
||||
How to Setup Node.JS on Ubuntu 15.04 with Different Methods
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This is such an important article to guide you about the installation and setup of Node.js on Ubuntu 15.04. Node.js is basically a server side java script programming to provide you bindings for enabling the input and output socket bios and streams. It has a high through put and non-blocking IO in a single threaded event loop. It’s also a platform layer that provides the functionality to interact with the Operating system to write file, read files and to do networking operations. So in this article we will perform different installation methods to setup Node.Js on Ubuntu 15.04 server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Methods to Install Node.JS ###
|
||||
|
||||
Their are different ways to install Node.Js and we can prefer to choose any one. Following are some important ways to install Node.Js that we will use to guide you about their each setup on Ubuntu 15.04 so make sure to remove the previous previous packages to avoid from any package conflict.
|
||||
|
||||
- Installation of Node.JS from Source Code
|
||||
- Installation of Node.JS from Package Manager
|
||||
- Installation of Node.JS from Github Repository
|
||||
- Installation of Node.JS with NVM
|
||||
|
||||
### 1) Installing from Source Code ###
|
||||
|
||||
Let's start with installation of Node.JS from the Source Code, so make sure that your system is up to date and dependent packages are pre installed. So follow the below steps and start the setup.
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 1: System Update ####
|
||||
|
||||
Use following commands and update Operating system and ten install the required packages are necessary for Node.JS setup.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get install python gcc make g++
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 2: Get Source Code of Node.JS ####
|
||||
|
||||
After we had installed the dependent packages now from the official web link of Node.JS just download its source code package and extract it as in following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# wget http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.12.4/node-v0.12.4.tar.gz
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# tar zxvf node-v0.12.4.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 3: Starting Installation ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now move to the source code directory and execute the .configuration file
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# ls
|
||||
node-v0.12.4 node-v0.12.4.tar.gz
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# cd node-v0.12.4/
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node-v0.12.4# ./configure
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node-v0.12.4# make install
|
||||
|
||||
### Testing after Installation of Node.Js from Source Code ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once the installation is done after running make installa command, we check its version and test that Node.Js is working fine by executing some test out puts.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node-v0.12.4# node -v
|
||||
v0.12.4
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Create a new file with .js extension execute it with Node command.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node-v0.12.4# touch helo_test.js
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node-v0.12.4# vim helo_test.js
|
||||
console.log('Hello World');
|
||||
|
||||
Now execute it with Node command.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node-v0.12.4# node helo_test.js
|
||||
Hello World
|
||||
|
||||
The out put shows that we had successfully installed Node.JS on Ubuntu 15.04 which is now ready to create applications on it using java scripts.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2) Installing from Package Manager ###
|
||||
|
||||
The installation of Node.JS through Package Manager is also a very simple process to setup on Ubuntu through NodeSource by adding its Personal Package Archives (PPA).
|
||||
|
||||
We will go through the following steps to install Node.JS through PPA.
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 1: Get the Source Code using Curl ####
|
||||
|
||||
Before getting the source code by using the Curl command we must update our system and then run the curl command to fetch the NodeSource into local repository.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~#apt-get update
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup | sudo bash -
|
||||
|
||||
The curl will execute the following tasks.
|
||||
|
||||
## Installing the NodeSource Node.js 0.10 repo...
|
||||
## Populating apt-get cache...
|
||||
## Confirming "vivid" is supported...
|
||||
## Adding the NodeSource signing key to your keyring...
|
||||
## Creating apt sources list file for the NodeSource Node.js 0.10 repo...
|
||||
## Running `apt-get update` for you...
|
||||
Fetched 6,411 B in 5s (1,077 B/s)
|
||||
Reading package lists... Done
|
||||
## Run `apt-get install nodejs` (as root) to install Node.js 0.10 and npm
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 2: Installation of NodeJS and NPM ####
|
||||
|
||||
As per the output of Curl we had fetched the NodeSource to our local repository now through apt-get commands we will install the NodeJS and NPM packages.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get install nodejs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 3: Installing Build Essentials Tool ####
|
||||
|
||||
To compile and install native addons from npm we may also need to install build tools using following command as.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get install -y build-essential
|
||||
|
||||
### Testing With Node.JS Shell ###
|
||||
|
||||
Testing of Node.Js is similar to the one that we did after installation from the source Code.
