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5
sources/10 basic examples of linux netstat command.md
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[DONING]BY FingerLiu
10 basic examples of linux netstat command
================================================================================
### Netstat ###
@ -272,7 +273,7 @@ And do leave your feedback and suggestions in the comments box below.
via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-netstat-command-examples/
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[FingerLiu](https://github.com/FingerLiu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
@ -287,4 +288,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-netstat-command-examples/
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[12]:

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Deciphering Top
================================================================================
When curious about the performance of a server, one of the first places I stop is "top". Top is not perfect, not by a long shot, but it does provide a decent point in time snapshot of the server, and attempts to answer the question of "what is going on right now?". Unfortunatly, the output of top can easily be misinterpreted if you do not have a good understanding of the different fields of data presented.
I'm not going to go through the [man page][2] for top, when you have the time and inclination it is always there waiting for you. What I would like to do is point out a few highlights of how I use it to get a quick overview of the system and hopefully get a direction I should go next. Top is often my first stop in troubleshooting, but it is rarely my only stop.
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3827/10847969205_c1b75f9fa2_m.jpg)][1]
The very first thing I look at in top is the load average, in the top right hand corner of the screen. The load average is computed based on a number of statistics gathered, but can generally be thought of as the amount of work the CPU is being asked to do. If your machine has a single CPU core, than a load average of one would mean that the machine was perfectly loaded and had sufficient power to accomplish all tasks during the time it was sampled. Likewise, if the load average is two, the single CPU machine was overloaded, and would have needed two available cores to accomplish the work it was being asked to do in the same amount of time. With todays 8, 16, and 32 core servers shipping, I need to think twice when considering the load average. If I need to check, I press "1" in top, which will drop down a list of all CPU cores so I can get a quick count for comparison.
The second item I check is the first process listed, and the ninth column over, labled "%CPU". The explanation for this column is novel:
> The task's share of the elapsed CPU time since the last screen update, expressed as a percentage of total CPU time. In a true SMP environment, if 'Irix mode' is Off, top will operate in 'Solaris mode' where a task's cpu usage will be divided by the total number of CPUs. You toggle 'Irix/Solaris' modes with the 'I' interactive command.
Clear as mud, right? The main idea to keep in mind is that if a single process has gone berzerk for one reason or antoher, it will probably show up listed first in top, with a rather extreme number for %CPU.
The next area I glance at is the "Cpu(s):" line, in the center of the header block. Specifically, I'm interested in the %us, which is user processes, %sy, for system processes, %id, which is idle time, and %wa, which is the percent of time the CPU had processes that were waiting on a response from an I/O stream to execute. This percentage should always be close to zero, and anything higher than 5% should be looked at closer.
Lastly, I like to check the system up time, shown in the top left hand corner. If I'm having problems with a server, and the server was recently rebooted, there may be a correlation there, perhaps a daemon that didn't start.
All of these checks take only a few seconds. I may leave top running for a few minutes and watch the processes, CPU, and load if I'm just observing, but normally I'm in and out of top fairly quickly. Top is one of those fantastic sysadmin tools that is built to give you a quick overview of the health of your system, and allow you to quickly diagnose potential problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[1]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/51724787@N06/10847969205/
[2]:http://www.linuxmanpages.com/man1/top.1.php

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Five Examples Of The ping Utility
================================================================================
### What is ping Utility? ###
Before going through some real world examples of the ping utility, let me explain what this commandline tool is and its purpose. The ping utility is used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. Its names comes from the active sonar method which is used to create a pulse of sound (ping) under the water and listening to echo requests from surrounding objects. This method is the best way to explain how the network ping utility works. The ping utility sends echo requests to a host and waits for an ICMP response.
Some Examples Of The ping Utility In Practice:
### Find Out The Ip Address Of A Host ###
Sometimes you need the ip address of a host, you can use the ping tool like shown in Figure 1. Just type the ping command and after it type the hostname.
ping www.omgubuntu.com
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping1.png)
### Find Out The Version Of The ping Utility You Are Using ###
The -V flag can be used to find out which version of the ping tool you have. Type the following command and it will display the current version of the ping utility.
ping -V
As you can see from Figure 2, I am using ping utility, iputils-sss20101006.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping2.png)
### Exit Pinging ###
When you ping a machine with the ‘ping host’ command, pinging doesn’t stop and you have to pres CTRL+C to stop it, or you can use the -c (count) option to send a specified number of packets. When using the -c option, after the number of packets specified by the network admin (user whatever) is sent, the pinging process stops automatically instead of pressing CTRL+C.
ping -c 13 127.0.0.1
The above command is used to send 13 packets to my localhost.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping3.png)
As you can see from Figure 3 i did not press CTRL+C to exit pinging,it stopped automatically.
### Specify The Interval Between Packets ###
Did you know that ping sends a packet every second? Do you like to speed up or slow down? The -i option can be used to specify the interval between packets. Use the following commands to send packets very fast or very slow.
### Send A Packet Every 0.13 Seconds ###
ping -i 0.13
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping4.png)
### Send A Packet Every 13 Seconds ###
ping -i 13
### Combine the -i option with -c option ###
ping -c 13 -i 3
It will take 39 seconds to send 13 packets with the specified interval of 3 seconds.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ping6.png)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.unixmen.com/five-examples-ping-utility/
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How to create desktop shortcut or launcher on Linux
================================================================================
If you have a program you use regularly on Linux desktop, you may want to create a "desktop shortcut", so you can launch the program by simply clicking on the shortcut. While most GUI programs automatically create their desktop shortcut during installation, some GUI programs or terminal applications may require you to set up associated shortcuts manually.
