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struggling 翻译中
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Setting up RAID 1 (Mirroring) using ‘Two Disks’ in Linux – Part 3
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================================================================================
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RAID Mirroring means an exact clone (or mirror) of the same data writing to two drives. A minimum two number of disks are more required in an array to create RAID1 and it’s useful only, when read performance or reliability is more precise than the data storage capacity.
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Setup Raid1 in Linux
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Mirrors are created to protect against data loss due to disk failure. Each disk in a mirror involves an exact copy of the data. When one disk fails, the same data can be retrieved from other functioning disk. However, the failed drive can be replaced from the running computer without any user interruption.
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### Features of RAID 1 ###
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- Mirror has Good Performance.
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- 50% of space will be lost. Means if we have two disk with 500GB size total, it will be 1TB but in Mirroring it will only show us 500GB.
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- No data loss in Mirroring if one disk fails, because we have the same content in both disks.
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- Reading will be good than writing data to drive.
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#### Requirements ####
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Minimum Two number of disks are allowed to create RAID 1, but you can add more disks by using twice as 2, 4, 6, 8. To add more disks, your system must have a RAID physical adapter (hardware card).
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Here we’re using software raid not a Hardware raid, if your system has an inbuilt physical hardware raid card you can access it from it’s utility UI or using Ctrl+I key.
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Read Also: [Basic Concepts of RAID in Linux][1]
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#### My Server Setup ####
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Operating System : CentOS 6.5 Final
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IP Address : 192.168.0.226
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Hostname : rd1.tecmintlocal.com
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Disk 1 [20GB] : /dev/sdb
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Disk 2 [20GB] : /dev/sdc
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This article will guide you through a step-by-step instructions on how to setup a software RAID 1 or Mirror using mdadm (creates and manages raid) on Linux Platform. Although the same instructions also works on other Linux distributions such as RedHat, CentOS, Fedora, etc.
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### Step 1: Installing Prerequisites and Examine Drives ###
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1. As I said above, we’re using mdadm utility for creating and managing RAID in Linux. So, let’s install the mdadm software package on Linux using yum or apt-get package manager tool.
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# yum install mdadm [on RedHat systems]
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# apt-get install mdadm [on Debain systems]
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2. Once ‘mdadm‘ package has been installed, we need to examine our disk drives whether there is already any raid configured using the following command.
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# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-c]
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Check RAID on Disks
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As you see from the above screen, that there is no any super-block detected yet, means no RAID defined.
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### Step 2: Drive Partitioning for RAID ###
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3. As I mentioned above, that we’re using minimum two partitions /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc for creating RAID1. Let’s create partitions on these two drives using ‘fdisk‘ command and change the type to raid during partition creation.
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# fdisk /dev/sdb
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Follow the below instructions
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- Press ‘n‘ for creating new partition.
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- Then choose ‘P‘ for Primary partition.
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- Next select the partition number as 1.
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- Give the default full size by just pressing two times Enter key.
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- Next press ‘p‘ to print the defined partition.
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- Press ‘L‘ to list all available types.
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- Type ‘t‘to choose the partitions.
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- Choose ‘fd‘ for Linux raid auto and press Enter to apply.
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- Then again use ‘p‘ to print the changes what we have made.
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- Use ‘w‘ to write the changes.
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Create Disk Partitions
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After ‘/dev/sdb‘ partition has been created, next follow the same instructions to create new partition on /dev/sdc drive.
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# fdisk /dev/sdc
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Create Second Partitions
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4. Once both the partitions are created successfully, verify the changes on both sdb & sdc drive using the same ‘mdadm‘ command and also confirm the RAID type as shown in the following screen grabs.
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# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-c]
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Verify Partitions Changes
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Check RAID Type
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**Note**: As you see in the above picture, there is no any defined RAID on the sdb1 and sdc1 drives so far, that’s the reason we are getting as no super-blocks detected.
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### Step 3: Creating RAID1 Devices ###
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5. Next create RAID1 Device called ‘/dev/md0‘ using the following command and verity it.