|
||||
so lets start with the node command as follow and get its output result to see if Node.JS is fully functional.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# node
|
||||
> console.log('Node.js Installed Using Package Manager');
|
||||
Node.js Installed Using Package Manager
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# node
|
||||
> a = [1,2,3,4,5]
|
||||
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
|
||||
> typeof a
|
||||
'object'
|
||||
> 5 + 2
|
||||
7
|
||||
>
|
||||
(^C again to quit)
|
||||
>
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~#
|
||||
|
||||
### REPL For Your NodeJS Apps ###
|
||||
|
||||
REPL is the Node.js shell, any valid Javascript which can be written in a script can be passed to the REPL. So lets see how REPL works with NodeJS.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# node
|
||||
> var repl = require("repl");
|
||||
undefined
|
||||
> repl.start("> ");
|
||||
|
||||
Press Enter and it will show out put like this:
|
||||
> { domain: null,
|
||||
_events: {},
|
||||
_maxListeners: 10,
|
||||
useGlobal: false,
|
||||
ignoreUndefined: false,
|
||||
eval: [Function],
|
||||
inputStream:
|
||||
{ _connecting: false,
|
||||
_handle:
|
||||
{ fd: 0,
|
||||
writeQueueSize: 0,
|
||||
owner: [Circular],
|
||||
onread: [Function: onread],
|
||||
reading: true },
|
||||
_readableState:
|
||||
{ highWaterMark: 0,
|
||||
buffer: [],
|
||||
length: 0,
|
||||
pipes: null,
|
||||
...
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the list of command line help that we can use to work with REPL.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Working with NodeJS Packet Manager ###
|
||||
|
||||
NPM is simple CLI tool for ensuring that a given node script runs continuously. It helps to Install and manage dependencies through the file package.json. We will start its using init command as.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# npm init
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3) Installing from Github Repository ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this method to install Node.JS we will consider few simple steps to directory clone the Node.JS repository from the github.
|
||||
|
||||
Before the start of configurations through the the cloned package of Node.JS make sure that we must have following dependent packages installed with us.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get install g++ curl make libssl-dev apache2-utils git-core
|
||||
|
||||
Now start the clone with git command and change the directory to its configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# git clone git://github.com/ry/node.git
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# cd node/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To install from the cloned repository now lets run the .config command and then make install to complete the setup of Node.Js .
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# ./configure
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Run the make install command that will takes few minutes so be patient and get it ready finalize the setup on Node.JS package for you.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node# make install
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node# node -v
|
||||
v0.13.0-pre
|
||||
|
||||
### Testing with Node.JS ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node# node
|
||||
> a = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
|
||||
[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]
|
||||
> typeof a
|
||||
'object'
|
||||
> 6 + 5
|
||||
11
|
||||
>
|
||||
(^C again to quit)
|
||||
>
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~/node#
|
||||
|
||||
### 4) Installing Node.JS Using Node Version Manager ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this last method we show you we can easily install Node.JS with NVM method. This is one of the best method to install and configure Node.JS it provides us with facility to control versions.
|
||||
|
||||
So before starting with this method make sure that the previously installed package is not already present there if you are working on the same machine.
