20150901-3 选题

sources/talk/20150901 Is Linux Right For You.md

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+Is Linux Right For You?
+================================================================================
+> Not everyone should opt for Linux -- for many users, remaining with Windows or OSX is the better choice.
+
+I enjoy using Linux on the desktop. Not because of software politics or because I despise other operating systems. I simply like Linux because it just works.
+
+It's been my experience that not everyone is cut out for the Linux lifestyle. In this article, I'll help you run through the pros and cons of making the switch to Linux so you can determine if switching is right for you.
+
+### When to make the switch ###
+
+Switching to Linux makes sense when there is a decisive reason to do so. The same can be said about moving from Windows to OS X or vice versa. In order to have success with switching, you must be able to identify your reason for jumping ship in the first place.
+
+For some people, the reason for switching is frustration with their current platform. Maybe the latest upgrade left them with a lousy experience and they're ready to chart new horizons. In other instances, perhaps it's simply a matter of curiosity. Whatever the motivation, you must have a good reason for switching operating systems. If you're pushing yourself in this direction without a good reason, then no one wins.
+
+However, there are exceptions to every rule. And if you're really interested in trying Linux on the desktop, then maybe coming to terms with a workable compromise is the way to go.
+
+### Starting off slow ###
+
+After trying Linux for the first time, I've seen people blast their Windows installation to bits because they had a good experience with Ubuntu on a flash drive for 20 minutes. Folks, this isn't a test. Instead I'd suggest the following:
+
+- Run the [Linux distro in a virtual machine][1] for a week. This means you are committing to running that distro for all browser work, email and other tasks you might otherwise do on that machine.
+- If running a VM for a week is too resource intensive, try doing the same with a USB drive running Linux that offers [some persistent storage][2]. This will allow you to leave your main OS alone and intact. At the same time, you'll still be able to "live inside" of your Linux distribution for a week.
+- If you find that everything is successful after a week of running Linux, the next step is to examine how many times you booted into Windows that week. If only occasionally, then the next step is to look into [dual-booting Windows][3] and Linux. For those of you that only found themselves using their Linux distro, it might be worth considering making the switch full time.
+- Before you hose your Windows partition completely, it might make more sense to purchase a second hard drive to install Linux onto instead. This allows you to dual-boot, but to do so with ample hard drive space. It also makes Windows available to you if something should come up.
+
+### What do you gain adopting Linux? ###
+
+So what does one gain by switching to Linux? Generally it comes down to personal freedom for most people. With Linux, if something isn't to your liking, you're free to change it. Using Linux also saves users oodles of money in avoiding hardware upgrades and unnecessary software expenses. Additionally, you're not burdened with tracking down lost license keys for software. And if you dislike the direction a particular distribution is headed, you can switch to another distribution with minimal hassle.
+
+The sheer volume of desktop choice on the Linux desktop is staggering. This level of choice might even seem overwhelming to the newcomer. But if you find a distro base (Debian, Fedora, Arch, etc) that you like, the hard work is already done. All you need to do now is find a variation of the distro and the desktop environment you prefer.
+
+Now one of the most common complaints I hear is that there isn't much in the way of software for Linux. However, this isn't accurate at all. While other operating systems may have more of it, today's Linux desktop has applications to do just about anything you can think of. Video editing (home and pro-level), photography, office management, remote access, music (listening and creation), plus much, much more.
+
+### What you lose adopting Linux? ###
+
+As much as I enjoy using Linux, my wife's home office relies on OS X. She's perfectly content using Linux for some tasks, however she relies on OS X for specific software not available for Linux. This is a common problem that many people face when first looking at making the switch. You must decide whether or not you're going to be losing out on critical software if you make the switch.
+
+Sometimes the issue is because the software has content locked down with it. In other cases, it's a workflow and functionality that was found with the legacy applications and not with the software available for Linux. I myself have never experienced this type of challenge, but I know those who have. Many of the software titles available for Linux are also available for other operating systems. So if there is a concern about such things, I encourage you to try out comparable apps on your native OS first.