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# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=mirror --raid-devices=2 /dev/sd[b-c]1
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# cat /proc/mdstat
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Create RAID Device
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6. Next check the raid devices type and raid array using following commands.
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# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-c]1
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# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
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Check RAID Device type
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Check RAID Device Array
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From the above pictures, one can easily understand that raid1 have been created and using /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1 partitions and also you can see the status as resyncing.
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### Step 4: Creating File System on RAID Device ###
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7. Create file system using ext4 for md0 and mount under /mnt/raid1.
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# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
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Create RAID Device Filesystem
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8. Next, mount the newly created filesystem under ‘/mnt/raid1‘ and create some files and verify the contents under mount point.
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# mkdir /mnt/raid1
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# mount /dev/md0 /mnt/raid1/
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# touch /mnt/raid1/tecmint.txt
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# echo "tecmint raid setups" > /mnt/raid1/tecmint.txt
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Mount Raid Device
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9. To auto-mount RAID1 on system reboot, you need to make an entry in fstab file. Open ‘/etc/fstab‘ file and add the following line at the bottom of the file.
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/dev/md0 /mnt/raid1 ext4 defaults 0 0
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Raid Automount Device
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10. Run ‘mount -a‘ to check whether there are any errors in fstab entry.
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# mount -av
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Check Errors in fstab
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11. Next, save the raid configuration manually to ‘mdadm.conf‘ file using the below command.
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# mdadm --detail --scan --verbose >> /etc/mdadm.conf
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Save Raid Configuration
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The above configuration file is read by the system at the reboots and load the RAID devices.
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### Step 5: Verify Data After Disk Failure ###
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12. Our main purpose is, even after any of hard disk fail or crash our data needs to be available. Let’s see what will happen when any of disk disk is unavailable in array.
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# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
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Raid Device Verify
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In the above image, we can see there are 2 devices available in our RAID and Active Devices are 2. Now let us see what will happen when a disk plugged out (removed sdc disk) or fails.
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# ls -l /dev | grep sd
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# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
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Test RAID Devices
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Now in the above image, you can see that one of our drive is lost. I unplugged one of the drive from my Virtual machine. Now let us check our precious data.
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# cd /mnt/raid1/
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# cat tecmint.txt
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Verify RAID Data
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Did you see our data is still available. From this we come to know the advantage of RAID 1 (mirror). In next article, we will see how to setup a RAID 5 striping with distributed Parity. Hope this helps you to understand how the RAID 1 (Mirror) Works.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-raid1-in-linux/
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作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/understanding-raid-setup-in-linux/
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@ -1,286 +0,0 @@
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struggling 翻译中
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Creating RAID 5 (Striping with Distributed Parity) in Linux – Part 4
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================================================================================
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In RAID 5, data strips across multiple drives with distributed parity. The striping with distributed parity means it will split the parity information and stripe data over the multiple disks, which will have good data redundancy.
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Setup Raid 5 in Linux
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For RAID Level it should have at least three hard drives or more. RAID 5 are being used in the large scale production environment where it’s cost effective and provide performance as well as redundancy.
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#### What is Parity? ####
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Parity is a simplest common method of detecting errors in data storage. Parity stores information in each disks, Let’s say we have 4 disks, in 4 disks one disk space will be split to all disks to store the parity information’s. If any one of the disks fails still we can get the data by rebuilding from parity information after replacing the failed disk.
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#### Pros and Cons of RAID 5 ####
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- Gives better performance
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- Support Redundancy and Fault tolerance.
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- Support hot spare options.
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- Will loose a single disk capacity for using parity information.
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- No data loss if a single disk fails. We can rebuilt from parity after replacing the failed disk.
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- Suits for transaction oriented environment as the reading will be faster.
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- Due to parity overhead, writing will be slow.
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- Rebuild takes long time.
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#### Requirements ####
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Minimum 3 hard drives are required to create Raid 5, but you can add more disks, only if you’ve a dedicated hardware raid controller with multi ports. Here, we are using software RAID and ‘mdadm‘ package to create raid.