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 1: Installing Prerequisites ####
|
||||
|
||||
Let's start with the system update and then install the following prerequisites for the Ubuntu Server to setup Node.JS using NodeJS Versions Manager System. Using the Curl command we will get NVM from the git to our local repository.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/creationix/nvm/v0.16.1/install.sh | sh
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 2: Update Home Environment ####
|
||||
|
||||
After the curl command downloads the necessary packages for the NVM in the home directory of the user it also make changes to the bash profile. so in order to update those change and get access to NVM we must relogin to the terminal or we can update it using the source command as below.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# source ~/.profile
|
||||
|
||||
Now we can use the NVM to choose the default NVM version or by moving to the previous version of NVM that we can do so by using the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# nvm ls
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15:~# nvm alias default 0.12.4
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### STEP 3: Using NodeJS Versions Manager ####
|
||||
|
||||
We have successfully setup the NodeJS with NVM package and now can use it with its useful commands.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### CONCLUSION ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we are ready to go with building server side applications with Node.JS and you are free to choose the best installation setup of your choice as we had done with four optional installations of Node.Js on the latest version of Ubuntu 15.04 with priority installation sequence, now its up to you to follow the one of your own choice and start coding with NodeJS.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/setup-node-js-ubuntu-15-04-different-methods/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif Siddique][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
|
||||
3个开源的Python Shell
|
||||
=========================================================================
|
||||
Python是一个高级,通用,结构化且强大的开源编程语言，用于广泛的编程工作。它拥有一个完全的动态类型系统和自动内存管理，与Scheme，Ruby，Perl和Tcl的十分相似，避免编译型语言的许多复杂地方和难以理解。Python于1991年由Guido van Rossum创造，然后逐渐成长，流行。
|
||||
|
||||
Python是一个非常实用，而且流行的计算机编程语言。使用一个如Python这样的解释型语言的好处之一就是，可以借助其交互的shell考察式地编程。你可以试用代码，而不必写一个脚本。但是Python shell也有一些局限性。基本来说，有许多很nice的Python shell可选择，都是在基础shell上扩展的。他们每一个都提供了一个极好的交互性的Python 体验。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------
|
||||
|
||||
### bpython ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于Linux，BSD，OS X和Windows来说，bpython是Python解释器一个受欢迎的接口。
|
||||
|
||||
想法是提供给用户所有的内置功能，很像现在的IDEs（集成开发环境），但是是在一个简单，轻量级的包里，可以在终端窗口里面运行。
|
||||
|
||||
bpython并不追求创造任何新的或者开创性的东西。相反，她聚集了一些简洁的理念，关注于实用性和操作性。
|
||||
|
||||
功能包括：
|
||||
|
||||
- 内置的语法高亮 - 使用Pygments排版你敲出的代码，并合理地上色
|
||||
- 根据你的行为，显示自动补全的建议。
|
||||
- 为任何Python函数列出期望的参数 - 力求显示一列参数，为你调用的任何函数
|
||||
- “Rewind”功能，弹出内存里的最后一行代码并重新评定
|
||||
- 发送你已经解除占用的代码到粘贴缓存
|
||||
- 保存你已经输入到一个文件里的代码
|
||||
- 自动缩进
|
||||
- 支持Python 3
|
||||
|
||||
- 网址: [www.bpython-interpreter.org][1]
|
||||
- 开发者: Bob Farrell and contributors
|
||||
- 证书: MIT License
|
||||
- 版本号: 0.14.1