In this tutorial, I will describe **how to create a desktop shortcut or launcher on various Linux desktops**.
A desktop shortcut is represented by a corresponding .desktop file which contains meta information of a given app (e.g., name of the app, launch command, location of icon file, etc.). Desktop shortcut files are placed in **/usr/share/applications** or **~/.local/share/applications**. The former directory stores desktop shortcuts that are available for every user, while the latter folder contains shortcuts created for a particular user only.
### Create a Desktop Shortcut From the Command Line ###
To manually create a desktop shortcut for a particular program or command, you can create a .desktop file using any text editor, and place it in either /usr/share/applications or ~/.local/share/applications. A typical .desktop file looks like the following.
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Version=1.0 # version of an app.
Name[en_US]=yEd # name of an app.
GenericName=GUI Port Scanner # longer name of an app.
Exec=java -jar /opt/yed-3.11.1/yed.jar # command used to launch an app.
Terminal=false # whether an app requires to be run in a terminal.
Icon[en_US]=/opt/yed-3.11.1/icons/yicon32.png # location of icon file.
Type=Application # type.
Categories=Application;Network;Security; # categories in which this app should be listed.
Comment[en_US]=yEd Graph Editor # comment which appears as a tooltip.
Besides manually create .desktop file, there are various desktop-specific ways to create an application shortcut, which I am going to cover in the rest of the tutorial.
### Create a Desktop Shortcut on GNOME Desktop ###
In GNOME desktop, you can use gnome-desktop-item-edit to configure a desktop shortcut easily.
$ gnome-desktop-item-edit ~/.local/share/applications --create-new
In this example, gnome-desktop-item-edit will automatically create a desktop launcher file in ~/.local/share/applications. To customize icon location and other info, you may have to edit the .desktop file manually afterward.
If gnome-desktop-item-edit is not available (e.g., on Ubuntu), you can install it as follows.
$ sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends gnome-panel
### Create a Desktop Shortcut on KDE Desktop ###
kickoff is the default application launcher in KDE desktop. Adding a new application shortcut to kickoff is straightforward.
First right-click on kickoff icon located at the left bottom corner of your desktop, and then choose "Edit Applications" menu.
[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2839/10848506344_7949638fe0.jpg)][1]
Click on an appropriate category (e.g., "Utilities") under which you want to create a shortcut, and click on "New Item" button on the top. Type in the name of the app.
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7459/10848418496_ac6de897fe_z.jpg)][2]
Finally, fill in the meta information of the app being launched by the shortcut.
[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7347/10848506284_18c8d9234d_z.jpg)][3]
### Create a Desktop Shortcut on Xfce Desktop ###
If you are on Xfce desktop, right-click on the desktop background, and then select "Create Launcher" menu. Then fill out the details of the shortcut.
### Create a Desktop Shortcut on Cinnamon Desktop ###
If you are on Linux Mint Cinnamon desktop, you can create an application launcher by right-clicking on the desktop background, and selecting "Create Launcher" menu.
### Create a Desktop Shortcut on LXDE Desktop ###
On LXDE desktop, simply right click on the desktop background, and choose "Create New Shortcut".
[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3725/10848922593_441ed98174.jpg)][4]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/create-desktop-shortcut-launcher-linux.html
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[1]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848506344/
[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848418496/
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848506284/
[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10848922593/

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sources/Linux Desktop In The Enterprise--Ubuntu Vs. Windows.md
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Translating by l3b2w1
Linux Desktop In The Enterprise: Ubuntu Vs. Windows
================================================================================
The "year of the Linux desktop" has been prophesied by Linux supporters almost every year for the last decade. This was once a lofty goal in the Microsoft-dominated enterprise, but times are changing. Linux has grown into a formidable competitor in the smartphone and cloud computing markets, which has caught Microsoft off guard. More importantly, Google, IBM, Red Hat, Facebook, and Netflix have made huge investments into Linux innovations.
Now, with shrinking technology budgets and rising Microsoft licensing fees, it's time for IT to seriously consider desktop Linux deployment as an alternative to Windows. The timing for this couldn't be better: Windows 8.1 was just released, as was the latest version of Ubuntu, 13.10. Windows XP has just five months of support left, so companies need to make the switch to something new. Ubuntu may just have what companies need to support their desktop OS needs. I'll look at various considerations for making the Linux desktop switch, including training and support, as well as potential complications.
I know that Ubuntu has lost some of the favor it once enjoyed in the open source community. Canonical, the creators of Ubuntu, have made some unpopular choices, including changing the display manager -- the base component of the graphical interface in Linux-- to the internally developed Mir instead of Wayland. However, Ubuntu remains completely open source and offers the most painless install of any Linux distribution or even Windows version, for that matter. Canonical also offers paid support, which may be needed in enterprise environments.
There has always been the argument that end users will need retraining if they switch over to a new desktop interface. Microsoft's controversial decision to overhaul the familiar interface for Windows 8.1 now requires just as much training as switching to Linux. Ubuntu's Unity desktop has evolved into a user friendly interface that is arguably more easily understood by end users than Windows 8.1.
For example, compare how a user shuts down the system in each operating system. In all recent versions of Ubuntu, it starts with one click in the right corner of the screen, where the symbol for on-off is located. A menu drops down and one more click shuts down the machine. Windows 8.1 requires a right-click on the Start button, where a menu drops down allowing for a shutdown. This was a vast improvement over Windows 8, which required a trip to the charms bar, but still not as obvious as an icon located directly on the screen.
