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[fuzheng1998 tranlating]
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我是如何创造“开源”这个词的
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============================================================
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### Christine Peterson 最终发布了对于二十年前那决定命运一天的陈述。
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图片来自: opensource.com
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In a few days, on February 3, the 20th anniversary of the introduction of the term "[开源软件][6]" is upon us. As open source software grows in popularity and powers some of the most robust and important innovations of our time, we reflect on its rise to prominence.
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I am the originator of the term "open source software" and came up with it while executive director at Foresight Institute. Not a software developer like the rest, I thank Linux programmer Todd Anderson for supporting the term and proposing it to the group.
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This is my account of how I came up with it, how it was proposed, and the subsequent reactions. Of course, there are a number of accounts of the coining of the term, for example by Eric Raymond and Richard Stallman, yet this is mine, written on January 2, 2006.
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直到今天，它才公诸于世。
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* * *
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The introduction of the term "open source software" was a deliberate effort to make this field of endeavor more understandable to newcomers and to business, which was viewed as necessary to its spread to a broader community of users. The problem with the main earlier label, "free software," was not its political connotations, but that—to newcomers—its seeming focus on price is distracting. A term was needed that focuses on the key issue of source code and that does not immediately confuse those new to the concept. The first term that came along at the right time and fulfilled these requirements was rapidly adopted: open source.
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This term had long been used in an "intelligence" (i.e., spying) context, but to my knowledge, use of the term with respect to software prior to 1998 has not been confirmed. The account below describes how the term [open source software][7] caught on and became the name of both an industry and a movement.
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### 计算机安全会议
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In late 1997, weekly meetings were being held at Foresight Institute to discuss computer security. Foresight is a nonprofit think tank focused on nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, and software security is regarded as central to the reliability and security of both. We had identified free software as a promising approach to improving software security and reliability and were looking for ways to promote it. Interest in free software was starting to grow outside the programming community, and it was increasingly clear that an opportunity was coming to change the world. However, just how to do this was unclear, and we were groping for strategies.
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At these meetings, we discussed the need for a new term due to the confusion factor. The argument was as follows: those new to the term "free software" assume it is referring to the price. Oldtimers must then launch into an explanation, usually given as follows: "We mean free as in freedom, not free as in beer." At this point, a discussion on software has turned into one about the price of an alcoholic beverage. The problem was not that explaining the meaning is impossible—the problem was that the name for an important idea should not be so confusing to newcomers. A clearer term was needed. No political issues were raised regarding the free software term; the issue was its lack of clarity to those new to the concept.
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### 网景发布
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On February 2, 1998, Eric Raymond arrived on a visit to work with Netscape on the plan to release the browser code under a free-software-style license. We held a meeting that night at Foresight's office in Los Altos to strategize and refine our message. In addition to Eric and me, active participants included Brian Behlendorf, Michael Tiemann, Todd Anderson, Mark S. Miller, and Ka-Ping Yee. But at that meeting, the field was still described as free software or, by Brian, "source code available" software.
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While in town, Eric used Foresight as a base of operations. At one point during his visit, he was called to the phone to talk with a couple of Netscape legal and/or marketing staff. When he was finished, I asked to be put on the phone with them—one man and one woman, perhaps Mitchell Baker—so I could bring up the need for a new term. They agreed in principle immediately, but no specific term was agreed upon.
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Between meetings that week, I was still focused on the need for a better name and came up with the term "open source software." While not ideal, it struck me as good enough. I ran it by at least four others: Eric Drexler, Mark Miller, and Todd Anderson liked it, while a friend in marketing and public relations felt the term "open" had been overused and abused and believed we could do better. He was right in theory; however, I didn't have a better idea, so I thought I would try to go ahead and introduce it. In hindsight, I should have simply proposed it to Eric Raymond, but I didn't know him well at the time, so I took an indirect strategy instead.
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Todd had agreed strongly about the need for a new term and offered to assist in getting the term introduced. This was helpful because, as a non-programmer, my influence within the free software community was weak. My work in nanotechnology education at Foresight was a plus, but not enough for me to be taken very seriously on free software questions. As a Linux programmer, Todd would be listened to more closely.