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### IPython ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
IPython是Python shell的一个交互加强版。她提供了一个丰富的工具集合，帮助你交互式地充分利用Python。
|
||||
|
||||
IPython可以用来取代标准的Python shell，或者当与标准Python 科学和数值处理工具配合，用做一个科学计算（如Matlab或者Mathematical）的完整工作环境。她支持动态对象内省，有限的输入/输出提示，一个宏观系统，会话登录，会话恢复，完整的系统接入，详尽且彩色的追踪报告，自动圆括号，自动应用和可嵌入其他Python程序。
|
||||
|
||||
功能包括：
|
||||
|
||||
- 强大的交互Shell（终端或者基于Qt）
|
||||
- 一个基于浏览器的记事本，支持代码，多样文本，数学表达式，内置飞行图表和其他丰富媒介。
|
||||
- 支持交互式的数据虚拟化和GUI工具箱使用
|
||||
- 灵活，嵌入式的解释器可以加载进你自己的项目里
|
||||
- 易于使用，高效的并行运算工具
|
||||
|
||||
- 网址: [ipython.org][2]
|
||||
- 开发者: The IPython Development Team
|
||||
- 证书: BSD
|
||||
- 版本号: 3.1
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### DreamPie ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
DreamPie是一个为可靠性和兴趣设计的Python shell。
|
||||
|
||||
DreamPie可以用于任何Python解释器（Jython，IronPython，PyPy）。
|
||||
|
||||
功能包括：
|
||||
|
||||
- 一个交互shell的新概念：窗口被分成历史区域和代码区域，历史区域可以让你看到之前的命令及其输出，代码区域是里敲代码的地方。这样，你可以编辑任意数量的代码，就好像在你最喜欢的编辑器里一样，并且适当时候可以执行它。你也可以从其他地方复制你想保存的代码，所以你可以把它存入一个文件。代码可以很好地格式化为四级缩进。
|
||||
- 自动补全属性和文件名字
|
||||
- 自动显示函数参数和文档
|
||||
- 在结果历史中保存你最近的结果，备以后用
|
||||
- 可以自动展开很长的输出，所以你可以专注于重要的地方
|
||||
- 保存会话的历史记录为一个HTML文件，备以后查询。你可以加载历史文件到DreamPie里，并且快速回退到之前的命令。
|
||||
- 自动添加圆括号与可选的引用，当你在函数与方法后按下空格键。例如，键入execfile fn并且获得execfile（"fn"）
|
||||
- 支持交互的matplotlib绘图
|
||||
- 支持Python 2.5，Python 2.6，Python 3.1，Jython 2.5，IronPython 2.6和PyPy
|
||||
- 难以置信的快速反应
|
||||
|
||||
- 网址: [www.dreampie.org][3]
|
||||
- 开发者: Noam Yorav-Raphael
|
||||
- 证书: GNU GPL v3
|
||||
- 版本号: 1.2.1
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20150523032756576/PythonShells.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Frazer Kline
|
||||
译者：[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://ipython.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.dreampie.org/
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
|
||||
sevenot translated
|
||||
排名前十的年度开源项目新秀
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
黑鸭（Black Duck）软件公布了一份名叫“年度开源项目新秀”的报告，介绍了由全球开源协会发起的10个最有趣、最活跃的新项目。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 年度开源项目新秀 ###
|
||||
|
||||
每年都有上千新的开源项目问世，但只有少数能够真正的吸引我们的关注。一些项目因为利用了当前比较流行的技术而发展壮大，有一些则真正地开启了一个新的邻域。很多开源项目建立的初衷是为了解决一些生产上的问题，还有一些项目则是世界各地志同道合的开发者们共同发起的一个宏伟项目。
|
||||
|
||||
从2009年起，开源软件公司黑鸭便发起了[年度开源项目新秀][1]这一活动,它的评选根据[Open Hub][2] 网站（即以前的Ohloh）。今年，我们很荣幸能够报道2015年10大开源项目新秀的得主和2名荣誉奖得主，它们是从上千个开源项目中脱颖而出的。评选采用了加权评分系统，得分标准基于项目的活跃度，交付速度，和几个其它因数。
|
||||
|
||||
开源俨然成为了产业创新的引擎，就拿今年来说，和Docker容器相关的开源项目在全球各地新起，这也不恰巧反映了企业最感兴趣的技术邻域吗？最后，我们接下来介绍的项目，将会让你了解到全球开源项目的开发者们的在思考什么，这很快将会成为一个指引我们发展的领头羊。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: DebOps ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[DebOps][3]收集打包了一套[Ansible][4] （Ansible是一种自动化运维工具）方案和规则，可以从1个容器扩展到一个完整的数据中心。它的创始人Maciej Delmanowski将DebOps开源来保证项目长久进行，从而更好的利用外部贡献者来发展下去
|
||||
|
||||
DebOps始创于波兰的一个不起眼大学校园里，在自己的数据中心上运行，一切都是手工配置的。有时系统崩溃而导致几天的宕机，这时Delmanowski意识到一个配置管理系统是很有必要的。从Debian的基础做起，DebOps是一组配置一整个数据基础设施Ansible方案。此项目已经在许多不同的工作环境下实现，而创始者们则打算继续支持和开发这个项目。
|
||||
|
||||
###2015年度开源项目新秀: Code Combat ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
传统的纸笔学习方法已近不能满足技术学科了。然而游戏都是关于参与者，这也就是为什么[CodeCombat][5] 的创始人会去开发一款多人协同编程游戏来教人们如何编码。
|
||||
|
||||