End-user training for applications is a less complex task nowadays, thanks to the Windows versions of many popular open source applications. Users may already be familiar with Firefox, LibreOffice, Pidgin, and VLC Media Player on Windows. Commercial applications used in business, such as Skype and Adobe Acrobat, function just like their Windows equivalents. Cloud-based applications such as Google Drive or Microsoft Office 365 work well on Ubuntu.
Legacy Windows applications can be accessed through the familiar Citrix client or open source RDP clients. Companies also can use open source virtualization products such as VirtualBox to run the most stubborn legacy Windows applications.
On the support front, many technicians will remember the earlier days of Linux when hardware support was extremely limited. That simply is not the case anymore.
Linux hardware support is oftentimes better than the latest versions of Windows. Many hardware vendors have been dropping driver support for newer versions of Windows. The open source drivers in Linux can be kept up to date by anyone in the developer community, so a lot of older hardware is fully supported in the latest versions of Ubuntu. This fact, plus Ubuntu's lower system requirements, will allow companies to extend the life of hardware once destined for the recycling bin.
While there are upsides to a Linux desktop replacement program, there are some potential difficulties companies should consider. While many technicians have already been using Linux or will be motivated by the prospect of learning new skills, there also will be technicians who have spent a lot of time developing a comfort level managing Windows and may be reluctant to embrace the change.
Citing salary trends is one way to address this potential issue. The salaries of positions with Linux skills requirements are rising at nearly double the rate of other technical professionals, according to Dice.
Companies under stringent compliance requirements may have difficulties switching over to Linux. For example, HIPAA requires encryption that meets FIPS-140-2 requirements. Most open source encryption projects do not have sponsors to get them through the NIST certification to meet this requirement. Open source may actually be more secure than proprietary software because of the number of people that have reviewed the source code, but surprisingly that doesn't matter in the world of compliance.
Businesses need to understand their compliance requirements and develop a plan for training IT staff before deciding to move forward with a full conversion. But overall, Ubuntu Linux has matured into a viable alternative to proprietary operating systems in the enterprise. The effort companies put into a Linux desktop replacement program will be worth the savings in licensing fees. Next year may finally be the “year of the Linux desktop.”
> Joseph Granneman has more than 20 years of technology experience, primarily focused in health care information technology. He is CIO for Rockford Orthopedic Associates in Rockford, Ill., and an active independent author, presenter and professor in the health care information technology and information security fields. Granneman has been active in many standards groups, including developing the early frameworks for Health Information Exchange as part of the Health Information Security and Privacy Security Working Group for Illinois. He was also a volunteer for the Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT) Security Working Group, which developed the information security standards for ARRA certification of electronic medical records.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/linux-desktop-in-the-enterprise-ubuntu-v/240163564
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翻译中 by Linux-pdz
Recoll: Text Search Tool For Unix And Linux Desktops
================================================================================
[Recoll][1] is a text search tool for Unix and Linux desktops. Recoll finds keywords inside documents as well as file names.
Recoll will do the following for you.
- It can search any document format.
- Supports wild card characters.
- Search based on files author, type, size and format etc.
- will search on all storage places such as files, archive members, email attachments etc.
- supports Desktop and Website integration
- Firefox extension is available to index visited web pages history.
- One click will open the document inside a native editor or display a text preview.
- The software is free, open source, and licensed under the GPL.
### Install Recoll On Ubuntu / Linux Mint ###
Recoll is available in the Ubuntu repositories, However it is better to add Recoll repository and install the latest version.
Add Recoll repository using command:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:recoll-backports/recoll-1.15-on
Update the package list with command:
sudo apt-get update
Now install Recoll using the following command.
sudo apt-get install recoll
For other distros, see the [download page][2] to download and install it from source.
### Launch Recoll ###
Recoll can be launched either from Dash or Menu.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Menu_0014.jpg)
At first launch, you’ll be asked to do indexing your whole home directory. This will take a while depending upon the size of your Home directory and no of files you have. Press the Start indexing now button.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Recoll_002.jpg)
Also you can adjust the indexing configuration and indexing schedule, if you want to more control of indexing. To do so, simply click on the Indexing configuration or Indexing schedule links. If you want to do it later, you can access these tools from the Preferences menu.
Once the indexing is done, you can start searching files/folders. The result will be displayed according to the exact relevancy and with a small snippet of the matched content.
### Configuration ###
As i noted above, you can adjust the Recoll indexing function if you want more control.
There are two configuration sections in the Recoll tool.
1. Index configuration
2. Index schedule
Let us see a short description of above sections.
**Index Configuration** is the section where you want to include directories or exclude the paths from indexing. By default Home directory will be included in the index. You can just remove and add some specific directory(s) for indexing.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/home-sk-.recoll-_003.jpg)
Also you can define the web history queue and the max size of the web store.
**Index schedule** is the section where you want to define a schedule to automate batch indexing runs, or start real time indexing when you log in.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Index-scheduling-setup_004.jpg)
Recoll supports two indexing schedule:
**Cron Scheduling** – decides at what time indexing should run and installs the crontab entry.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Cron-Dialog_006.jpg)
As per the above screenshot, the recoll cron job will run on every day at 12 am. After setting up the cron job, click enable to make it active.
**Real time indexing start up** – decide if real time indexing will be started when you log in.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Real-time-indexing-automatic-start_007.jpg)
By enabling this option, the recoll daemon will start on every reboot. Be mindful that this settings is applicable only for default index.
### Basic Search ###
Hope you knew enough about Recoll now. It is time to search some files/folders. The beauty of this application is it finds keywords inside documents as well as file names.
In the Recoll interface, enter the search term(query) on the top right search box and click Search button.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Recoll_008.jpg)
As you see in the above picture, the result will be displayed with exact relevant contents, a small snippet and preview option of the matched contents. You can directly open the searched file by clicking on the Open button or preview it before opening using the Preview button.
