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translating by ucasFL
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4 Best Linux Boot Loaders
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====
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When you turn on your machine, immediately after POST (Power On Self Test) is completed successfully, the BIOS locates the configured bootable media, and reads some instructions from the master boot record (MBR) or GUID partition table which is the first 512 bytes of the bootable media. The MBR contains two important sets of information, one is the boot loader and two, the partition table.
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### What is a Boot Loader?
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A boot loader is a small program stored in the MBR or GUID partition table that helps to load an operating system into memory. Without a boot loader, your operating system can not be loaded into memory.
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There are several boot loaders we can install together with Linux on our systems and in this article, we shall briefly talk about a handful of the best Linux boot loaders to work with.
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### 1. GNU GRUB
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GNU GRUB is a popular and probably the most used multiboot Linux boot loader available, based on the original GRUB (GRand Unified Bootlader) which was created by Eirch Stefan Broleyn. It comes with several improvements, new features and bug fixes as enhancements of the original GRUB program.
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Importantly, GRUB 2 has now replaced the GRUB. And notably, the name GRUB was renamed to GRUB Legacy and is not actively developed, however, it can be used for booting older systems since bug fixes are still on going.
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GRUB has the following prominent features:
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- Supports multiboot
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- Supports multiple hardware architectures and operating systems such as Linux and Windows
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- Offers a Bash-like interactive command line interface for users to run GRUB commands as well interact with configuration files
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- Enables access to GRUB editor
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- Supports setting of passwords with encryption for security
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- Supports booting from a network combined with several other minor features
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Visit Homepage: <https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/>
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### 2. LILO (Linux Loader)
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LILO is a simple yet powerful and stable Linux boot loader. With the growing popularity and use of GRUB, which has come with numerous improvements and powerful features, LILO has become less popular among Linux users.
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While it loads, the word “LILO” is displayed on the screen and each letter appears before or after a particular event has occurred. However, the development of LILO was stopped in December 2015, it has a number of features as listed below:
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- Does not offer an interactive command line interface
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- Supports several error codes
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- Offers no support for booting from a network
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- All its files are stored in the first 1024 cylinders of a drive
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- Faces limitation with BTFS, GPT and RAID plus many more.
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Visit Homepage: <http://lilo.alioth.debian.org/>
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### 3. BURG – New Boot Loader
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Based on GRUB, BURG is a relatively new Linux boot loader. Because it is derived from GRUB, it ships in with some of the primary GRUB features, nonetheless, it also offers remarkable features such as a new object format to support multiple platforms including Linux, Windows, Mac OS, FreeBSD and beyond.
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Additionally, it supports a highly configurable text and graphical mode boot menu, stream plus planned future improvements for it to work with various input/output devices.
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Visit Homepage: <https://launchpad.net/burg>
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### 4. Syslinux
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Syslinux is an assortment of light weight boot loaders that enable booting from CD-ROMs, from a network and so on. It supports filesystems such as FAT for MS-DOS, and ext2, ext3, ext4 for Linux. It as well supports uncompressed single-device Btrfs.
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Note that Syslinux only accesses files in its own partition, therefore, it does not offer multi-filesystem boot capabilities.
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Visit Homepage: <http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Syslinux_Project>
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### Conclusion
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A boot loader allows you to manage multiple operating systems on your machine and select which one to use at a particular time, without it, your machine can not load the kernel and the rest of the operating system files.
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Have we missed any tip-top Linux boot loader here? If so, then let us know by using the comment form below by making suggestions of any commendable boot loaders that can support Linux operating system.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/firewall/pfsense-setup-basic-configuration/
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作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-boot-loaders/
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@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
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translating by ucasFL
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How to Install Latest XFCE Desktop in Ubuntu 16.04 and Fedora 22-24
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====
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Xfce is a modern, open source and lightweight desktop environment for Linux systems. It also works well on many other Unix-like systems such as Mac OS X, Solaris, *BSD plus several others. It is fast and also user friendly with a simple and elegant user interface.
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Installing a desktop environment on servers can sometimes prove helpful, as certain applications may require a desktop interface for efficient and reliable administration and one of the remarkable properties of Xfce is its low system resources utilization such as low RAM consumption, thereby making it a recommended desktop environment for servers if need be.
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### XFCE Desktop Features
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Additionally, some of its noteworthy components and features are listed below:
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- Xfwm windows manager
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- Thunar file manager
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- User session manger to deal with logins, power management and beyond
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- Desktop manager for setting background image, desktop icons and many more
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- An application manager
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- It’s highly pluggable as well plus several other minor features
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The latest stable release of this desktop is Xfce 4.12, all its features and changes from previous versions are listed here.
