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20150827-2 选题
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DeadFire
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The Strangest, Most Unique Linux Distros
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================================================================================
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From the most consumer focused distros like Ubuntu, Fedora, Mint or elementary OS to the more obscure, minimal and enterprise focused ones such as Slackware, Arch Linux or RHEL, I thought I've seen them all. Couldn't have been any further from the truth. Linux eco-system is very diverse. There's one for everyone. Let's discuss the weird and wacky world of niche Linux distros that represents the true diversity of open platforms.
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**Puppy Linux**: An operating system which is about 1/10th the size of an average DVD quality movie rip, that's Puppy Linux for you. The OS is just 100 MB in size! And it can run from RAM making it unusually fast even in older PCs. You can even remove the boot medium after the operating system has started! Can it get any better than that? System requirements are bare minimum, most hardware are automatically detected, and it comes loaded with software catering to your basic needs. [Experience Puppy Linux][1].
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**Suicide Linux**: Did the name scare you? Well it should. 'Any time - any time - you type any remotely incorrect command, the interpreter creatively resolves it into rm -rf / and wipes your hard drive'. Simple as that. I really want to know the ones who are confident enough to risk their production machines with [Suicide Linux][2]. **Warning: DO NOT try this on production machines!** The whole thing is available in a neat [DEB package][3] if you're interested.
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**PapyrOS**: "Strange" in a good way. PapyrOS is trying to adapt the material design language of Android into their brand new Linux distribution. Though the project is in early stages, it already looks very promising. The project page says the OS is 80% complete and one can expect the first Alpha release anytime soon. We did a small write up on [PapyrOS][4] when it was announced and by the looks of it, PapyrOS might even become a trend-setter of sorts. Follow the project on [Google+][5] and contribute via [BountySource][6] if you're interested.
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**Qubes OS**: Qubes is an open-source operating system designed to provide strong security using a Security by Compartmentalization approach. The assumption is that there can be no perfect, bug-free desktop environment. And by implementing a 'Security by Isolation' approach, [Qubes Linux][7] intends to remedy that. Qubes is based on Xen, the X Window System, and Linux, and can run most Linux applications and supports most Linux drivers. Qubes was selected as a finalist of Access Innovation Prize 2014 for Endpoint Security Solution.
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**Ubuntu Satanic Edition**: Ubuntu SE is a Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. "It brings together the best of free software and free metal music" in one comprehensive package consisting of themes, wallpapers, and even some heavy-metal music sourced from talented new artists. Though the project doesn't look actively developed anymore, Ubuntu Satanic Edition is strange in every sense of that word. [Ubuntu SE (Slightly NSFW)][8].
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**Tiny Core Linux**: Puppy Linux not small enough? Try this. Tiny Core Linux is a 12 MB graphical Linux desktop! Yep, you read it right. One major caveat: It is not a complete desktop nor is all hardware completely supported. It represents only the core needed to boot into a very minimal X desktop typically with wired internet access. There is even a version without the GUI called Micro Core Linux which is just 9MB in size. [Tiny Core Linux][9] folks.
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**NixOS**: A very experienced-user focused Linux distribution with a unique approach to package and configuration management. In other distributions, actions such as upgrades can be dangerous. Upgrading a package can cause other packages to break, upgrading an entire system is much less reliable than reinstalling from scratch. And top of all that you can't safely test what the results of a configuration change will be, there's no "Undo" so to speak. In NixOS, the entire operating system is built by the Nix package manager from a description in a purely functional build language. This means that building a new configuration cannot overwrite previous configurations. Most of the other features follow this pattern. Nix stores all packages in isolation from each other. [More about NixOS][10].
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**GoboLinux**: This is another very unique Linux distro. What makes GoboLinux so different from the rest is its unique re-arrangement of the filesystem. It has its own subdirectory tree, where all of its files and programs are stored. GoboLinux does not have a package database because the filesystem is its database. In some ways, this sort of arrangement is similar to that seen in OS X. [Get GoboLinux][11].
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**Hannah Montana Linux**: Here is a Linux distro based on Kubuntu with a Hannah Montana themed boot screen, KDM, icon set, ksplash, plasma, color scheme, and wallpapers (I'm so sorry). [Link][12]. Project not active anymore.
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**RLSD Linux**: An extremely minimalistic, small, lightweight and security-hardened, text-based operating system built on Linux. "It's a unique distribution that provides a selection of console applications and home-grown security features which might appeal to hackers," developers claim. [RLSD Linux][13].
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Did we miss anything even stranger? Let us know.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/08/the-strangest-most-unique-linux-distros.html
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作者：Manuel Jose
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm
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[2]:http://qntm.org/suicide
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[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/suicide-linux/files/
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[4]:http://www.techdrivein.com/2015/02/papyros-material-design-linux-coming-soon.html
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[5]:https://plus.google.com/communities/109966288908859324845/stream/3262a3d3-0797-4344-bbe0-56c3adaacb69
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[6]:https://www.bountysource.com/teams/papyros
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[7]:https://www.qubes-os.org/
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[8]:http://ubuntusatanic.org/
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[9]:http://tinycorelinux.net/
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[10]:https://nixos.org/
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[11]:http://www.gobolinux.org/
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[12]:http://hannahmontana.sourceforge.net/
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[13]:http://rlsd2.dimakrasner.com/
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Linux/UNIX: Bash Read a File Line By Line
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================================================================================
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How do I read a file line by line under a Linux or UNIX-like system using KSH or BASH shell?
