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[#]: subject: "Unix History: A Mighty Origin Story"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/unix-history/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "Donkey-Hao"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Unix History: A Mighty Origin Story
======
A brief walk down memory lane about Unix and its beginning.
![The beginning][1]
### Unix: The origin story
The world today runs on Linux. Billions of mobile phones and servers today run Linux. But before Linux, there was Unix, and without it, Linux would not have existed today.
Unix’s origin can be traced back to the moon landing days. In 1965, three famous institutions started a joint venture to create an operating system that could serve multiple users and share data and resources.
![Scanned copy of actual Unix code][2]
They are the famous Bell Telephone Laboratories, the General Electric Company and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This project or the joint venture is called “Multics” – an acronym for “Multiplex Information and Computing Service”.
But, the project did not see much success. Unfortunately. Due to complexity and poor outcome, Bell Labs discontinued the project.
Ken Thomson from Bell Labs, who worked in Multics, started afresh. He started writing a new operating system for an ancient computer PDP-7 of Digital Equipment Corporation. Later, Dennis Ritchie joined, and they created a hierarchical file system, device files, command line interpreter and processes. This is how the Unix was born, named by another member of the Multics project – Brian Kernighan.
In 1971, Unix was ported to a little advanced PDP-11 computer with just a 512 KB disk. At the time, Unix was only supporting 16 KB and 8 KB memory allocated for user programs.
However, most of the Unix code was in assembly language, making it hardware dependent. So, it was not portable.
![Ken Thompson (sitting) and Dennis Ritchie at PDP-11 (credit and learn more about this image1)][3]
### Creation of C Programming Language
So, the only way to make it portable and machine-independent is to write it in a high-level language so that the compile and corresponding object code can take care of the machine code conversion.
The great brains at that time solve the problem in a jiffy. Ken Thompson created a high-level language from scratch called “B”. Then, he started the massive work to convert Unix assembly code to this newly created language. However, “B” also had some limitations, and Dennis Ritchie modified it to create the famous language “C”, which makes Unix a truly portable operating system.
The famous “C” language is still used today.
By the mid-’80s, Unix became so successful that it was running on thousands of hardware, from micro-computers to mainframes with a variety of hardware.
![The text book of C which we all read][4]
### MINIX and the birth of Linux
In 1987, Andrew S. Tanenbaum – a computer science professional, created a Unix fork called MINIX to explain the operating system concepts in his famous book “Operating Systems: Design and Implementation” and distributed (the 16-bit version) free along with the book. Those who studied computer science (including me) or related subjects knows that it’s the ultimate textbook on Operating system which explains the basics.
In 1991, Linux Torvalds [started a hobby project][5] while studying at the University of Helsinki. He based his work on MINIX with GNU C Compiler. He started his project to enable him to run programs on his new PC with a new 80386 processor. However, he wrote the entire operating system with features that MINIX lacked, eventually becoming the Linux Kernel.
![Famous operating systems book by Tanenbaum][6]
### BSD and macOS
During the ’80s, when Unix was shaping up, Bell Labs developed BSD (Berkeley Standard Distribution) based on the original Source code of Unix (the version that runs on PDP-7 and PDP-11). BSD is distributed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley. After its formation, BSD has been adapted by many workstation vendors (the legacy desktop), such as Sun Microsystems, as a proprietary Unix variant.
This version eventually forked to create open-source variants such as OpenBSD, FreeBSD and so on. These free versions created the path to create NeXTSTEP by NeXT, founded by Steve Jobs. And NeXTSTEP eventually became the foundation for Apple’s macOS.
### Wrapping Up
Unix is a remarkable achievement by a few individuals with their original ideas and takes on problem-solving. The operating system is a work of art if you consider how much computing power and memory were available at the time of its creation.
All of these small steps, over several decades, eventually led us where we are today. No matter how many Kernels, OSes, and abstractions in the form of programming languages come in, at the core, it all started from a single source.