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#### Install Xfce Desktop on Ubuntu 16.04
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Linux distributions such as Xubuntu, Manjaro, OpenSUSE, Fedora Xfce Spin, Zenwalk and many others provide their own Xfce desktop packages, however, you can install the latest version as follows.
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```
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$ sudo apt update
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$ sudo apt install xfce4
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```
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Wait for the installation process to complete, then logout out of your current session or you can possibly restart your system as well. At the login interface, choose Xfce desktop and login as in the screen shot below:
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#### Install Xfce Desktop in Fedora 22-24
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If you have an existing Fedora distribution and wanted to install xfce desktop, you can use yum or dnf to install it as shown.
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```
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-------------------- On Fedora 22 --------------------
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# yum install @xfce
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-------------------- On Fedora 23-24 --------------------
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# dnf install @xfce-desktop-environment
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```
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After installing Xfce, you can choose the xfce login from the Session menu or reboot the system.
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If you don’t want Xfce desktop on your system anymore, use the command below to uninstall it:
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```
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-------------------- On Ubuntu 16.04 --------------------
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$ sudo apt purge xfce4
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$ sudo apt autoremove
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-------------------- On Fedora 22 --------------------
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# yum remove @xfce
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-------------------- On Fedora 23-24 --------------------
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# dnf remove @xfce-desktop-environment
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```
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In this simple how-to guide, we walked through the steps for installation of latest version of Xfce desktop, which I believe were easy to follow. If all went well, you can enjoy using xfce, as one of the [best desktop environments for Linux systems][1].
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However, to get back to us, you can use the feedback section below and remember to always stay connected to Tecmint.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/firewall/pfsense-setup-basic-configuration/
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作者：[Aaron Kili ][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
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[1]: http://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/
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如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 和 Fedora 22-24 上安装最新的 XFCE 桌面？
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====
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Xfce 是一款针对 Linux 系统的现代化轻型开源桌面环境，它在其他的类 Unix 系统上，比如 Mac OS X, Solaries, *BSD plus, 也能工作得很好。它非常快并且因具有一个简单而优雅的用户界面很好地体现出了用户友好性。
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在服务器上安装一个桌面环境有时被证明是很有用的，因为确切的运用程序可能需要一个桌面界面来高效和可靠的管理。 Xfce 一个卓越的性能是它的系统资源占用率很低，比如内存消耗很低，因此，如果服务器需要一个桌面环境的话它会是首选。
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### XFCE 桌面的功能特性
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另外，它的一些显著的组成部分和功能特性列在下面：
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- Xfwm 窗口管理器
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- Thunar 文件管理器
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- 用户会话管理器：用来处理用户登录，电源管理及以后
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- 桌面管理器：用来设置背景图片，桌面头像等更多操作
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- 运用管理器
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- 它的高度可连接性也增加了一些其他次要功能特性
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Xfce 的最新稳定发行版是 Xfce 4.12, 它所有的功能特性和区别于旧版本的变化都列在了这儿。
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#### 在Ubuntu 16.04 上安装 Xfce 桌面
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Linux 分支比如 Xubuntu, Manjaro, OpenSUSE, Fedora Xfce Spin, Zenwalk 等许多其他版本的都提供它们自己的 Xfce 桌面安装包，但你也可以像下面这样安装最新的版本。
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```
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$ sudo apt update
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$ sudo apt install xfce4
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```
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等待安装进程结束，然后退出当前会话或者你也可以选择重启系统。在登录界面，选择 Xfce 桌面，然后在像下面的频幕截图这样登录：
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#### 在 Fedora 22-24 上安装 Xfce 桌面
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如果你想在现存 Linux 分支 Fedora 上安装 xfce 桌面，那么你可以使用下面展示的 yum 或 dnf 命令。
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```
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-------------------- 在 Fedora 22 上 --------------------
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# yum install @xfce
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-------------------- 在 Fedora 23-24 上 --------------------
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# dnf install @xfce-desktop-environment
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```
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安装 Xfce 以后，你可以从会话菜单选择 xfce 登录或者重启系统。
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如果你不再想要 Xfce 桌面留在你的系统上，那么可以使用下面的命令来卸载它：
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```
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-------------------- 在 Ubuntu 16.04 上 --------------------
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$ sudo apt purge xfce4
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$ sudo apt autoremove
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-------------------- 在 Fedora 22 上 --------------------
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# yum remove @xfce
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-------------------- 在 Fedora 23-24 上 --------------------
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# dnf remove @xfce-desktop-environment
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```
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在这个简单的入门指南中，我们讲解了如何安装最新版 Xfce 桌面的步骤，我相信这很容易掌握。如果一切进行良好，你可以享受一下使用 xfce, 作为其中一个 [best desktop environments for Linux systems][1].