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mdadm is a package which allow us to configure and manage RAID devices in Linux. By default there is no configuration file is available for RAID, we must save the configuration file after creating and configuring RAID setup in separate file called mdadm.conf.
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Before moving further, I suggest you to go through the following articles for understanding the basics of RAID in Linux.
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- [Basic Concepts of RAID in Linux – Part 1][1]
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- [Creating RAID 0 (Stripe) in Linux – Part 2][2]
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- [Setting up RAID 1 (Mirroring) in Linux – Part 3][3]
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#### My Server Setup ####
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Operating System : CentOS 6.5 Final
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IP Address : 192.168.0.227
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Hostname : rd5.tecmintlocal.com
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Disk 1 [20GB] : /dev/sdb
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Disk 2 [20GB] : /dev/sdc
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Disk 3 [20GB] : /dev/sdd
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This article is a Part 4 of a 9-tutorial RAID series, here we are going to setup a software RAID 5 with distributed parity in Linux systems or servers using three 20GB disks named /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc and /dev/sdd.
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### Step 1: Installing mdadm and Verify Drives ###
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1. As we said earlier, that we’re using CentOS 6.5 Final release for this raid setup, but same steps can be followed for RAID setup in any Linux based distributions.
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# lsb_release -a
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# ifconfig | grep inet
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CentOS 6.5 Summary
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2. If you’re following our raid series, we assume that you’ve already installed ‘mdadm‘ package, if not, use the following command according to your Linux distribution to install the package.
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# yum install mdadm [on RedHat systems]
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# apt-get install mdadm [on Debain systems]
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3. After the ‘mdadm‘ package installation, let’s list the three 20GB disks which we have added in our system using ‘fdisk‘ command.
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# fdisk -l | grep sd
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Install mdadm Tool
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4. Now it’s time to examine the attached three drives for any existing RAID blocks on these drives using following command.
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# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-d]
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# mdadm --examine /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
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Examine Drives For Raid
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**Note**: From the above image illustrated that there is no any super-block detected yet. So, there is no RAID defined in all three drives. Let us start to create one now.
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### Step 2: Partitioning the Disks for RAID ###
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5. First and foremost, we have to partition the disks (/dev/sdb, /dev/sdc and /dev/sdd) before adding to a RAID, So let us define the partition using ‘fdisk’ command, before forwarding to the next steps.
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# fdisk /dev/sdb
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# fdisk /dev/sdc
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# fdisk /dev/sdd
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#### Create /dev/sdb Partition ####
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Please follow the below instructions to create partition on /dev/sdb drive.
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- Press ‘n‘ for creating new partition.
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- Then choose ‘P‘ for Primary partition. Here we are choosing Primary because there is no partitions defined yet.
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- Then choose ‘1‘ to be the first partition. By default it will be 1.
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- Here for cylinder size we don’t have to choose the specified size because we need the whole partition for RAID so just Press Enter two times to choose the default full size.
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- Next press ‘p‘ to print the created partition.
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- Change the Type, If we need to know the every available types Press ‘L‘.
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- Here, we are selecting ‘fd‘ as my type is RAID.
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- Next press ‘p‘ to print the defined partition.
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- Then again use ‘p‘ to print the changes what we have made.
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- Use ‘w‘ to write the changes.
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Create sdb Partition
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**Note**: We have to follow the steps mentioned above to create partitions for sdc & sdd drives too.
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#### Create /dev/sdc Partition ####
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Now partition the sdc and sdd drives by following the steps given in the screenshot or you can follow above steps.
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# fdisk /dev/sdc
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Create sdc Partition
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#### Create /dev/sdd Partition ####
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# fdisk /dev/sdd
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Create sdd Partition
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6. After creating partitions, check for changes in all three drives sdb, sdc, & sdd.
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# mdadm --examine /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
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or
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# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-c]
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Check Partition Changes
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**Note**: In the above pic. depict the type is fd i.e. for RAID.