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### 关键的会议
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Later that week, on February 5, 1998, a group was assembled at VA Research to brainstorm on strategy. Attending—in addition to Eric Raymond, Todd, and me—were Larry Augustin, Sam Ockman, and attending by phone, Jon "maddog" Hall.
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The primary topic was promotion strategy, especially which companies to approach. I said little, but was looking for an opportunity to introduce the proposed term. I felt that it wouldn't work for me to just blurt out, "All you technical people should start using my new term." Most of those attending didn't know me, and for all I knew, they might not even agree that a new term was greatly needed, or even somewhat desirable.
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Fortunately, Todd was on the ball. Instead of making an assertion that the community should use this specific new term, he did something less directive—a smart thing to do with this community of strong-willed individuals. He simply used the term in a sentence on another topic—just dropped it into the conversation to see what happened. I went on alert, hoping for a response, but there was none at first. The discussion continued on the original topic. It seemed only he and I had noticed the usage.
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Not so—memetic evolution was in action. A few minutes later, one of the others used the term, evidently without noticing, still discussing a topic other than terminology. Todd and I looked at each other out of the corners of our eyes to check: yes, we had both noticed what happened. I was excited—it might work! But I kept quiet: I still had low status in this group. Probably some were wondering why Eric had invited me at all.
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Toward the end of the meeting, the [question of terminology][8] was brought up explicitly, probably by Todd or Eric. Maddog mentioned "freely distributable" as an earlier term, and "cooperatively developed" as a newer term. Eric listed "free software," "open source," and "sourceware" as the main options. Todd advocated the "open source" model, and Eric endorsed this. I didn't say much, letting Todd and Eric pull the (loose, informal) consensus together around the open source name. It was clear that to most of those at the meeting, the name change was not the most important thing discussed there; a relatively minor issue. Only about 10% of my notes from this meeting are on the terminology question.
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But I was elated. These were some key leaders in the community, and they liked the new name, or at least didn't object. This was a very good sign. There was probably not much more I could do to help; Eric Raymond was far better positioned to spread the new meme, and he did. Bruce Perens signed on to the effort immediately, helping set up [Opensource.org][9] and playing a key role in spreading the new term.
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For the name to succeed, it was necessary, or at least highly desirable, that Tim O'Reilly agree and actively use it in his many projects on behalf of the community. Also helpful would be use of the term in the upcoming official release of the Netscape Navigator code. By late February, both O'Reilly & Associates and Netscape had started to use the term.
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### 名字的诞生
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After this, there was a period during which the term was promoted by Eric Raymond to the media, by Tim O'Reilly to business, and by both to the programming community. It seemed to spread very quickly.
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On April 7, 1998, Tim O'Reilly held a meeting of key leaders in the field. Announced in advance as the first "[Freeware Summit][10]," by April 14 it was referred to as the first "[Open Source Summit][11]."
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These months were extremely exciting for open source. Every week, it seemed, a new company announced plans to participate. Reading Slashdot became a necessity, even for those like me who were only peripherally involved. I strongly believe that the new term was helpful in enabling this rapid spread into business, which then enabled wider use by the public.
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A quick Google search indicates that "open source" appears more often than "free software," but there still is substantial use of the free software term, which remains useful and should be included when communicating with audiences who prefer it.
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### A happy twinge
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When an [early account][12] of the terminology change written by Eric Raymond was posted on the Open Source Initiative website, I was listed as being at the VA brainstorming meeting, but not as the originator of the term. This was my own fault; I had neglected to tell Eric the details. My impulse was to let it pass and stay in the background, but Todd felt otherwise. He suggested to me that one day I would be glad to be known as the person who coined the name "open source software." He explained the situation to Eric, who promptly updated his site.
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Coming up with a phrase is a small contribution, but I admit to being grateful to those who remember to credit me with it. Every time I hear it, which is very often now, it gives me a little happy twinge.
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The big credit for persuading the community goes to Eric Raymond and Tim O'Reilly, who made it happen. Thanks to them for crediting me, and to Todd Anderson for his role throughout. The above is not a complete account of open source history; apologies to the many key players whose names do not appear. Those seeking a more complete account should refer to the links in this article and elsewhere on the net.