Also you can filter the results according to their categories such as “media”, “message”, “other”, “presentation”, “spreadsheet” and “text” etc. Moreover you can choose the search results that should match “Any term”, “All terms”, “File name” or “Query language”.
### Advanced Search ###
Click the Advanced Search icon on the Menu bar or go to **Tools -> Advanced Search**. This will open a new window. From here you’ll be able to search more advanced with clauses. For example i am searching for files that contains matches keyword as “hp” and filename as “storage”.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Advanced-search_010.jpg)
This will find and displays the files that contains the keyword as “hp” and file name as “storage”.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Recoll_012.jpg)
### Unity Desktop And Website Integration ###
This application supports desktop and website integration. If you want to integrate this with your Ubuntu Unity desktop, install **recoll-lens** with following command.
sudo apt-get install recoll-lens
Please note that the Lens is limited to showing at most 20 results. If you want get more than 20 search results, edit **rclsearch.py**, change the “**if actual_results >= 20:**” line.
If you are using Firefox browser and want to search the website history that you visit everyday, you can use [this firefox extension][3]. This extension works together with Recoll to index the websites that you visit all day. After installing this extension, enable it from the Web history tab of Recoll Index Configuration.
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/home-sk-.recoll-_013.jpg)
All Linux distributions has built-in search function in their file manager to find files/folders as easy as possible. For those who aren’t not happy with the built-in search functionality and looking for an advanced text search tool, then Recoll is a worth trying tool. For me, this tool is lot easier and more powerful for basic and as well as advanced searches.
Cheers!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.unixmen.com/recoll-text-searching-tool-linux-desktops/
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[1]:http://www.recoll.org/
[2]:http://www.lesbonscomptes.com/recoll/download.html
[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/recollfirefox/

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Suse Linux Enterprise expands regular support to 10 years
================================================================================
**Suse expands general support on customer requests**
Suse Linux Enterprise (SLE) version 11 and up will come with 10 years of general support instead of the seven years offered up to now, in a move that matches services from competitors.
"We will move to a new life cycle of Suse Linux Enterprise," said Nils Brauckmann, president and general manager for Suse, during his keynote at the Susecon 2013 conference in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. A [video][1] of the keynote was posted on YouTube.
"Suse Linux Enterprise 11 is the first major version to receive 10 years of general support followed by 3 years of extended support (LTSS). We consider this the new standard Suse Linux Enterprise life cycle going forward, covering versions 12 and on as well," said Gerald Pfeifer, senior director of Suse product management and operations, in an email Wednesday. Suse sells open-source Linux software to businesses.
Suse offers different packages for extended support. Extending the support to 13 years will cost US$60,000 for up to 100 servers and $80,000 for up to 500 servers, said Pfeifer. Support for an unlimited number of servers can be extended for $125,000 he said, adding that these are standard prices that Suse has been using for several years.
By moving from a seven-plus-three-year support cycle to a 10-plus-three-year support cycle, customers get more time under general support, Brauckmann said during his keynote. The decision to increase the support cycle was made a couple of weeks ago and is a direct reaction to customer requests, he added.
Suse's general support extension follows Red Hat's move in January last year to extend the life cycle of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 5 and 6 from seven to 10 years, in response to enterprise customer demand.
Oracle Linux, which is based on RHEL, expanded its life cycle support from eight to 10 years in February last year. CentOS, an Enterprise Linux distribution that is based on a rebuild of RHEL, has also been offering 10-year support as a standard for a while.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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[1]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0W4izFu_WM

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Translating----------------geekpi
21 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 17
================================================================================
![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.605/)
Aloha! This next article will cover various drivers.
First, the "virtio console" is a virtual console that is used with hypervisors.
The "IPMI top-level message handler" is a message manager for the IPMI system. IPMI stands for Intelligent Platform Management Interface. IPMI is an interface for managing the system via network without using a shell.
"/dev/nvram support" permits the system to read and write memory in the real time clock's memory. Generally, this feature is used for saving data during a power loss.
The next driver supports the Siemens R3964 packet protocol (Siemens R3964 line discipline). This is a device-to-device protocol.
Now, we can move on to PCMCIA character devices. However, most of the drivers here are vendor/device specific.
The RAW driver allows block devices to be bound to the device files /dev/raw/rawN (RAW driver (/dev/raw/rawN)). The advantage to this is efficient zero-copy. However, most software will still prefer to access the storage through /dev/sd** or /dev/hd**.
Next, the maximum number of RAW devices can be supported is set.
The following driver makes the device file /dev/hpet (HPET - High Precision Event Timer).
NOTE: Many of you may be wondering why enabling these device file matter. Well, these device files serve as an interface between the software and hardware.
The HPET timers can be mapped with this driver (Allow mmap of HPET). Mapping is the process of making a list of address in memory of devices and files. The files can then be found faster by getting the address from the memory and then commanding the hard-drive to get the data from the address.
The "Hangcheck timer" is used to detect whether of not the system has locked-up.
This timer watches for locked-up processes. As soon as a process freezes, a timer starts. After the timer goes off, if the process has not restarted or closed, then the timer will force the process to close.
Linus Torvalds Quote: Portability is for people who cannot write new programs.
The TPM security chip that uses Trusted Computing Group's specification will need this driver (TPM Hardware Support).
Now, we can move on to I2C devices. I2C stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit and is spoken as "eye two see". However, some people say "eye squared see". I2C is a serial bus standard.
Some old software used I2C adapters as class devices, but software now does not do that (Enable compatibility bits for old user-space). So, this driver will offer backwards compatibility for older software.