刚开始CodeCombat是一个创业想法，但其创始人决定创建一个开源项目将其取代。此想法在社区传播开来，很快不少贡献者加入到项目中来。项目发起仅仅两个月后，这款游戏就被收入Google’s Summer of Code。这款游戏吸引了大量玩家，并被翻译成45种语言。CodeCombat希望成为那些想要一边学习代码同时获得乐趣的同学的风向标。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Storj ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Storj][6]是一个点对点的云存储网络，可实现端到端加密，保证用户不用依赖第三方即可传输、共享数据。基于比特币block chain技术和点对点协议，Storj提供安全、私密、加密的云存储。
|
||||
|
||||
云数据存储的反对者担心成本开销和漏洞攻击。为了做到没有死角，Storj是一个私有云存储市场，用户可以通过Storjcoin X(SJCX) 购买交易存储空间。上传到Storj的文件会被粉碎、加密和存储到整个社区。只有文件所有者拥有密钥加密的信息
|
||||
|
||||
在2014年举办的Texas Bitcoin Conference Hackathon会议上，云存储市场概念首次被提出并证明可行。在第一次赢得黑客马拉松活动后，项目创始人们和领导团队利用开源论坛Reddit、比特币论坛和社交媒体推广此项目。如今，它们已成为Storj决策过程的一个重要组成部分。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Neovim ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
自1991年提出概念以来，Vim已经成为数以百万计软件开发人员所钟爱的文本编辑器。 [Neovim][6] 是它的下一个版本。
|
||||
|
||||
在过去的23年里，软件开发生态系统经历了无数增长和创新。Neovim创始人Thiago de Arruda知道Vim缺少当代元素，跟不上时代的发展。在保留Vim的签名功能的前提下，Neovim团队同样在寻求最受欢迎的文本编辑器改善和发展技术。集资初期，Thiago de Arruda连续6个月时间关注推出此项目。他相信他的团队和支持他激励他继续发展Neovim。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: CockroachDB ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
前谷歌员工开发了一个开源的企业数据存储项目[CockroachDB][8],它是一个可扩展的、跨地域复制且支持事务的数据存储的解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
为了保证在线百万兆字节流量业务的质量，Google公开了他们的Spanner系统，这是一个可扩展的，稳定的，支持事务的系统。许多参与开发CockroachDB的团队现在都服务与开源社区。就像真正的蟑螂一样，CockroachDB可以在没有数据头、没有任何节点的情况下正常运行。这个开源项目有很多富有经验的贡献者，创始人们通过社会媒体、Github、网络、会议和聚会结识他们并鼓励他们参与其中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Kubernetes ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在介绍集装箱化的软件对开源社区的发展时，[Docker][9]是一匹黑马，它在技术和工具的设置上做了创新。去年6月谷歌推出了[Kubernetes][10]，这是一款开源的容器管理工具，用来加快开发和简化操作。
|
||||
|
||||
谷歌在它的网络系统上使用容器技术多年了。在2014年夏天的DockerCon上大会上，谷歌这个互联网巨头开源了Kubernetes，Kubernetes的开发是为了满足迅速增长的Docker生态系统的需要。通过和其它的组织、项目合作，比如 Red Hat和CoreOS，Kubernetes的管理者们促使它登上了Docker Hub的工具下载榜榜首。Kubernetes的开发团队希望扩大这个项目，发展它的社区，这样的话软件开发者就能花更少的时间在管理基础设施上，而更多的去开发他们自己的APP。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Open Bazaar ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
OpenBazaar是一个使用比特币和其他人交易的市场。OpenBazaar这一概念最早在编程马拉松（hackathon）活动中被提出，它的创始人结合了BitTorent，比特币和传统的金融服务方式，创造了一个不受审查的交易平台。OpenBazaar的开发团队在寻求新的成员，而且不久以后他们将无限扩大Open Bazaar的社区。Open Bazaar旨在透明度和同一个目标去在商务交易中掀起一场革命，这会帮助创始人和贡献者向着一个真实的世界奋斗，一个没有控制，分散的市场。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: IPFS ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
IPFS 是一个全球的点对点式的分布式版本文件系统。它综合了Git，BitTorrent，HTTP的思想，开启了一个新的数据和数据结构传输协议。
|
||||
|
||||
开源被人们所知晓的原因，是它本意用简单的方法解决复杂的问题，这样产生许多新颖的想法，但是着些强大的项目仅仅是开源社区的冰山一角。IFPS有一个积极的团队，这个概念的提出是大胆的，令人惊讶的，有点甚至高不可攀。这样来看，一个点对点的分布是文件系统是在寻找所有连在一起的计算设备。也许HTTP的更换可以靠着通过多种手段继续保持一个社区，包括Git社区和超过100名贡献者的IRC。这个疯狂的想法将在2015年进行软件内部测试。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: cAdvisor ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[cAdvisor (Container Advisor)][13] 是一个针对在运行中的容器进行收集，合计，处理和输出信息的工具，它可以给容器的使用者提供资源的使用情况和工作特性。对于每一个容器，cAdvisor记录着资源的分离参数，资源使用历史，资源使用历史对比框图，网络状态。这些从容器输出的数据在机器中传递。
|
||||
|
||||
cAdvisor可以在绝大多数的Linux上运行，并且支持包括Docker在内的多种容器类型。事实上它成为了一种容器的代理，并被集成在了很多系统中。cAdvisor在DockerHub下载量也是位居前茅。cAdvisor的开发团队希望把cAdvisor发展到能够更深入地理解应用并且集成到集群系统。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2015年度开源项目新秀: Terraform ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Terraform][14]提供了一些列的设置来创建一个基础设施，从物理机到虚拟机再到email服务器、DNS服务器。这个概念包括从家庭个人机解决方案到公共云平台提供的服务。一旦建立好了以后，Terraform便进行一系列的操作来改变你的基础设施，安全又高效，就如同配置一样。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在Devops模式下的公司里工作，Terraform.io的创始者找到了一个窍门把建立一个完整的数据中心所需的知识结合在一起，从插入服务器到整个网络和功能齐备的数据中心。基础设施的描述采用高级的配置语法，允许你把数据中心的蓝图做成多版本并且可以使用多种代码。著名开源公司HashiCorp赞助开发这个项目。