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### 关于作者
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[][13] Christine Peterson - Christine Peterson writes, lectures, and briefs the media on coming powerful technologies, especially nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and longevity. She is Cofounder and Past President of Foresight Institute, the leading nanotech public interest group. Foresight educates the public, technical community, and policymakers on coming powerful technologies and how to guide their long-term impact. She serves on the Advisory Board of the [Machine Intelligence... ][2][more about Christine Peterson][3][More about me][4]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software
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作者：[ Christine Peterson][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
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[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software?rate=HFz31Mwyy6f09l9uhm5T_OFJEmUuAwpI61FY-fSo3Gc
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[2]:http://intelligence.org/
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[3]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
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[4]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
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[5]:https://opensource.com/user/206091/feed
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[6]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-source
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[7]:https://opensource.org/osd
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[8]:https://wiki2.org/en/Alternative_terms_for_free_software
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[9]:https://opensource.org/
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[10]:http://www.oreilly.com/pub/pr/636
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[11]:http://www.oreilly.com/pub/pr/796
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[12]:https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software.html
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[13]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
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[14]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
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[15]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
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[16]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software#comments
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104
translated/talk/20180201 How I coined the term open source.md
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translated/talk/20180201 How I coined the term open source.md
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[fuzheng1998 translating]
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我是如何创造“开源”这个词的
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============================================================
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### Christine Peterson 最终公开讲述了二十年前那决定命运的一天。
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图片来自: opensource.com
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几天后, 2 月 3 日, 术语“[开源软件][6]”创立 20 周年的纪念日即将到来。由于开源软件渐受欢迎并且为这个时代强有力的重要变革提供动力，我们仔细反思了它的初生到崛起。