+
+Another thing you might lose by switching to Linux is the luxury of local support when you need it. People scoff at this, but I know of countless instances where a newcomer to Linux was dismayed to find their only recourse for solving Linux challenges was from strangers on the Web. This is especially problematic if their only PC is the one having issues. Windows and OS X users are spoiled in that there are endless support techs in cities all over the world that support their platform(s).
+
+### How to proceed from here ###
+
+Perhaps the single biggest piece of advice to remember is always have a fallback plan. Remember, once you wipe that copy of Windows 10 from your hard drive, you may find yourself spending money to get it reinstalled. This is especially true for those of you who upgrade from other Windows releases. Accepting this, persistent flash drives with Linux or dual-booting Windows and Linux is always a preferable way forward for newcomers. Odds are that you may be just fine and take to Linux like a fish to water. But having that fallback plan in place just means you'll sleep better at night.
+
+If instead you've been relying on a dual-boot installation for weeks and feel ready to take the plunge, then by all means do it. Wipe your drive and start off with a clean installation of your favorite Linux distribution. I've been a full time Linux enthusiast for years and I can tell you for certain, it's a great feeling. How long? Let's just say my first Linux experience was with early Red Hat. I finally installed a dedicated installation on my laptop by 2003.
+
+Existing Linux enthusiasts, where did you first get started? Was your switch an exciting one or was it filled with angst? Hit the Comments and share your experiences.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/is-linux-right-for-you.html
+
+作者：[Matt Hartley][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Matt-Hartley-3080.html
+[1]:http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/virtualbox
+[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/14912/create-a-persistent-bootable-ubuntu-usb-flash-drive/
+[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/dual-boot-ubuntu-15-04-14-10-and-windows-10-8-1-8-step-by-step-tutorial-with-screenshots

sources/tech/20150901 How to Defragment Linux Systems.md

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+How to Defragment Linux Systems
+================================================================================
+![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-featured.png)
+
+There is a common myth that Linux disks never need defragmentation at all. In most cases, this is true, due mostly to the excellent journaling filesystems Linux uses (ext2, 3, 4, btrfs, etc.) to handle the filesystem. However, in some specific cases, fragmentation might still occur. If that happens to you, the solution is fortunately very simple.
+
+### What is fragmentation? ###
+
+Fragmentation occurs when a file system updates files in little chunks, but these chunks do not form a contiguous whole and are scattered around the disk instead.  This is particularly true for FAT and FAT32 filesystems. It was somewhat mitigated in NTFS and almost never happens in Linux (extX). Here is why.
+
+In filesystems such as FAT and FAT32, files are written right next to each other on the disk. There is no room left for file growth or updates:
+
+![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-fragmented.png)
+
+The NTFS leaves somewhat more room between the files, so there is room to grow. As the space between chunks is limited, fragmentation will still occur over time.
+
+![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-ntfs.png)
+
+Linux’s journaling filesystems take a different approach. Instead of placing files beside each other, each file is scattered all over the disk, leaving generous amounts of free space between each file. There is sufficient room for file updates/growth and fragmentation rarely occurs.
+
+![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-journal.png)
+
+Additionally, if fragmentation does happen, most Linux filesystems would attempt to shuffle files and chunks around to make them contiguous again.
+
+### Disk fragmentation on Linux ###
+
+Disk fragmentation seldom occurs in Linux unless you have a small hard drive, or it is running out of space. Some possible fragmentation cases include:
+
+- if you edit large video files or raw image files, and disk space is limited
+- if you use older hardware like an old laptop, and you have a small hard drive
+- if your hard drives start filling up (above 85% used)
+- if you have many small partitions cluttering your home folder
+
+The best solution is to buy a larger hard drive. If it’s not possible, this is where defragmentation becomes useful.