I always think that programs/codes are thoughts of human beings. It’s your logic, ideas are merely written in “IF-ELSE” blocks to achieve some real-world result.
References
* [https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/picture.html][7]1
* [https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/dlNtH7RRrGA/m/SwRavCzVE7gJ][8]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum][9]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux][10]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix][11]
* [https://computerhistory.org/blog/the-earliest-unix-code-an-anniversary-source-code-release/][12]
*“All revolutions are, until they happen, then they are historical inevitabilities.” – Cloud Atlas*
![Join our Telegram channel and stay informed on the move.][13]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/unix-history/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[Donkey-Hao](https://github.com/Donkey-Hao)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/The-beginning-1024x576.jpg
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Scanned-copy-of-actual-Unix-code-1024x646.jpg
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Ken-Thompson-sitting-and-Dennis-Ritchie-at-PDP-11.jpg
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/The-text-book-of-C-which-we-all-read.jpg
[5]: https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/dlNtH7RRrGA/m/SwRavCzVE7gJ
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Famous-operating-systems-book-by-Tanenbaum.jpg
[7]: https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/picture.html
[8]: https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/dlNtH7RRrGA/m/SwRavCzVE7gJ
[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux
[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix
[12]: https://computerhistory.org/blog/the-earliest-unix-code-an-anniversary-source-code-release/
[13]: https://t.me/debugpoint

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[#]: subject: "Unix History: A Mighty Origin Story"
[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/unix-history/"
[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "Donkey-Hao"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
Unix 历史：一个伟大作品的诞生
======
关于 Unix 及其起源的简短回忆。
![The beginning][1]
### Unix 的起源
现在，几乎整个互联网世界都运行在 Linux 之上。数十万的移动电话和服务器运行在 Linux 之上。但在 Linux 之前，是 Unix，没有 Unix 就没有现在的 Linux。
Unix 的起源可以追溯到人类登陆月球的时候。在 1965 年，三个著名的机构共同开展操作系统的研发工作，准备开发一个能够服务多个用户，并共享数据和资源的商业操作系统。
![Scanned copy of actual Unix code][2]
这三个机构是著名的贝尔电话实验室、通用电气公司以及麻省理工学院。该项目称为 "Multics" —— “多路传输信息和计算业务”(Multiplex Information and Computing Service)的缩写。
但是该项目并没有取得太大的成功。不幸的是，由于系统设计复杂且产出甚微，贝尔实验室退出了该项目。
贝尔实验室的肯·汤普森（Ken Thompson）也参与了该项目。在数字设备公司的一台古老的 PDP-7 的机器上，他重新开始一个新操作系统的设计。不久后，丹尼斯·里奇 (Dennis Ritchie) 加入了，二人一起设计了分层文件系统、设备文件、命令行解释器以及进程。这就是 Unix 的诞生过程，由 Multics 项目的另一名成员布莱恩·威尔森·克尼汉 (Brian Kernighan) 命名。
在 1971 年，Unix 被移植到了较为先进的 PDP-11 电脑上，该电脑的磁盘仅有 512 KB。当时，Unix 为用户程序提供 16 KB 和 8 KB 大小的内存分配空间。
然而，Unix 大多数代码为汇编语言，十分依赖于硬件。因此它的移植性较差。