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我是 “开源软件” 这个词的始作俑者，它是我在前瞻技术协会（Foresight Institute）担任执行董事时想出的。并非向上面的一个程序开发者一样，我感谢 Linux 程序员 Todd Anderson 对这个术语的支持并将它提交小组讨论。
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这是我对于它如何想到的，如何提出的，以及后续影响的记叙。当然，还有一些有关该术语的记叙，例如 Eric Raymond 和 Richard Stallman 写的，而我的，则写于 2006 年 1 月 2 日。
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直到今天，它终于公诸于世。
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* * *
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推行术语“开源软件”是特地为了这个领域让新手和商业人士更加易懂，它的推广被认为对于更大的用户社区很有必要。早期称号的问题是，“自由软件” 并非有政治含义，但是那对于新手来说貌似对于价格的关注令人感到心烦意乱。一个术语需要聚焦于关键的源代码而且不会被立即把概念跟那些新东西混淆。一个恰好想出并且满足这些要求的第一个术语被快速接受：开源（open source）。
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这个术语很长一段时间被用在“情报”（即间谍活动）的背景下，但据我所知，1998 年以前软件领域使用该术语尚未得到证实。下面这个就是讲述了术语“开源软件”如何流行起来并且变成了一项产业和一场运动名称的故事。
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### 计算机安全会议
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在 1997 年的晚些时候，为期一周的会议将被在前瞻技术协会（Foresight Insttitue) 举行来讨论计算机安全问题。这个协会是一个非盈利性智库，它专注于纳米技术和人工智能，并且认为软件安全是二者的安全性以及可靠性的核心。我们在那确定了自由软件是一个改进软件安全可靠性且具有发展前景的方法并将寻找推动它的方式。 对自由软件的兴趣开始在编程社区外开始增长，而且越来越清晰，一个改变世界的机会正在来临。然而，该怎么做我们并不清楚，因为我们当时正在摸索中。
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在这些会议中，我们讨论了一些由于使人迷惑不解的因素而采用一个新术语的必要性。观点主要有以下：对于那些新接触“自由软件”的人把 "free" 当成了价格上的 “免费” 。老资格的成员们开始解释，通常像下面所说的：“我们的意思是自由的，而不是免费啤酒上的。"在这个点子上，一个软件方面的讨论变成了一个关于酒精价格的讨论。问题不在于解释不了含义——问题是重要概念的名称不应该使新手们感到困惑。所以需要一个更清晰的术语了。关于自由软件术语并没有政治上的问题；问题是缺乏对新概念的认识。
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### 网景发布
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1998 年 2 月 2 日，Eric Raymond 抵达访问网景并与它一起计划采用免费软件样式的许可证发布浏览器代码。我们那晚在前瞻位于罗斯阿尔托斯（Los Altos）的办公室制定了策略并改进了我们的要旨。除了 Eric 和我，活跃的参与者还有 Brian Behlendorf，Michael Tiemann，Todd Anderson，Mark S. Miller and Ka-Ping Yee。但在那次会议上，这个领域仍然被描述成“自由软件”，或者用 Brian 的话说， 叫“可获得源代码的” 软件。
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在这个镇上，Eric 把前瞻协会（Foresight） 作为行动的大本营。他一开始访问行程，他就被几个网景法律和市场部门的员工通电话。当他挂电话后，我被要求带着电话跟他们——一男一女，可能是 Mitchell Baker——这样我才能谈论对于新术语的需求。他们原则上是立即同意了，但详细条款并未达成协议。
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在那周的会议中，我仍然专注于起一个更好的名字并提出术语 “开源软件”。 虽然那不是完美的，但我觉得足够好了。我依靠至少另外四个人运营这个项目：Eric Drexler、Mark Miller，以及 Todd Anderson 和他这样的人，然而一个从事市场公关的朋友觉得术语 “open” 被滥用了并且相信我们能做更好再说。理论上它是对的，可我想不出更好的了，所以我想尝试并推广它。 事后一想我应该直接向 Eric Raymond 提案，但在那时我并不是很了解他，所以我采取了间接的策略。
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Todd 强烈同意需要新的术语并提供协助推广它。这很有帮助，因为作为一个非编程人员，我在自由软件社区的影响力很弱。我从事的纳米技术是一个加分项，但不足以让我认真地接受自由软件问题的工作。作为一个Linux程序员，Todd 将会更仔细地聆听它。
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### 关键的会议
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那周之后，1998 年的 2 月 5 日，一伙人在 VA research 进行头脑风暴商量对策。与会者——除了 Eric Raymond，Todd和我之外，还有 Larry Augustin，Sam Ockman，还有 Jon“maddog”Hall 的电话。
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会议的主要议题是推广策略，特别是要接洽的公司。 我几乎没说什么，而是在寻找机会推广已经提交讨论的术语。我觉得突然脱口而出那句话没什么用，“你们技术人员应当开始讨论我的新术语了。”他们大多数与会者不认识我，而且据我所知，他们可能甚至不同意对新术语的急切需求，或者是某种渴望。
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幸运的是，Todd 是明智的。他没有主张社区应该用哪个特定的术语，而是间接地做了一些事——一件和社区里有强烈意愿的人做的明智之举。他简单地在其他话题中使用那个术语——把他放进对话里看看会发生什么。我警觉起来，希望得到一个答复，但是起初什么也没有。讨论继续进行原来的话题。似乎只有他和我注意了术语的使用。
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不仅如此——模因演化（人类学术语）在起作用。几分钟后，另一个人明显地，没有提醒地，在仍然进行话题讨论而没说术语的情况下，用了这个术语。Todd 和我面面相觑对视：是的我们都注意到了发生的事。我很激动——它起作用了！但我保持了安静：我在小组中仍然地位不高。可能有些人都奇怪为什么 Eric 会最终邀请我。
