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sources/tech/20181003 Tips for listing files with ls at the Linux command line.md
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translating---geekpi
Tips for listing files with ls at the Linux command line
======
Learn some of the Linux 'ls' command's most useful variations.
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/button_push_open_keyboard_file_organize.png?itok=KlAsk1gx)
One of the first commands I learned in Linux was `ls`. Knowing what’s in a directory where a file on your system resides is important. Being able to see and modify not just some but all of the files is also important.
My first LInux cheat sheet was the [One Page Linux Manual][1] , which was released in1999 and became my go-to reference. I taped it over my desk and referred to it often as I began to explore Linux. Listing files with `ls -l` is introduced on the first page, at the bottom of the first column.
Later, I would learn other iterations of this most basic command. Through the `ls` command, I began to learn about the complexity of the Linux file permissions and what was mine and what required root or sudo permission to change. I became very comfortable on the command line over time, and while I still use `ls -l` to find files in the directory, I frequently use `ls -al` so I can see hidden files that might need to be changed, like configuration files.
According to an article by Eric Fischer about the `ls` command in the [Linux Documentation Project][2], the command's roots go back to the `listf` command on MIT’s Compatible Time Sharing System in 1961. When CTSS was replaced by [Multics][3], the command became `list`, with switches like `list -all`. According to [Wikipedia][4], `ls` appeared in the original version of AT&T Unix. The `ls` command we use today on Linux systems comes from the [GNU Core Utilities][5].
Most of the time, I use only a couple of iterations of the command. Looking inside a directory with `ls` or `ls -al` is how I generally use the command, but there are many other options that you should be familiar with.
`$ ls -l` provides a simple list of the directory:
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_1_0.png)
Using the man pages of my Fedora 28 system, I find that there are many other options to `ls`, all of which provide interesting and useful information about the Linux file system. By entering `man ls` at the command prompt, we can begin to explore some of the other options:
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_2_0.png)
To sort the directory by file sizes, use `ls -lS`:
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_3_0.png)
To list the contents in reverse order, use `ls -lr`:
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_4.png)
To list contents by columns, use `ls -c`:
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_5.png)
`ls -al` provides a list of all the files in the same directory:
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_6.png)
Here are some additional options that I find useful and interesting:
* List only the .txt files in the directory: `ls *.txt`
* List by file size: `ls -s`
* Sort by time and date: `ls -d`
* Sort by extension: `ls -X`
* Sort by file size: `ls -S`
* Long format with file size: `ls -ls`
* List only the .txt files in a directory: `ls *.txt`
To generate a directory list in the specified format and send it to a file for later viewing, enter `ls -al > mydirectorylist`. Finally, one of the more exotic commands I found is `ls -R`, which provides a recursive list of all the directories on your computer and their contents.
For a complete list of the all the iterations of the `ls` command, refer to the [GNU Core Utilities][6].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/ls-command
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[1]: http://hackerspace.cs.rutgers.edu/library/General/One_Page_Linux_Manual.pdf
[2]: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LG/issue48/fischer.html
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ls
[5]: http://www.gnu.org/s/coreutils/
[6]: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/ls-invocation.html#ls-invocation

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在 Linux 命令行中使用 ls 列出文件的提示
======
学习一些 Linux "ls" 命令最有用的变化。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/button_push_open_keyboard_file_organize.png?itok=KlAsk1gx)
我在 Linux 中最先学到的命令之一就是 `ls`。了解系统中文件所在目录中的内容非常重要。能够查看和修改不仅仅是一些文件还要所有文件也很重要。
我的第一个 Linux 备忘录是[单页 Linux 手册][1]，它于 1999 年发布，它成为我的首选参考资料。当我开始探索 Linux 时，我把它贴在桌子上并经常参考它。它的第一页第一列的底部有使用 `ls -l` 列出文件的命令。
之后，我将学习这个最基本命令的其他迭代。通过 `ls` 命令，我开始了解 Linux 文件权限的复杂性以及哪些是我的文件，哪些需要 root 或者 root 权限来修改。随着时间的推移，我习惯使用命令行，虽然我仍然使用 `ls -l` 来查找目录中的文件，但我经常使用 `ls -al`，这样我就可以看到可能需要更改的隐藏文件，比如那些配置文件。
根据 Eric Fischer 在[Linux 文档项目][2]中关于 `ls` 命令的文章，该命令的根源可以追溯到 1961年 MIT 的相容分时系统 （CTSS
） 上的 `listf` 命令。当 CTSS 被 [Multics][3] 代替时，命令变为 `list`，并有像 `list -all` 的开关。根据[维基百科][4]，“ls” 出现在 AT&T Unix 的原始版本中。我们今天在 Linux 系统上使用的 `ls` 命令来自 [GNU Core Utilities][5]。
大多数时候，我只使用几个迭代的命令。使用 `ls` 或 `ls -al` 查看目录内部是我通常使用该命令的方法，但是你还应该熟悉许多其他选项。
`$ ls -l` 提供了一个简单的目录列表：
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_1_0.png)
使用我的 Fedora 28 系统中的手册页，我发现 `ls` 还有许多其他选项，所有这些选项都提供了有关 Linux 文件系统的有趣且有用的信息。通过在命令提示符下输入 `man ls`，我们可以开始探索其他一些选项：
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_2_0.png)
要按文件大小对目录进行排序，请使用 `ls -lS`：
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_3_0.png)
要以相反的顺序列出内容，请使用 `ls -lr`：
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_4.png)
要按列列出内容，请使用 `ls -c`：
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_5.png)
`ls -al` 提供了同一目录中所有文件的列表：
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/linux_ls_6.png)
以下是我认为有用且有趣的一些其他选项：
* 仅列出目录中的 .txt 文件：`ls * .txt`
  * 按文件大小列出：`ls -s`
  * 按时间和日期排序：`ls -d`
  * 按扩展名排序：`ls -X`
  * 按文件大小排序：`ls -S`
  * 带有文件大小的长格式：`ls -ls`
要生成指定格式的目录列表并将其定向到文件供以后查看，请输入 `ls -al> mydirectorylist`。最后，我找到的一个更奇特的命令是 `ls -R`，它提供了计算机上所有目录及其内容的递归列表。
有关 `ls` 命令的所有迭代的完整列表，请参阅 [GNU Core Utilities][6]。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/ls-command
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[1]: http://hackerspace.cs.rutgers.edu/library/General/One_Page_Linux_Manual.pdf
[2]: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/LG/issue48/fischer.html
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multics
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ls
[5]: http://www.gnu.org/s/coreutils/
[6]: https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/ls-invocation.html#ls-invocation