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然而，如果想再次和我们联系，你可以通过下面的反馈环节并且记得始终和 Tecmint 保持联系。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/firewall/pfsense-setup-basic-configuration/
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作者：[Aaron Kili ][a]
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译者：[译者ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
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[1]: http://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/
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translated/tech/２０１６０８２８ 4 Best Linux Boot Loaders.md
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4 个最好的 Linux 引导程序
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====
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当你打开你的机器，开机自检成功完成后，BIOS（基本输入输出系统）立即定位配置引导介质，并从主引导记录（MBR）或 GUID（全局唯一标识符）分区表读取一些命令，这是引导介质的最前面 512 个字节内容。MBR（主引导记录）包含两个重要的信息集合，第一个是引导程序，第二个是分区表。
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### 什么是引导程序？
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引导程序是存储在 MBR（主引导记录）或 GUID（全局唯一标识符）分区表中的一个小程序，它可以帮助把操作系统装载到内存中。如果没有引导程序，那么你的操作系统将不能够装载到内存中。
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有一些引导程序我们可以同时安装在 Linux 系统上，在这篇文章里，我将简要地谈论几个最好的 Linux 引导程序。
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### 1. GNU GRUB
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GNU GRUB 是一个非常受欢迎并且用得最多的具有多重引导能力的 Linux 引导程序，它以原始的 Eirch Stefan Broleyn 发明的 GRUB（GRand Unified Bootlader）为基础。GNU GRUB 的到来伴随着一些改进，新的特性和漏洞修复作为原始 GRUB 程序的增强。
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重要的是，GRUB 2 现在已经取代了 GRUB。值得注意的是，GRUB 这个名字被重新命名给了 GRUB Legacy, 但没有积极发展，然而，它可以用来引导老的系统因为漏洞修复依然还在工作。
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GRUB 具有下面一些显著的特性：
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- 支持多重引导
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- 支持多重硬件结构和操作系统比如 Linux 和 Windows
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- 提供一个类似 Bash 的交互式命令行界面从而用户可以和配置文件进行交互来运行 GRUB 命令。
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- 允许访问 GRUB 编辑器。
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- 支持通过安全加密设置密码
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- 支持从由一些次要特性组成的网络进行引导
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访问主页: <https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/>
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### 2. LILO（Linux 载入程序）
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LILO 是一个简单但强大且非常稳定的 Linux 引导程序。由于 GRUB 有很大改善和增加了许多强大的特性，越来越受欢迎，因此 LILO 在 Linux 用户中已经不是很受欢迎。
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当 LILO 引导的时候，单词 "LILO" 会出现在频幕上并且每一个字母在一个特别的事件发生之前或之后出现。然而，从 2015 年 12 月开始，LILO 的发展停止了，它有许多特性比如下面列举的：
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- 不提供交互式命令行界面
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- 支持一些错误代码
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- 提供无支持的网络引导
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- 所有的文件存储在驱动的最开始 1024 个柱面上
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- 面临 BTFS, GTP, RAID 等的限制
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访问主页: <http://lilo.alioth.debian.org/>
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### 3. BURG - 新的引导程序
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以 GRUB 为基础, BURG 是一个相对来说很新的引导程序。由于 BURG 起源于 GRUB, 所以它装载有一些原始的 GRUB 特性。尽管如此, BURG 也提供了一些显著的特性，比如一种新的对象格式可以支持包括 Linux, Windows, Mac OS, FreeBSD 等多重平台。
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另外，BURG 支持高配置文本和图标模式引导菜单，stream plus 计划未来针对它进行改进从而和不同的输入输出设备一同工作。
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访问主页: <https://launchpad.net/burg>
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### 4. Syslinux
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Syslinux 是一种能从光盘驱动器、网络等进行引导的轻型引导程序。Syslinux 支持文件系统，比如 MS-DOS 上的 FAT, Linux 上的 ext2, ext3, ext4。Syslinux 也支持未压缩的单独设备 Btrfs。
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注意由于 Syslinux 仅能访问自己分区上的文件，因此不具备多重文件系统引导能力。
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访问主页: <http://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_Syslinux_Project>
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### 结论
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一个引导程序允许你在你的机器上管理多重操作系统并在特定的时间选择其中一个使用。没有引导程序，你的机器就不能狗装载内核以及剩余部分的操作系统文件。
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我们是否遗漏了任何一流的 Linux 引导程序？如果有，在下面的评论表中填入值得赞扬的 Linux 系统引导程序，从而让我们知道。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://linoxide.com/firewall/pfsense-setup-basic-configuration/
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作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
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译者：[译者ucasFL](https://github.com/ucasFL)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: http://www.tecmint.com/best-linux-boot-loaders/
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