+
+### How to check for fragmentation ###
+
+The `fsck` command will do this for you – that is, if you have an opportunity to run it from a live CD, with **all affected partitions unmounted**.
+
+This is very important: **RUNNING FSCK ON A MOUNTED PARTITION CAN AND WILL SEVERELY DAMAGE YOUR DATA AND YOUR DISK**.
+
+You have been warned. Before proceeding, make a full system backup.
+
+**Disclaimer**: The author of this article and Make Tech Easier take no responsibility for any damage to your files, data, system, or any other damage, caused by your actions after following this advice. You may proceed at your own risk. If you do proceed, you accept and acknowledge this.
+
+You should just boot into a live session (like an installer disk, system rescue CD, etc.) and run `fsck` on your UNMOUNTED partitions. To check for any problems, run the following command with root permission:
+
+    fsck -fn [/path/to/your/partition]
+
+You can check what the `[/path/to/your/partition]` is by running
+
+    sudo fdisk -l
+
+There is a way to run `fsck` (relatively) safely on a mounted partition – that is by using the `-n` switch. This will result in a read only file system check without touching anything. Of course, there is no guarantee of safety here, and you should only proceed after creating a backup. On an ext2 filesystem, running
+
+    sudo fsck.ext2 -fn /path/to/your/partition
+
+would result in plenty of output – most of them error messages resulting from the fact that the partition is mounted. In the end it will give you fragmentation related information.
+
+![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-fsck.png)
+
+If your fragmentation is above 20%, you should proceed to defragment your system.
+
+### How to easily defragment Linux filesystems ###
+
+All you need to do is to back up **ALL** your files and data to another drive (by manually **copying** them over), format the partition, and copy your files back (don’t use a backup program for this). The journalling file system will handle them as new files and place them neatly to the disk without fragmentation.
+
+To back up your files, run
+
+    cp -afv [/path/to/source/partition]/* [/path/to/destination/folder]
+
+Mind the asterix (*); it is important.
+
+Note: It is generally agreed that to copy large files or large amounts of data, the dd command might be best. This is a very low level operation and does copy everything “as is”, including the empty space, and even the junk left over. This is not what we want, so it is probably better to use `cp`.
+
+Now you only need to remove all the original files.
+
+    sudo rm -rf [/path/to/source/partition]/*
+
+**Optional**: you can fill the empty space with zeros. You could achieve this with formatting as well, but if for example you did not copy the whole partition, only large files (which are most likely to cause fragmentation), this might not be an option.
+
+    sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=[/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
+
+Wait for it to finish. You could also monitor the progress with `pv`.
+
+    sudo apt-get install pv
+    sudo pv -tpreb | of=[/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
+
+![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-dd.png)
+
+When it is done, just delete the temporary file.
+
+    sudo rm [/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
+
+After you zeroed out the empty space (or just skipped that step entirely), copy your files back, reversing the first cp command:
+
+    cp -afv [/path/to/original/destination/folder]/* [/path/to/original/source/partition]
+
+### Using e4defrag ###
+
+If you prefer a simpler approach, install `e2fsprogs`,
+
+    sudo apt-get install e2fsprogs
+
+and run `e4defrag` as root on the affected partition. If you don’t want to or cannot unmount the partition, you can use its mount point instead of its path. To defragment your whole system, run
+
+    sudo e4defrag  /
+
+It is not guaranteed to succeed while mounted (you should also stop using your system while it is running), but it is much easier than copying all files away and back.
+
+### Conclusion ###
+
+Fragmentation should rarely be an issue on a Linux system due to the the journalling filesystem’s efficient data handling. If you do run into fragmentation due to any circumstances, there are simple ways to reallocate your disk space like copying all files away and back or using `e4defrag`. It is important, however, to keep your data safe, so before attempting any operation that would affect all or most of your files, make sure you make a backup just to be on the safe side.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/defragment-linux/
+
+作者：[Attila Orosz][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/attilaorosz/