![Ken Thompson (sitting) and Dennis Ritchie at PDP-11 (credit and learn more about this image1)][3]
### C 语言的诞生
如此一来，唯一提高 Unix 的移植性以及机器无关 (machine-independent) 的方法是，使用高级语言编写它，这样编译和相应的目标代码可以专注于机器指令的转换。
解决该问题的伟大思想诞生于一瞬间。肯·汤普森（Ken Thompson）从零开始创建了一种高级语言，称为 "B"。然而 "B" 语言有其局限性，丹尼斯·里奇 (Dennis Ritchie) 在此基础上创建了著名的 “C 语言”，这使 Unix 真正成为一个可移植的操作系统。
著名的 “C 语言” 至今还在使用。
到上世纪 80 年代中期，Unix 变得十分成功，以至于它可以在数千种硬件上运行，从微型计算机到具有各种硬件的大型机。
![The text book of C which we all read][4]
### MINIX 和 Linux 的诞生
1987 年，计算机科学教授安德鲁·斯图尔特·特南鲍姆 （Andrew S. Tanenbaum) 开发了名为 NINIX 的类 Unix 系统，在其著作《操作系统设计与实现》中用以解释操作系统理念，并且源码在该书的附录中作为示例。任何学习计算机科学专业（包括我）或相关专业的人都知道，这是解释操作系统基础知识的“神级”教科书。
1991 年，李纳斯·托沃兹 (Linus Torvalds) 在赫尔辛基大学学习期间开展了一项 [爱好项目][5]。他的工作基于 MINIX 和 GNU C 编译器。为了能够在配有新款 80386 处理器的 PC 上运行程序，他开展了该项目。然而，他用 MINIX 所缺乏的特性编写了整个操作系统，最终成为了 Linux 内核。
![Famous operating systems book by Tanenbaum][6]
### BSD 和 macOS
上世纪 80 年代，当 Unix 初具规模时，贝尔实验室基于 Unix 的最初源代码（在 PDP-7 和 PDP-11 上运行的版本）开发了 BSD（伯克利标准发行版）。BSD 由加州大学伯克利分校的计算机系统研究小组 (CSRG) 分发。在其形成之后，BSD 已被许多工作站供应商（Legacy 桌面）如 Sun Microsystems ，改编为专有的 Unix 变体。
该版本最终分叉以创建开源变体，例如 OpenBSD、FreeBSD 等。这些免费版本为由史蒂夫·乔布斯 (Steve Jobs) 创立的 NeXT 创建 NeXTSTEP 开辟了道路。NeXTSTEP 最终成为苹果公司 macOS 的基础。
### 总结
Unix 是少数具有独到想法并致力于解决问题的人取得的非凡成就。如果考虑到在创建操作系统时可用的计算能力和内存量，该操作系统就是一件艺术品。
几十年来，所有这些小的进步，最终使我们走到了今天。无论有多少内核、操作系统和以编程语言形式出现的抽象，其核心从来只有一个。
我一直认为程序/代码是人类的想法。 这是你的逻辑，想法只是写在 "IF-ELSE" 语句中，以实现一些现实世界的结果。
参考：
* [https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/picture.html][7]1
* [https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/dlNtH7RRrGA/m/SwRavCzVE7gJ][8]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum][9]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux][10]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix][11]
* [https://computerhistory.org/blog/the-earliest-unix-code-an-anniversary-source-code-release/][12]
*“所有的革命，在它们发生之前，都是历史的必然。” —— 大卫·米切尔 《云图》*
![Join our Telegram channel and stay informed on the move.][13]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/unix-history/
作者：[Arindam][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[Donkey-Hao](https://github.com/Donkey-Hao)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/The-beginning-1024x576.jpg
[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Scanned-copy-of-actual-Unix-code-1024x646.jpg
[3]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Ken-Thompson-sitting-and-Dennis-Ritchie-at-PDP-11.jpg
[4]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/The-text-book-of-C-which-we-all-read.jpg
[5]: https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/dlNtH7RRrGA/m/SwRavCzVE7gJ
[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Famous-operating-systems-book-by-Tanenbaum.jpg
[7]: https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/picture.html
[8]: https://groups.google.com/g/comp.os.minix/c/dlNtH7RRrGA/m/SwRavCzVE7gJ
[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux
[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix
[12]: https://computerhistory.org/blog/the-earliest-unix-code-an-anniversary-source-code-release/
[13]: https://t.me/debugpoint