Next, the I2C device files can be made (I2C device interface).
I2C can support multiplexing with this driver (I2C bus multiplexing support).
I2C can support GPIO-controlled multiplexing with this driver (GPIO-based I2C multiplexer).
Various tests can be performed on I2C and SMBus with this driver for developers (I2C/SMBus Test Stub).
The I2C system will produce debugging messages with this feature enabled (I2C Core debugging messages).
The next driver produces additional I2C debugging messages (I2C Algorithm debugging messages).
Linus Torvalds Quote: The main reason there are no raw devices [in Linux] is that I personally think that raw devices are a stupid idea.
The following driver will cause the I2C drivers to produce debugging messages (I2C Bus debugging messages).
Next, we have Serial Peripheral Interface support (SPI support). SPI is a synchronous serial protocol used on SPI buses.
After that, there is a driver for High speed synchronous Serial Interface support (HSI support). HSI is a synchronous serial protocol.
PPS can also be supported by the Linux kernel (PPS support).
The "IP-over-InfiniBand" driver allows IP packets to be transported over InfiniBand.
After that, there is a debugging driver for IP-over-InfiniBand (IP-over-InfiniBand debugging).
SCSI's RDMA protocol can also travel over InfiniBand (InfiniBand SCSI RDMA Protocol).
There is also an extension for the iSCSI protocol to transmit over InfiniBand (iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER)).
Sometimes, errors occur in the core system that the whole system must know (EDAC (Error Detection And Correction) reporting). This driver sends the core errors to the system. Generally, such low-level errors are reported in the processor and then seen by this driver to let other system processes know about or handle the error.
This driver provides legacy support for EDAC to use older versions of sysfs (EDAC legacy sysfs).
EDAC can be set to send debugging information to the logging system of Linux (Debugging).
Linus Torvalds Quote: Nobody actually creates perfect code the first time around, except me.
The Machine Check Exceptions (MCEs) are converted to a readable form via this driver (Decode MCEs in human-readable form (only on AMD for now)).
MCEs are hardware errors detected by the CPU. MCEs usually trigger kernel panics.
The decoding process for MCE to a readable form can be injected to test error handling (Simple MCE injection interface over /sysfs).
The next driver allows errors to be detected in memory and then corrected (Main Memory EDAC (Error Detection And Correction) reporting).
Next, there are many drivers that detect and correct errors on specific hardware sets.
Linus Torvalds Quote: Theory and practice sometimes clash. And when that happens, theory loses. Every single time.
Now, we can move on to the "Real Time Clock". This is commonly abbreviated "RTC". The RTC keeps track of time.
![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/rtc-png.606/)
The next setting allows us to make the Linux system use the time from the RTC as the time on the "wall clock" (Set system time from RTC on startup and resume). The wall clock is the clock on the desktop or the time seen using the "date" command.
Alternately, the wall clock can get the time from an NTP server and then sync with the RTC (Set the RTC time based on NTP synchronization).
Some systems have more than one RTC, so the user must set which is the default (RTC used to set the system time).
It is best to make the first one (/dev/rtc0) the primary clock.
Debugging abilities can be set for the RTC system (RTC debug support).
The RTC can use various interfaces for giving the operating system the current time. Using sysfs will require this driver (/sys/class/rtc/rtcN (sysfs)) while using proc will require this driver (/proc/driver/rtc (procfs for rtcN)). Special RTC character devices can be made and used (/dev/rtcN (character devices)). The shell command "hwclock" uses /dev/rtc, so the RTC character devices are needed.
The next driver allows interrupts of the RTC to be emulated on the /dev/ interface (RTC UIE emulation on dev interface). This driver reads the clock time and allows the new time to be retrieved from /dev/.
The RTC system can be tested with the test driver (Test driver/device).
Next, we will discuss the Direct Memory Access system.
DMA is the process of hardware accessing the memory independently of the processor. DMA increases system performance because the processor will have less to do if the hardware is performing more tasks for itself. Otherwise, the hardware would be waiting for the processor to complete the task.
The debugging engine is for debugging the DMA system (DMA Engine debugging).
Next, there are many vendor/device specific drivers for DMA support.
Some DMA controllers support big endian reading and writing with this driver (Use big endian I/O register access).
Big endian refers to the arrangement of the binary code. The number system used in English speaking countries places the largest end of the number on the left. For example, in the number 17, the most left numbers place is the tens place which is larger than the ones place. In big endian, each byte is arranged with the largest portion on the left. A byte is eight bits. Example: 10110100. Each place has a value of 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1 respectively. So the byte mentioned converts to the decimal number 180.
The DMA system can use the network to reduce CPU usage (Network: TCP receive copy offload).
The "DMA Test Client" is used for testing the DMA system.
In the next article, we will discuss the display/video drivers. Mahalo!
REFERENCE: The quotes from Linus Torvalds came from this site: [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds][1]
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[1]:http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds

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Ubuntu vs. openSUSE: Weighing different styles of corporate control
================================================================================
*Ubuntu and openSUSE approach their Linux distros in much different ways. Which do you prefer?*
It's no secret that a rather large portion of Linux development is funded by companies with a financial interest in seeing Linux be improved. (And, by "Linux," I mean "All the various pieces and parts that make up a complete Linux-based system.") But there is a pretty major difference between how various companies go about that.
Let's take a look at two high-profile examples: Ubuntu and openSUSE.
Both are distributions of Linux. Both are large, long-standing and highly successful projects with a large community of both volunteers and paid workers. Yet the difference between the two is fairly extreme, and highly important.
