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20180427 3 Python template libraries compared.md 翻译完毕
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Translating by MjSeven
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3 Python template libraries compared
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======
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In my day job, I spend a lot of time wrangling data from various sources into human-readable information. While a lot of the time this just takes the form of a spreadsheet or some type of chart or other data visualization, there are other times when it makes sense to present the data instead in a written format.
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But a pet peeve of mine is copying and pasting. If you’re moving data from its source to a standardized template, you shouldn’t be copying and pasting either. It’s error-prone, and honestly, it’s not a good use of your time.
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So for any piece of information I send out regularly which follows a common pattern, I tend to find some way to automate at least a chunk of it. Maybe that involves creating a few formulas in a spreadsheet, a quick shell script, or some other solution to autofill a template with information pulled from an outside source.
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But lately, I’ve been exploring Python templating to do much of the work of creating reports and graphs from other datasets.
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Python templating engines are hugely powerful. My use case of simplifying report creation only scratches the surface of what they can be put to work for. Many developers are making use of these tools to build full-fledged web applications and content management systems. But you don’t have to have a grand vision of a complicated web app to make use of Python templating tools.
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### Why templating?
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Each templating tool is a little different, and you should read the documentation to understand the exact usage. But let’s create a hypothetical example. Let’s say I’d like to create a short page listing all of the Python topics I've written about recently. Something like this:
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```
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html>
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head>
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title>/title>
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/head>
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body>
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p>/p>
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ul>
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li>/li>
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li>/li>
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li>/li>
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/ul>
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/body>
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/html>My Python articlesThese are some of the things I have written about Python:Python GUIsPython IDEsPython web scrapers
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```
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Simple enough to maintain when it’s just these three items. But what happens when I want to add a fourth, or fifth, or sixty-seventh? Rather than hand-coding this page, could I generate it from a CSV or other data file containing a list of all of my pages? Could I easily create duplicates of this for every topic I've written on? Could I programmatically change the text or title or heading on each one of those pages? That's where a templating engine can come into play.
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There are many different options to choose from, and today I'll share with you three, in no particular order: [Mako][6], [Jinja2][7], and [Genshi][8].
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### Mako
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[Mako][6] is a Python templating tool released under the MIT license that is designed for fast performance (not unlike Jinja2). Mako has been used by Reddit to power their web pages, as well as being the default templating language for web frameworks like Pyramid and Pylons. It's also fairly simple and straightforward to use; you can design templates with just a couple of lines of code. Supporting both Python 2.x and 3.x, it's a powerful and feature-rich tool with [good documentation][9], which I consider a must. Features include filters, inheritance, callable blocks, and a built-in caching system, which could be import for large or complex web projects.
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### Jinja2
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Jinja2 is another speedy and full-featured option, available for both Python 2.x and 3.x under a BSD license. Jinja2 has a lot of overlap from a feature perspective with Mako, so for a newcomer, your choice between the two may come down to which formatting style you prefer. Jinja2 also compiles your templates to bytecode, and has features like HTML escaping, sandboxing, template inheritance, and the ability to sandbox portions of templates. Its users include Mozilla, SourceForge, NPR, Instagram, and others, and also features [strong documentation][10]. Unlike Mako, which uses Python inline for logic inside your templates, Jinja2 uses its own syntax.
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### Genshi
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[Genshi][8] is the third option I'll mention. It's really an XML tool which has a strong templating component, so if the data you are working with is already in XML format, or you need to work with formatting beyond a web page, Genshi might be a good solution for you. HTML is basically a type of XML (well, not precisely, but that's beyond the scope of this article and a bit pedantic), so formatting them is quite similar. Since a lot of the data I work with commonly is in one flavor of XML or another, I appreciated working with a tool I could use for multiple things.
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The release version currently only supports Python 2.x, although Python 3 support exists in trunk, I would caution you that it does not appear to be receiving active development. Genshi is made available under a BSD license.
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### Example
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So in our hypothetical example above, rather than update the HTML file every time I write about a new topic, I can update it programmatically. I can create a template, which might look like this:
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```
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html>
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head>
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title>/title>
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/head>
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body>
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p>/p>
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ul>
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%for topic in topics:
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li>/li>
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%endfor
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/ul>
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/body>
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/html>My Python articlesThese are some of the things I have written about Python:%for topic in topics:${topic}%endfor
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```
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And then I can iterate across each topic with my templating library, in this case, Mako, like this:
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```
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from mako.template import Template
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mytemplate = Template(filename='template.txt')
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print(mytemplate.render(topics=("Python GUIs","Python IDEs","Python web scrapers")))
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```
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Of course, in a real-world usage, rather than listing the contents manually in a variable, I would likely pull them from an outside data source, like a database or an API.
