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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( dianbanjiu )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (An Easy Way To Remove Programs Installed From Source In Linux)
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[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/an-easy-way-to-remove-programs-installed-from-source-in-linux/)
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[#]: author: (SK https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
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An Easy Way To Remove Programs Installed From Source In Linux
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======
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Not all programs available in the official or third-party repositories, so you can’t install them using the regular package managers. Some times, you have to install the programs by manually compiling from source. As you may already know, when you install programs from source, the package files will be copied to multiple locations, such as **/usr/local/bin** , **/usr/local/etc/** , on the filesystem. If the installed program from source doesn’t have a built-in uninstaller, it is going to be a tedious task to remove the packages when you don’t need it anymore. You may need to spend couple (or several) minutes to find those package files and remove them manually. This is what I have been doing up until I stumbled upon a utility named **“GNU Stow”**. Thankfully, Stow has a fantastic way to easily manage programs installed from source.
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To quote the official website,
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> **GNU Stow is a symlink farm manager which takes distinct packages of software and/or data located in separate directories on the filesystem, and makes them appear to be installed in the same place.**
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To put this simply, Stow helps you to keep the package files organized in a way to easily manageable. In this method, the files will not be copied to multiple locations. Instead, all files are saved in a specific folder, usually under the program name itself, and Stow creates symbolic links to all the programs’ files into the appropriate places. For example, **/usr/local/bin** could contain symlinks to files within **/usr/local/stow/vim/bin** , **/usr/local/stow/python/bin** etc., and likewise recursively for any other subdirectories such as **…/share** , **…/man** , and so on. In this tutorial, I will show you how to easily manage programs installed from source using Stow with a practical example. Read on.
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### Installing GNU Stow
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GNU Stow is available in the default repositories of popular Linux operating systems.
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On **Arch Linux** and its variants, run the following command to install Stow.
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```
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$ sudo pacman -S stow
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```
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On **Debian** , **Ubuntu** , **Linux Mint** :
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```
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$ sudo apt install stow
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```
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On **Fedora** :
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```
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$ sudo dnf install stow
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```
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On **RHEL/CentOS** :
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```
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$ sudo yum install epel-release
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$ sudo yum install stow
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```
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### Easily Remove Programs Installed From Source In Linux
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As I already mentioned earlier, all program files of a package will be saved in a root folder located in **/usr/local/stow/**. Under this root or parent directory, each package will be saved in its own private sub-directory. For example, if we install Vim editor from source, all program files and directories related to Vim will be saved under **/usr/local/stow/vim** folder. If you install python from source, all files related to python will be kept under **/usr/local/stow/python** and so on.
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Let me install a program, for example **hello** , from source.
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First download the ‘hello’ program’s tarball.
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```
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$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
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```
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Extract the downloaded tarball using command:
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```
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$ tar -zxvf hello-2.10.tar.gz
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```
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The above command will create a directory named ‘hello-2.10’ in the current working directory and extract all contents in it.
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Switch to the extracted directory:
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```
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$ cd hello-2.10/
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```
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Run the following command with –prefix option.
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```
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$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/stow/hello
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```
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The above command will save the build files in the specified location i.e **/usr/local/stow/hello** in our case.
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Finally, build and install the hello program using the following commands:
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```
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$ make
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$ sudo make install
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```
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That’s it. The hello program has been installed in **/usr/local/stow/hello/** location. You can verify it with ‘ls’ command as shown below.
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```
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$ ls /usr/local/stow/hello/
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bin share
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```
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Finally, go to the **/usr/local/stow/** directory and run the following command to generate the necessary symlinks.
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```
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$ cd /usr/local/stow/
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$ sudo stow hello
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```
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All done!
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What just happened is all the files and directories contained in the hello package have been symlinked to the directory **/usr/local/**. In other words, **/usr/local/stow/hello/bin** has been symlinked to **/usr/local/bin** and **/usr/local/stow/hello/share** has been symlinked to **/usr/local/share** and **/usr/local/stow/hello/share/man** has been symlinked to **/usr/local/share/man** and so on.
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You can verify them using ‘ls’ command:
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```
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$ ls /usr/local/bin/
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hello
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```
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Let us check if the hello program is working or not using command:
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```
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$ hello
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Hello, world!