For Ubuntu, the primary direction is set by the team at Canonical and its head-master, Mark Shuttleworth. Examples such as Unity (Ubuntu's in-house user interface) and Mir (Ubuntu's in-house display server) quickly jump to mind when talking about how Canonical really “steers the ship” of Ubuntu. Goals, projects and priorities put into place by the parent company are, in many cases, simply non-negotiable (so to speak). Ubuntu's Unity user interface, for example, was a must-have for Canonical as it was part of their broader strategy. Some community members love it. Some hate it. But, either way, it's happening.
But is that bad? I'm not really convinced that it is either good or bad. It's simply how it is with that particular project and company.
Contrast that with openSUSE, who also has a "corporate master" in the form of, well, SUSE. The key difference there being that SUSE has a commercial offering in the form of "SUSE Linux Enterprise." And, while there is a great deal of technical overlap between openSUSE (the community Linux distro) and SUSE Linux Enterprise (the commercial offering)...the two are not, technically, the same.
Which means that SUSE, as a company, can afford to take a more “hands-off” approach to working with openSUSE. Sure, they have a vested interest in seeing key bits of technology (such as, say, Btrfs) be improved, tested and packaged with the community distro – as they may wish to include it in the commercial offering – but the separation between the community and commercial systems provides them with a bit more flexibility, in this regard, than Canonical presently has.
This is similar to the way Red Hat works with the Fedora project, and seems to be a generally successful approach as a mechanism for a company that sells enterprise-level Linux systems to utilize a community Linux distro as a foundation.
I'll be honest. I see benefits and drawbacks to both models. Both have their challenges in terms of organization and management (and public perception). And, in all reality, there is more in common than not with the two approaches.
I'd love to hear your thoughts on this. Do you prefer to have a singular captain at the helm of your community-based Linux distro (sort of a "benevolent dictator")? Or do like the big decisions of your Linux distro to be a bit more community-driven? Should companies behind a given flavor of Linux rule with an iron fist, or be more hands-off? Leave your thoughts in the comments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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如何在Ubuntu13.10中安装最新版的NVIDIA驱动
如何在Ubuntu13.10中安装最新版的NVIDIA 331.20驱动
===
**有时候新版本的NVIDIA驱动安装会成为一个问题，尤其是你不习惯Linux系统中事情运作的方式时。**
**有时候安装新版本的NVIDIA驱动会遇到一些麻烦，尤其是当你不习惯Linux系统中的运作方式时。**
![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Install-the-Latest-NVIDIA-331-20-Drivers-in-Ubuntu-13-10-399182-2.jpg)
在这个手册中将教给大家的，帮助普通用户也能用最新的NVIDIA驱动331.20中获益。
这时候，这篇教程就能起到作用了，它能帮助普通用户从最新版的NVIDIA驱动331.20中获益。
在Ubuntu系统中有许多方法安装NVIDIA驱动，有容易的也有困难的方法。容易的方法也是最为直截了当的，但是你需要能够连接网络。这种方法也会把你带入PPA的美妙世界中去。
在Ubuntu系统中有两种方法安装NVIDIA驱动，一种是简单方法，另一种是困难方法。简单方法也是最为直截了当的，但是需要你能够连接网络。这种方法也会把你带入PPA的美妙世界中去。
Ubuntu 13.10像它的前辈们一样，有一个很大的软件仓库可供使用，但是Canonical的开发者们由于种种考虑并不上传最新版的驱动。其中考虑最多的是开发者们担心最新版的驱动可能不够稳定。
Ubuntu 13.10像它的前辈们一样，有一个很大的软件仓库可供使用，但是Canonical的开发者们由于种种考虑并不上传最新版的驱动。最重要的是他们不会冒险去上传一款未被证明其稳定性的软件。
幸运的是，我们有PPA可供使用，PPA中有最新版的驱动程序可供使用，而且里面的驱动会在官方放出新驱动一两天后就添加进去。只需在终端中敲入一下命令即可（当然你需要拥有root权限）：