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These are not the only Python templating engines out there. If you’re starting down the path of creating a new project which will make heavy use of templates, you’ll want to consider more than just these three. Check out this much more comprehensive list on the [Python wiki][11] for more projects that are worth considering.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/resources/python/template-libraries
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作者：[Jason Baker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker
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[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/python?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/python/ides?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[3]:https://opensource.com/resources/python/gui-frameworks?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[4]:https://opensource.com/tags/python?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[5]:https://developers.redhat.com/?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[6]:http://www.makotemplates.org/
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[7]:http://jinja.pocoo.org/
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[8]:https://genshi.edgewall.org/
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[9]:http://docs.makotemplates.org/en/latest/
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[10]:http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/2.10/
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[11]:https://wiki.python.org/moin/Templating
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3 个 Python 模板库比较
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=====
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在我的日常工作中，我花费大量的时间将各种来源的数据转化为可读的信息。虽然很多时候这只是电子表格或某种类型的图表或其他数据可视化的形式，但也有其他时候，将数据以书面形式呈现是有意义的。
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但我的一个 pet peeve （to 校正：不知道该怎么翻译）正在复制和粘贴。如果你要将数据从源头移动到标准化模板，则不应该复制和粘贴。这很容易出错，说实话，这会浪费你的时间。
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因此，对于我定期发送的任何信息都遵循一个共同的模式，我倾向于找到某种方法来自动化至少一部分信息。也许这涉及到在电子表格中创建一些公式，一个快速 shell 脚本或其他解决方案，以便使用从外部源提取的信息自动填充模板。
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但最近，我一直在探索 Python 模板来完成从其他数据集创建报告和图表的大部分工作。
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Python 模板引擎非常强大。我简化创建报告的使用案例仅仅触及了它们可以用来工作的皮毛。许多开发人员正在利用这些工具来构建完整的 web 应用程序和内容管理系统。但是，你不需要有一个复杂的 web 应用程序来使用 Python 模板工具。
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### 为什么选择模板？
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每个模板工具都不甚相同，你应该阅读文档以了解其确切的用法。但让我们创建一个假设的例子。假设我想创建一个简短的页面，列出我最近编写的所有 Python 主题。就像这样：
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```
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>My Python articles</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<p>These are some of the things I have written about Python:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Python GUIs</li>
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<li>Python IDEs</li>
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<li>Python web scrapers</li>
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</ul>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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当它仅仅是这三个项目时，足够简单地维护它。但是当我想添加第四个，第五个或第六十七个时会发生什么？我可以从包含我所有页面列表的 CSV 文件或其他数据文件生成它，而不是手动编码此页面吗？我可以轻松地为我写的每个主题创建重复内容吗？我可以以编程方式更改每个页面上的文本标题吗？这就是模板引擎可以发挥作用的地方。
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有许多不同的选择，今天我将与你其中分享三个，顺序不分先后：[Mako][6], [Jinja2][7] 和 [Genshi][8]。
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### Mako
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[Mako][6] 是根据 MIT 许可证发布的 Python 模板工具，专为快速展现而设计的（与Jinja2不同）。Reddit 已经使用 Mako 为他们的网页提供动力，它同时也是 Pyramid 和 Pylons 等 web 框架的默认模板语言。它相当简单且易于使用。你可以使用几行代码来设计模板；支持Python 2.x 和 3.x，它是一个功能强大且功能丰富的工具，具有[良好的文档][9]，这一点我认为是必须的。其功能包括过滤器，继承，可调用块和内置缓存系统，这些系统可以被大型或复杂的 web 项目导入。
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### Jinja2
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Jinja2 是另一个快速且功能全面的选项，可用于 Python 2.x 和 3.x，遵循 BSD 许可证。Jinja2 从功能角度与 Mako 有很多重叠，因此对于新手来说，你在两者之间的选择可能会归结为你喜欢的格式化风格。Jinja2 还将模板编译为字节码，并具有 HTML 转义，沙盒，模板继承和模板沙盒部分的功能。其用户包括 Mozilla, SourceForge, NPR, Instagram 等，并且还具有[强大的文档][10]。与 Mako 在模板内部使用 Python 逻辑不同的是，Jinja2 使用自己的语法。
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### Genshi
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[Genshi][8] 是我会提到的第三个选项。它是一个 XML 工具，具有强大的模板组件，所以如果你使用的数据已经是 XML 格式，或者你需要使用网页以外的格式，Genshi 可能成为你的一个很好的解决方案。HTML 基本上是一种 XML（好吧，不是精确的，但这超出了本文的范围，有点卖弄学问了），因此格式化它们非常相似。由于我通常使用的很多数据都是 XML 或其他类型的数据，因此我非常喜欢使用我可以用于多种事物的工具。
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发行版目前仅支持 Python 2.x，尽管 Python 3 支持存在于主干中，但我提醒你，它看起来并没有得到有效的开发。Genshi 遵循 BSD 许可证提供。
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### 示例
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因此，在上面的假设示例中，我不会每次写新主题时都更新 HTML 文件，而是通过编程方式对其进行更新。我可以创建一个模板，如下所示：
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```
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>My Python articles</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<p>These are some of the things I have written about Python:</p>
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<ul>
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%for topic in topics:
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<li>${topic}</li>
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%endfor
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</ul>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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然后我可以使用我的模板库来迭代每个主题，比如使用 Mako，像这样：
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```
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from mako.template import Template
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mytemplate = Template(filename='template.txt')
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print(mytemplate.render(topics=("Python GUIs","Python IDEs","Python web scrapers")))
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```
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当然，在现实世界的用法中，我不会将这些内容手动地列在变量中，而是将它们从外部数据源（如数据库或API）中提取出来。
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这些不是唯一的 Python 模板引擎。如果你正在开始创建一个将大量使用模板的新项目，那么你考虑的可能不仅仅是这三种选择。在[ Python 维基][11]上查看更全面的列表，以获得更多值得考虑的项目。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/resources/python/template-libraries
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作者：[Jason Baker][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[MjSeven](https://github.com/MjSeven)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker
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[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/python?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/python/ides?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[3]:https://opensource.com/resources/python/gui-frameworks?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[4]:https://opensource.com/tags/python?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[5]:https://developers.redhat.com/?intcmp=7016000000127cYAAQ
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[6]:http://www.makotemplates.org/
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[7]:http://jinja.pocoo.org/
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[8]:https://genshi.edgewall.org/
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[9]:http://docs.makotemplates.org/en/latest/
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[10]:http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/2.10/
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[11]:https://wiki.python.org/moin/Templating
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