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You can use while..do..done bash loop to read file line by line on a Linux, OSX, *BSD, or Unix-like system.
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**Syntax to read file line by line on a Bash Unix & Linux shell:**
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1. The syntax is as follows for bash, ksh, zsh, and all other shells -
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1. while read -r line; do COMMAND; done < input.file
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1. The -r option passed to red command prevents backslash escapes from being interpreted.
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1. Add IFS= option before read command to prevent leading/trailing whitespace from being trimmed -
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1. while IFS= read -r line; do COMMAND_on $line; done < input.file
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Here is more human readable syntax for you:
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#!/bin/bash
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input="/path/to/txt/file"
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while IFS= read -r var
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do
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echo "$var"
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done < "$input"
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**Examples**
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Here are some examples:
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#!/bin/ksh
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file="/home/vivek/data.txt"
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while IFS= read line
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do
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# display $line or do somthing with $line
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echo "$line"
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done <"$file"
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The same example using bash shell:
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#!/bin/bash
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file="/home/vivek/data.txt"
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while IFS= read -r line
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do
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# display $line or do somthing with $line
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printf '%s\n' "$line"
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done <"$file"
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You can also read field wise:
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#!/bin/bash
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file="/etc/passwd"
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while IFS=: read -r f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7
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do
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# display fields using f1, f2,..,f7
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printf 'Username: %s, Shell: %s, Home Dir: %s\n' "$f1" "$f7" "$f6"
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done <"$file"
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Sample outputs:
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Fig.01: Bash shell scripting- read file line by line demo outputs
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**Bash Scripting: Read text file line-by-line to create pdf files**
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My input file is as follows (faq.txt):
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4|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/mysql-user-creation/|Mysql User Creation: Setting Up a New MySQL User Account
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4096|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ksh-korn-shell/|What is UNIX / Linux Korn Shell?
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4101|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/what-is-posix-shell/|What Is POSIX Shell?
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17267|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-check-battery-status/|Linux: Check Battery Status Command
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17245|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/restarting-ntp-service-on-linux/|Linux Restart NTPD Service Command
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17183|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-linux-determine-your-ip-address/|Ubuntu Linux: Determine Your IP Address
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17172|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/determine-ip-address-of-linux-server/|HowTo: Determine an IP Address My Linux Server
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16510|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-restart-php-service-command/|Linux / Unix: Restart PHP Service Command
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8292|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/mounting-harddisks-in-freebsd-with-mount-command/|FreeBSD: Mount Hard Drive / Disk Command
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8190|http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rebooting-solaris-unix-server/|Reboot a Solaris UNIX System
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My bash script:
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#!/bin/bash
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# Usage: Create pdf files from input (wrapper script)
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# Author: Vivek Gite <Www.cyberciti.biz> under GPL v2.x+
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#---------------------------------------------------------
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#Input file
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_db="/tmp/wordpress/faq.txt"
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#Output location
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o="/var/www/prviate/pdf/faq"
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_writer="~/bin/py/pdfwriter.py"
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# If file exists
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if [[ -f "$_db" ]]
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then
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# read it
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while IFS='|' read -r pdfid pdfurl pdftitle
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do
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local pdf="$o/$pdfid.pdf"
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echo "Creating $pdf file ..."
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#Genrate pdf file
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$_writer --quiet --footer-spacing 2 \
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--footer-left "nixCraft is GIT UL++++ W+++ C++++ M+ e+++ d-" \
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--footer-right "Page [page] of [toPage]" --footer-line \
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--footer-font-size 7 --print-media-type "$pdfurl" "$pdf"
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done <"$_db"
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fi
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**Tip: Read from bash variable**
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Let us say you want a list of all installed php packages on a Debian or Ubuntu Linux, enter:
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# My input source is the contents of a variable called $list #
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list=$(dpkg --list php\* | awk '/ii/{print $2}')
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printf '%s\n' "$list"
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Sample outputs:
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php-pear
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php5-cli
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php5-common
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php5-fpm
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php5-gd
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php5-json
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php5-memcache
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php5-mysql
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php5-readline
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php5-suhosin-extension
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You can now read from $list and install the package:
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#!/bin/bash
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# BASH can iterate over $list variable using a "here string" #
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while IFS= read -r pkg
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do
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printf 'Installing php package %s...\n' "$pkg"
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/usr/bin/apt-get -qq install $pkg
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done <<< "$list"
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printf '*** Do not forget to run php5enmod and restart the server (httpd or php5-fpm) ***\n'
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Sample outputs:
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Installing php package php-pear...
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Installing php package php5-cli...
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Installing php package php5-common...
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Installing php package php5-fpm...
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Installing php package php5-gd...
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Installing php package php5-json...
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Installing php package php5-memcache...
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Installing php package php5-mysql...
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Installing php package php5-readline...
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Installing php package php5-suhosin-extension...
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*** Do not forget to run php5enmod and restart the server (httpd or php5-fpm) ***
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-howto-read-line-by-line-from-file/
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作者：[作者名][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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