@ -17,31 +17,31 @@ Ubuntu 13.10像它的前辈们一样，有一个很大的软件仓库可供使
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-331
假如你已经安装了一个老版本的驱动，你需要用**sudo apt-get dist-upgrade**命令替换上面命令中的最后一条命令。
假如你已经安装了一个旧版本的驱动，你需要用**sudo apt-get dist-upgrade**命令替换上面命令中的最后一条命令。
完成这些步骤之后重启你的电脑，新驱动就安装好了。在下一次NVIDIA更新驱动时，你就不用再添加PPA而只需更新系统就可以了。
完成这些步骤之后重启你的电脑，新驱动就安装好了。在下一次NVIDIA更新驱动时，你只需更新系统就可以，无需添加PPA。
第二种方法有点复杂，但是你可以不需联网（你需要先把驱动下载下来，但是你在安装的时候不再需要联网）。我们将使用64位版本的驱动最为例子讲解。
第二种方法有点复杂，但是你可以不用联网（你需要先把驱动下载下来，在安装的时候不再需要联网）。我们将使用64位版本的驱动最为例子讲解。
你必须按Ctrl+Alt+F1组合键进入真正的终端（译注：原文中为虚拟终端，但实际上按这个组合键进入的是真正的终端），然后使用用户名和密码登陆。接下俩，你需要用cd命令进入你放置驱动的位置（例如下载目录）然后输入以下命令：
你必须按Ctrl+Alt+F1组合键进入真正的终端（译注：原文中为虚拟终端，但实际上按这个组合键进入的是真正的终端），然后使用用户名和密码登录。接下俩，你需要用cd命令进入你放置驱动的位置（例如Downloads目录）然后输入以下命令：
sudo service lightdm stop
sudo chmod a+x NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-331.20.run
sudo ./NVIDIA-Linux-x86_64-331.20.run
sudo reboot
这样就搞定了。无论你选择使用什么方法，享受你的最新版的NVIDIA驱动吧。
这样就搞定了。无论你选择使用什么方法，享受最新版的NVIDIA驱动吧。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-the-Latest-NVIDIA-331-20-Drivers-in-Ubuntu-13-10-399182.shtml
译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
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Linux企业级桌面版：Ubuntu Vs Windows
================================================================================
过去的10年中，Linux的众多支持者几乎每年都预言当年会是“linux桌面版之年”。对微软主导的企业来说，这曾经是一个崇高的目标，但时代在变。在智能手机和云计算市场领域，Linux已经发展壮大成为一个顽强的竞争对手，打了微软一个措手不及。更重要的是，Google，IBM，Red Hat，Facebook, 还有Netflix等公司正在对linux的研发创新投入巨资。
现在， 随着技术预算缩水，微软授权费上涨，IT界是时候应该认真考虑一下了，部署桌面版Linux，替代Windows。这是个最佳时机，Windows 8.1刚发布，Ubuntu 13.10也同时发布。对Windows XP的支持也只剩下5个月时间。IT公司需要切换到新的环境。Ubuntu利用公司的需求来支持他们桌面版操作系统的需求。
我会考虑几个促成向桌面版linux转换的因素，包括培训和支持，还有一些潜在的复杂性问题。
我知道Ubuntu已经失去了它曾经在开源社区享有的青睐。Canonical，Ubuntu的开创者，做出了几个不受欢迎的决策，包括改变屏幕管理器 -- linux图形界面的基本组件 -- 用内部开发的Mir替换掉Wayland。然而，Ubuntu的仍然是完全开源的，并提供任何Linux发行版甚至Windows版本的软件，安装起来最为省事。
Canonical还提供付费支持，这可能是企业级环境所需要的。
一直存在这样的争论，如果切换到一个新的桌面的话，最终用户需要再培训。微软做出了争议性决策，针对Windows 8.1，对熟悉的界面全面整改，这种举措造成的影响就是，转向linux需要更多的培训。 Ubuntu Unity 桌面已经演变为用户友好的界面，比之Windows 8.1，更易于被终端用户所理解。
例如，比较一下用户在各个操作系统中关闭系统的方式。所有最近的Ubuntu版本，关闭系统只需点击一下屏幕右上角打开-关闭的图标。Windows 8.1则需要右击开始按钮，然后出现一个下拉菜单，从中找到关闭电源的选项。相较于Windows 8，这是个巨大的进步。Windows 8还得费劲去找相关的入口。总不如屏幕上只需一个图标来得直接。
多亏了许多流行的开源应用的Windows版本，对使用这些应用软件的终端用户的培训过也不是什么复杂的任务。用户已经熟悉了Windows上的Firefox, LibreOffice, Pidgin, 以及VLC媒体播放器。用于商业的应用，比如Skype和Adobe Acrobat，功能实现跟Windows上的基本相同。基于云的应用，比如Google Drive 和 Microsoft Office 365，在Ubuntu上都可以正常使用。
传统的Windows应用程序可以通过熟悉的Citrix或者开源RDP的客户端获取。公司可以使用开源的虚拟产品，比如VirtualBox，运行一些顽固的老掉牙的Windows应用。
On the support front, many technicians will remember the earlier days of Linux when hardware support was extremely limited. That simply is not the case anymore.
前端支持上，许多技术人员还记得，在Linux刚刚起步的那些时日，硬件支持极其有限。如今形势已经转变了。
如今对Linux的硬件支持通常比对最新的Windows版本的支持还要理想。许多硬件供应商已经放弃了对Windows新版本的驱动支持。Linux下的硬件驱动可以由开源社区的任何一个人维护更新，因此最新版Ubuntu都支持许多旧的硬件。有基于此，再加上Ubuntu较低的系统需求，公司可以延长都已经进了回收站的硬件的使用寿命。
虽然Linux的桌面替代品存在它的优势，但是企业也应该考虑到一些潜在的困难。尽管许多技术人员正在使用linux，也为学习新的技术而欢欣鼓舞，但是仍有一部分技术人员用Windows进行开发工作很长时间了，已经习惯了，再去拥抱新的变化，对他们来说,或许不是那么得情愿。
援引薪酬的走向是一个解决潜在的问题的办法。相比于其他专业技术人员，Linux技能要求的职位薪酬上涨近一倍的速度，来自Dice的说法。
对严格遵守协议的公司来说，切换到Linux可能会遇到困难。例如，HIPAA要求加密，以满足FIPS-140-2的要求。大多数开源加密项目没有赞助商帮助他们通过NIST认证以满足这一要求。开源代码实际上可能因为有许多人已审查，会比专有软件更安全，但令人惊讶的是，在协议的世界中，这一点无关紧要。
在决定全面迁移之前，企业需要了解他们的规则要求，并制定一个计划，培训IT人员。但总体而言，相比于企业级私有操作系统， 作为一个切实可行的选择，Ubuntu Linux已然成熟。考虑到版权费用的花销，公司在Linux桌面替换项目中的投入是值得的。下一年或许就是“linux桌面版之年”。