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```
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Yeah, it is working!!
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Similarly, you can install programs as described above under its own sub-directory.
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Here is the contents of the Stow root directory:
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```
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$ tree /usr/local/stow/
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```
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![][2]
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See? The hello program is installed /usr/local/stow/hello/ location. Like wise, all packages will be kept under their own directory.
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Here comes the main part. Let us remove the hello program. To do so, go to **/usr/local/stow/** directory:
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```
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$ cd /usr/local/stow/
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```
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..and run the following command:
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```
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$ sudo stow --delete hello
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```
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The hello program has just been removed. You can verify if it is really removed using command:
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```
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$ hello
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-bash: /usr/local/bin/hello: No such file or directory
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```
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![][3]
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See? Hello program is removed!
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Please note that Stow has removed the symlinks only. All program files and directories related to hello program are still available in **/usr/local/stow/hello** folder. So, you can install the hello program again without having to download the actual source file. If you don’t want it anymore, simply delete the folder.
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```
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$ sudo rm -fr /usr/local/stow/hello/
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```
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To know more details about Stow, refer the man pages.
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```
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$ man stow
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```
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Stow helps you to uninstall the programs as easily as you install them. If you are wondering how to effectively manage a lot of programs installed from source, GNU Stow is one such program to make this task a lot easier. Give it a try, you won’t be disappointed.
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And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned!
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Cheers!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.ostechnix.com/an-easy-way-to-remove-programs-installed-from-source-in-linux/
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作者：[SK][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
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[2]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/tree-command.png
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[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/hello-world.png
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@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( dianbanjiu )
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (An Easy Way To Remove Programs Installed From Source In Linux)
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[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/an-easy-way-to-remove-programs-installed-from-source-in-linux/)
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[#]: author: (SK https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
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在 Linux 中移除从源中安装的程序的一种简单的方法
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======
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不是所有的程序都可以在官方或者第三方库中可用，因此你不能使用常规的包管理来安装它们。有时你不得不从源代码中手动构建这些程序。就跟你已经知道的一样，当你从源代码中安装一个程序的时候，这个包文件将会复制到本地的多个位置，例如 **/usr/local/bin**，**/usr/local/etc/**。如果从源代码中安装的程序没有内建的卸载器，当你不再需要这个程序的时候，卸载它就会很麻烦。你可能会话费双倍（甚至更多）的时间找出这些包文件然后手动删除它们。我以前一直是这样做的，直到我发现了 **GNU Stow**。谢天谢地，Stow 有一个很棒的方法可以轻松管理从源代码安装的程序。
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引用官方网站里的一段介绍，
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> **GNU Stow 是一个符号链接管理器，它可以收集文件系统上不同目录中的不同软件和/或数据包，使它们看起来像是一个整体**
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简单来说，Stow 帮助你把这些程序文件以一种容易管理的方式组织在了一起。在这个方法中，文件将不会被复制到多个位置。所有的这些文件都会被保存在一个特定的文件夹中，通常是以程序名命名的，然后 Stow 会在一个合适的位置为所有的程序文件创建符号连接。比如 **/usr/local/bin** 中会包含 **/usr/local/stow/vim/bin**，**/usr/local/stow/python/bin** 中文件的符号链接。并且同样递归地用于其他的任何的子目录，例如 **.../share**，**.../man**，等等。在这篇教程中，我将会举例教你如何轻松地使用 Stow 管理从源中安装的程序。
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### 安装 GNU Stow
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GNU Stow 在流行 Linux 操作系统的默认库中都可用。
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在 **Arch Linux** 及它的衍生版本中，运行下面的命令安装 Stow。
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```
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$ sudo pacman -S stow
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```
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在 **Debian**，**Ubuntu**，**Linux Mint** 上：
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```
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$ sudo apt install stow
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```
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在 **Fedora** 上：
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```
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$ sudo dnf install stow
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```
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在 **RHEL/CentOS** 上：
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```
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$ sudo yum install epel-release
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$ sudo yum install stow
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```
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### 在 Linux 上轻松移除从源代码安装的程序