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临近会议尾声，可能是 Todd or Eric，[术语问题][8] 被明确提出。Maddog 提及了一个早期的术语“可自由分发的，和一个新的术语“合作开发的”。Eric 列出了“自由软件”、“开源软件”，并把 "自由软件源" 作为一个主要选项。Todd宣传 “开源” 模型，然后Eric 支持了他。我什么也没说，让 Todd 和 Eric 共同促进开源名字达成共识。对于大多数与会者，他们很清楚改名不是在这讨论的最重要议题；那只是一个次要的相关议题。 我在会议中只有大约10%的说明放在了术语问答中。
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但是我很高兴。在那有许多社区的关键领导人，并且他们喜欢这新名字，或者至少没反对。这是一个好的信号信号。可能我帮不上什么忙； Eric Raymond 被相当好地放在了一个宣传模因的好位子上，而且他的确做到了。立即签约参加行动，帮助建立 [Opensource.org][9] 并在新术语的宣传中发挥重要作用。
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对于这个成功的名字，那很必要，甚至是相当渴望， 因此 Tim O'Reilly 同意以社区的名义在公司积极使用它。在官方即将发布的 the Netscape Navigator（网景浏览器）代码中的术语使用也为此帮了忙。 到二月底， O'Reilly & Associates 还有网景公司（Netscape） 已经开始使用新术语。
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### 名字的诞生
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在那之后的一段时间，这条术语由 Eric Raymond 向媒体推广，由 Tim O'Reilly 向商业推广，并由二人向编程社区推广，那似乎传播的相当快。
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1998 年 4 月 17 日, Tim O'Reilly 提前宣布首届 “[自由软件峰会][10]” ，在 4 月14 日之前，它以首届 “[开源峰会][11]” 被提及。
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这几个月对于开源来说是相当激动人心的。似乎每周都有一个新公司宣布加入计划。读 Slashdot（科技资讯网站）已经成了一个必需操作, 甚至对于那些像我一样只能外围地参与者亦是如此。我坚信新术语能对快速传播到商业很有帮助，能被公众广泛使用。
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尽管快捷的谷歌搜索表明“开源”比“自由软件”出现的更多，但后者仍然有大量的使用，特别是和偏爱它的人们沟通的时候。
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### 一丝快感
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当一个被 Eric Raymond 写的有关修改术语的早期的陈述被发布在了开放源代码促进会的网站上时，我上了 VA 头脑风暴会议的名单，但并不是作为一个术语的创始人。这是我自己的错，我没告诉 Eric 细节。我当时一时冲动只想让它表决通过然后我只是呆在后台，但是 Todd 不这样认为。他认为我总有一天将作为“开源软件”这个名词的创造者而感到高兴。他向 Eric 解释了这个情况，Eric 及时更新了它的网站。
|
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|
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想出这个短语只是一个小贡献，但是我得承认我十分感激那些把它归功于我的人。每次我听到它，它都给我些许激动的喜悦，到现在也时常感受到。
|
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|
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说服团队的大功劳归功于 Eric Raymond 和 Tim O'Reilly，这是他们搞定的。感谢他们对我的评价，并感谢 Todd Anderson 在整个过程中的角色。以上内容并非完整的开源历史记录，对很多没有无名人士表示歉意。那些寻求更完整讲述的人应该参考本文和网上其他地方的链接。
|
||||
|
||||
### 关于作者
|
||||
|
||||
[][13] Christine Peterson - Christine Peterson 撰写，举办讲座，并向媒体介绍未来强大的技术，特别是纳米技术，人工智能和长寿。她是著名的纳米科技公共利益集团的创始人和过去的前瞻技术协会主席。前瞻向公众、技术团体和政策制定者提供未来强大的技术的教育以及告诉它是如何引导他们的长期影响。她服务于 [机器智能 ][2]咨询委员会……[更多关于 Christine Peterson][3][关于我][4]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ Christine Peterson][a]
|
||||
译者：[fuzheng1998](https://github.com/fuzheng1998)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||
[1]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software?rate=HFz31Mwyy6f09l9uhm5T_OFJEmUuAwpI61FY-fSo3Gc
|
||||
[2]:http://intelligence.org/
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||
[5]:https://opensource.com/user/206091/feed
|
||||
[6]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-source
|
||||
[7]:https://opensource.org/osd
|
||||
[8]:https://wiki2.org/en/Alternative_terms_for_free_software
|
||||
[9]:https://opensource.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.oreilly.com/pub/pr/636
|
||||
[11]:http://www.oreilly.com/pub/pr/796
|
||||
[12]:https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software.html
|
||||
[13]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||
[14]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||
[15]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||
[16]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software#comments
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user