> Joseph Granneman拥有超过20年的技术经验，主要专注于医疗信息技术。他是罗克福德，伊利诺伊州罗克福德骨科协会的CIO，医疗保健信息技术和信息安全领域一个活跃的独立作家，主持人和教授。Granneman一直活跃在许多的组织群体，包括发展健康信息交换的早期框架，该框架是卫生伊利诺斯州的保健信息安全和隐私安全工作组的一部分。他也是健康信息技术认证委员会（CCHIT）安全工作组的一名志愿者，该工作组负责制定ARRA认证的电子病历信息安全标准。
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Recoll:针对Unix和Linux桌面的文本搜索工具
===
[Recoll][1]是一个Unix和Linux桌面的文本搜索工具。Recoll可以既可以搜索文件名还可以搜索文件内的关键字。
Recoll可以为你做到以下这些。
- 它可以搜索任何格式的文件
- 支持通配符
- 可以搜索依据文件的作者、类型、大小和格式等条件进行搜索
- 可以搜索存储在任何位置的文件，例如文件、归档文件、邮件附件等
- 支持桌面和网站集成
- 火狐插件可以支持索引web页的历史
- 点击一下搜索结果就可以在本地编辑器内打开或者显示预览
- 它是自由开源的，在GPL许可下发布
###在Ubuntu/Linux Mint上安装Recoll
Recoll在Ubuntu仓库里可以找到。然而，最好添加Recoll的仓库以便安装最新版本。
使用命令添加Recoll仓库：
sudo add-apt-repository
使用命令更新软件源：
sudo apt-get update
现在就可以使用下面的命令安装Recoll。
sudo apt-get install recoll
对于其它的发行版，可以去[下载页面][2]下载源代码并编译安装。
###启动Recoll
Recoll可以从Dash或者菜单中启动。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Menu_0014.jpg)
第一次启动时，你需要索引整个家目录。依据你家目录里储存的东西的多少这将需要多少不等的时间。按下**Start indexing now**按钮开始索引。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Recoll_002.jpg)
假如你想更多的自定义索引，可以调整索引配置和索引计划。要做到这一点，只需要点击一下**Indexing configuration**或者**Indexing schedule**链接。假如你要稍后再去配置，你可以在首选项菜单里配置这些选项。
一旦索引完成，你就可以搜索文件/文件夹了。结果将根据相关性和匹配的一小部分内容而展现。
###配置
正如上面我提到的，假如你想更多的控制索引的细节，你可以调节Recoll的索引功能。
在Recoll的工具中有两个配置项
1.索引配置
2.索引计划
让我们来看一下上面这两个的简短描述。
**索引配置**可以让你索引时决定包含哪些目录以及排除哪些目录。默认情况下索引时将包含整个家目录。你可以在这儿从索引中添加或移除目录。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/home-sk-.recoll-_003.jpg)
你也可以决定web历史记录索引以及储存web页面的最大容量。
**index schedule**则是可以让制定一个计划以便于进行自动索引或者当你登陆如系统后就进行实时索引。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Index-scheduling-setup_004.jpg)
Recoll支持两种索引计划：
**Cron任务** - 决定什么时候开始运行以及写入Crontab键值。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Cron-Dialog_006.jpg)
以上这个屏幕截图中，Recoll的cron任务会在每天上午12点的时候执行。设置完cron任务后，点击enable键激活它就可以咯。
**开启实时索引** - 决定是否当你登陆入系统后进行实时索引。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Real-time-indexing-automatic-start_007.jpg)
激活这一选项，recoll的守护程序都会随系统启动。要注意的是这一选项只有在默认索引设置的情况下才可用。
###基本搜索
现在你已经对Recoll了解的足够多了。是时候去搜索一下文件或者文件夹了。这个应用的美妙之处就在于它既可以搜索文件名还可以搜索文件内的关键词。
在Recoll的用户界面中，在顶部右边的搜索栏中键入要搜索的关键字，然后点击Search按钮。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Recoll_008.jpg)
如你在上图所见，精确相关的内容将会显示还能预览到一小部分内容。你可以点击Open按钮直接打开搜索到的文件，或者在打开它之前使用预览按钮预览它。
你还可以过滤搜索结果，使用分类例如，媒体、消息、其它、演示文档、电子表格或者文本等。更重要的是，你还可以通过选择使搜索结果匹配任一项、全部项、文件名或者语言等来过滤搜索结果。
###高级搜索
点击菜单栏中的高级搜索图标或者前往**Tools->Advanced Search**。这将打开一个新的对话窗口。在这儿你可以附加更多的限制条件来进行搜索。例如我可以搜索文件内容里含有关键字“hp”以及文件名为“storage”的文件。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Recoll_008.jpg)
这将找到并显示文件内含有关键字“hp”且文件名为“storage”的文件。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Recoll_012.jpg)
###Unity桌面以及网站集成
这个应用支持桌面集成以及网站集成。假如你要把它集成到你的Ubuntu的Unity桌面中去，你可以用下面的命令安装**recoll-lens**。
sudo apt-get install recoll-lens
请注意，lens限制显示结果最多显示20条。假如你要显示更多数目的搜索结果，编辑**rclsearch.py**，修改“**if actual_results >= 20:**”这一行就可以咯。
假如你使用火狐浏览器，要去搜索你每天访问的浏览历史，你可以使用这个[火狐扩展][3]。这个火狐扩展可以和Recoll一起工作去索引你全天浏览的网站。在安装完这个扩展之后，在Recoll的索引配置中从web历史标签页中激活它就可以咯。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/home-sk-.recoll-_013.jpg)
所有的Linux都在他们的文件管理器中内建了搜索功能以便于尽可能容易的搜索文件/文件夹。对于那些不喜欢内置的搜索的功能以及想要寻找更加高级的文本搜索工具的人来说，Recoll是个值得一试的工具。对于我来说，这真是个容易使用且功能强大的工具，对基本搜索如此，对高级搜索也是如此.
欢呼吧！
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[1]:http://www.recoll.org/
[2]:http://www.lesbonscomptes.com/recoll/download.html
[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/recollfirefox/