|
||||
|
||||
### 荣誉奖: Docker Fig ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Fig][15] 为[Docker][16]的使用提供了一个快速的，分离的开发环境。Docker的移植只需要将配置信息放到一个简单的 fig.yml文件里。它会处理所有工作，包括建立、运行，端口转发，分享磁盘和容器链接。
|
||||
Fig solved a major pain point for developers. Docker fully supports this open source project and [recently purchased Orchard][17] to expand the reach of Fig.
|
||||
Orchard去年发起了Fig，来创造一个使Docker工作的系统工具。它的开发像是为Docker设置开发环境，为了确保用户能够为他们的APP准确定义环境，在Docker中会运行数据库和缓存。Fig解决了开发者的一个难题。Docker全面支持这个开源项目，最近将买下Orchard来扩张这个项目。
|
||||
|
||||
### 荣誉奖: Drone ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Drone][18]是一个基于Docker的持续集成平台，而且它是用Go语言写的。Drone项目不满于现存的技术和流程，它旨在开发环境。
|
||||
|
||||
Drone提供了一个简单的自动测试和持续交付的方法：简单选择一个Docker形象来满足你的需求，连接并提交至GitHub即可。Drone使用Docker容器来提供隔离的测试环境，让每个项目完全自主控制堆栈，没有传统的服务器管理的负担。Drone背后的100位社区贡献者强烈希望把这个项目带到企业和移动应用程序开发中
|
||||
### 开源新秀 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- [2014年度开源项目新秀][20]
|
||||
- [InfoWorld2015年年度技术奖][21]
|
||||
- [Bossies: 开源软件最高荣誉][22]
|
||||
- [ Windows管理员15个必不可少的开源工具][23]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2875439/open-source-software/the-top-10-rookie-open-source-projects.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Black Duck Software][a]
|
||||
译者：[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Black-Duck-Software/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[2]:https://www.openhub.net/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/debops/debops
|
||||
[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2612397/data-center/review--ansible-orchestration-is-a-veteran-unix-admin-s-dream.html
|
||||
[5]:https://codecombat.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://storj.io/
|
||||
[7]:http://neovim.org/
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach
|
||||
[9]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[10]:http://kubernetes.io/
|
||||
[11]:https://openbazaar.org/
|
||||
[12]:http://ipfs.io/
|
||||
[13]:https://github.com/google/cadvisor
|
||||
[14]:https://www.terraform.io/
|
||||
[15]:http://www.fig.sh/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.infoworld.com/resources/16373/application-virtualization/the-beginners-guide-to-docker
|
||||
[17]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2608546/application-virtualization/docker-acquires-orchard-in-a-sign-of-rising-ambitions.html
|
||||
[18]:https://drone.io/
|
||||
[19]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2683845/google-go/164121-Fast-guide-to-Go-programming.html
|
||||
[20]:https://www.blackducksoftware.com/open-source-rookies
|
||||
[21]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2871935/application-development/infoworlds-2015-technology-of-the-year-award-winners.html
|
||||
[22]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2688104/open-source-software/article.html
|
||||
[23]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2854954/microsoft-windows/15-essential-open-source-tools-for-windows-admins.html
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user