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7. Now Check for the RAID blocks in newly created partitions. If no super-blocks detected, than we can move forward to create a new RAID 5 setup on these drives.
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Check Raid on Partition
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### Step 3: Creating md device md0 ###
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8. Now create a Raid device ‘md0‘ (i.e. /dev/md0) and include raid level on all newly created partitions (sdb1, sdc1 and sdd1) using below command.
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# mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
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or
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# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l=5 -n=3 /dev/sd[b-d]1
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9. After creating raid device, check and verify the RAID, devices included and RAID Level from the mdstat output.
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# cat /proc/mdstat
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Verify Raid Device
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If you want to monitor the current building process, you can use ‘watch‘ command, just pass through the ‘cat /proc/mdstat‘ with watch command which will refresh screen every 1 second.
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# watch -n1 cat /proc/mdstat
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Monitor Raid 5 Process
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Raid 5 Process Summary
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10. After creation of raid, Verify the raid devices using the following command.
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# mdadm -E /dev/sd[b-d]1
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Verify Raid Level
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**Note**: The Output of the above command will be little long as it prints the information of all three drives.
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11. Next, verify the RAID array to assume that the devices which we’ve included in the RAID level are running and started to re-sync.
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# mdadm --detail /dev/md0
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Verify Raid Array
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### Step 4: Creating file system for md0 ###
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12. Create a file system for ‘md0‘ device using ext4 before mounting.
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# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
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Create md0 Filesystem
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13. Now create a directory under ‘/mnt‘ then mount the created filesystem under /mnt/raid5 and check the files under mount point, you will see lost+found directory.
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# mkdir /mnt/raid5
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# mount /dev/md0 /mnt/raid5/
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# ls -l /mnt/raid5/
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14. Create few files under mount point /mnt/raid5 and append some text in any one of the file to verify the content.
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# touch /mnt/raid5/raid5_tecmint_{1..5}
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# ls -l /mnt/raid5/
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# echo "tecmint raid setups" > /mnt/raid5/raid5_tecmint_1
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# cat /mnt/raid5/raid5_tecmint_1
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# cat /proc/mdstat
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Mount Raid Device
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15. We need to add entry in fstab, else will not display our mount point after system reboot. To add an entry, we should edit the fstab file and append the following line as shown below. The mount point will differ according to your environment.
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# vim /etc/fstab
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/dev/md0 /mnt/raid5 ext4 defaults 0 0
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Raid 5 Automount
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16. Next, run ‘mount -av‘ command to check whether any errors in fstab entry.
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# mount -av
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Check Fstab Errors
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### Step 5: Save Raid 5 Configuration ###
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17. As mentioned earlier in requirement section, by default RAID don’t have a config file. We have to save it manually. If this step is not followed RAID device will not be in md0, it will be in some other random number.
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So, we must have to save the configuration before system reboot. If the configuration is saved it will be loaded to the kernel during the system reboot and RAID will also gets loaded.
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# mdadm --detail --scan --verbose >> /etc/mdadm.conf
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Save Raid 5 Configuration
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||||
Note: Saving the configuration will keep the RAID level stable in md0 device.
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||||
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||||
### Step 6: Adding Spare Drives ###
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||||
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18. What the use of adding a spare drive? its very useful if we have a spare drive, if any one of the disk fails in our array, this spare drive will get active and rebuild the process and sync the data from other disk, so we can see a redundancy here.
|
||||
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||||
For more instructions on how to add spare drive and check Raid 5 fault tolerance, read #Step 6 and #Step 7 in the following article.
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|
||||
- [Add Spare Drive to Raid 5 Setup][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Here, in this article, we have seen how to setup a RAID 5 using three number of disks. Later in my upcoming articles, we will see how to troubleshoot when a disk fails in RAID 5 and how to replace for recovery.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-raid-5-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Babin Lonston][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/babinlonston/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/understanding-raid-setup-in-linux/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-raid0-in-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-raid1-in-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-raid-6-in-linux/
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user