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就像我之前提到的，所有包的程序文件都将被保存在位于 **/usr/local/stow/** 的一个根文件夹。在这个根文件夹或者父目录之下，每个包都将保存在对应的子目录中。例如，如果我们从源代码中安装了 Vim 编辑器，所有关联到 Vim 的程序文件和目录都将保存在 **/usr/local/stow/vim** 文件夹之下。如果你从源代码中安装了 Python，所有关联到 python 的文件都会保存在 **/usr/local/stow/python** 之下。
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我现在从源代码中来安装一个叫做 **hello** 的程序。
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首先下载 ‘hello’ 程序的压缩包。
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```
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$ wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
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```
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使用下面的命令解压压缩包：
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```
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$ tar -zxvf hello-2.10.tar.gz
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```
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上面的命令将会在当前工作目录下创建一个叫做 ‘hello-2.10’ 的目录，并且提取压缩包中的所有内容到其中去。
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切换到这个目录当中：
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```
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$ cd hello-2.10/
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```
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运行下面的命令，并且添加 -prefix 选项。
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```
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$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/stow/hello
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```
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上面的命令将会保存构建文件到一个指定位置，在这个例子中是 **/usr/local/stow/hello**。
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最后，使用下面的命令构建并安装 hello 这个程序：
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```
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$ make
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$ sudo make install
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```
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就这样。hello 这个程序就已经安装在 **/usr/local/stow/hello/** 这个位置了。你可以使用下面的 ‘ls’ 命令确认一下。
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```
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$ ls /usr/local/stow/hello/
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bin share
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```
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最后，进入 **/usr/local/stow/** 目录，运行下面的命令来生成必要的符号链接。
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```
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$ cd /usr/local/stow/
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$ sudo stow hello
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```
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大功告成！
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刚才那一步是将包含在 hello 这个程序中的所有文件或者目录创建了链接到 **/usr/local/** 目录中。换一种说法， **/usr/local/stow/hello/bin** 已经链接到 **/usr/local/share**，以及 **/usr/local/stow/hello/share/man** 已经链接到 **/usr/local/share**，还有 **/usr/local/stow/hello/share/man** 已经链接到 **/usr/local/share/man**。
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你可以使用 ‘ls’ 命令来确认一下：
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```
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$ ls /usr/local/bin/
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hello
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```
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可以使用下面的命令来确认 hello 这个程序是否可以正常工作了：
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```
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$ hello
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Hello, world!
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```
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很好，它已经开始工作了！！
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类似地，你可以像上面描述的那样安装程序到它对应的子目录下。
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下面是 Stow 根目录包含的内容：
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```
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$ tree /usr/local/stow/
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```
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![][2]
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看，hello 这个程序已经安装在 /usr/local/stow/hello/ 下。同样地，所有的包都将保存在它们对应的目录之下。
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下面进入主要环节，移除 hello 这个程序。首先进入 **/usr/local/stow/** 目录：
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```
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$ cd /usr/local/stow/
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```
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.. 然后运行下面的命令：
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```
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$ sudo stow --delete hello
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```
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hello 这个程序就会被移除了。你可以使用下面的命令确认它是否真的被移除了：
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```
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$ hello
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-bash: /usr/local/bin/hello: No such file or directory
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```
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![][3]
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看， Hello 已经被移除了！
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请注意 Stow 仅仅只移除了符号链接。所有与 hello 这个程序相关的文件或者目录还保存在 **/usr/local/stow/hello** 目录下。所以你无需再次下载源文件就可以再次安装 hello 这个程序。如果你不再需要它了，直接删除这个文件夹即可。
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```
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$ sudo rm -fr /usr/local/stow/hello/
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```
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想了解更多 Stow 的细节，请参阅 man 手册。
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```
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$ man stow
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```
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Stow 可以像安装程序一样轻松地帮你移除它。如果你想知道如何高效的管理很多从源代码中安装的程序，GNU Stow 就是一个使得这个任务更加轻松的一个选择，尝试一下，你一定不会失望的。
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这就是所有的内容了，希望对你有所帮助。还有更多干活即将到来，可以期待一下的！
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祝近祺！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/an-easy-way-to-remove-programs-installed-from-source-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
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[2]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/tree-command.png
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||||
[3]: http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/hello-world.png
|
||||
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